Title:
Trajectory Options for Human Mars Missions
Trajectory Options for Human Mars Missions
Author(s)
Wooster, Paul D.
Braun, Robert D.
Ahn, Jaemyung
Putnam, Zachary R.
Braun, Robert D.
Ahn, Jaemyung
Putnam, Zachary R.
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Abstract
This paper explores trajectory options for the human exploration of Mars, with an
emphasis on conjunction-class missions. Conjunction-class missions are characterized by
short in-space durations with long surface stays, as opposed to the long in-space durations
and short surface stays characteristic of opposition-class missions. Earth-Mars and Mars-Earth trajectories are presented across a series of mission opportunities and transfer times
in order to explore the space of possible crew and cargo transfer trajectories. In the specific
instance of crew transfer from Earth to Mars, the potential for aborting the mission without
capture into Mars orbit is also of interest. As such two additional classes of trajectories are
considered: free-return trajectories, where the trajectory would return the crew to Earth
after a fixed period of time; and propulsive-abort trajectories, where the propulsive
capability of the transfer vehicle is used to modify the trajectory during a Mars swing-by.
The propulsive requirements of a trajectory, due to their associated impact on spacecraft
mass, are clearly of interest in assessing trajectories for human Mars missions. Beyond the
propulsive requirements, trajectory selection can have a significant impact on the entry
velocity and therefore the aeroassist system requirements. The paper suggests potential
constraints for entry velocities at Earth and Mars. Based upon Mars entry velocity, the 2-year period free-return abort trajectory is shown to be less desirable than previously
considered for many mission opportunities.
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Date Issued
2006-08
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Paper