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End date: 2011 × Start date: 2010 × Has files: Yes × search.filters.applied.f.isOrgUnitOfPublicationTitle: School of Public Policy × search.filters.applied.f.isSeriesOfPublicationTitle: Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy ×

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 190
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A Complex Network Perspective on the World Science System

2011-09-17 , Cunningham, Scott , Kwakkel, Jan H.

This paper discusses capabilities for a systematic overview of world science delivered from the use of new output indicators of science and technology. The data may be usefully structured using a complex network perspective on national publication and international collaboration. This paper uses a random sample of publication data from 2009 to provide a timely update on world activities in science. A mixed predictive and descriptive approach is used in analyzing the data. A variety of methods including structural network analysis, and network regression, are used in the exploration of this sample. Insights are gained into key participants in world science, their positioning in a network of collaborative relationships, and the resultant morphology of the network which emerges from a mixture of random and geographic factors.

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The Impact of Institution Quality, Cluster Strength and TLO Licensing Capacity on the Rate of Academic Staff Spin-offs

2011-09-17 , Avnimelech, Gil , Feldman, Maryann

This paper examines the spawning of new company founders' from 124 leading U.S. academic institutions, using a unique database. We examine both local and non-local spin-offs of academic faculty members. Accordingly, the rate of spawning is positively affected by the institution quality, the strength of the local entrepreneurial cluster in the region where the institution is located, and the share of R&D expenditure financed by the federal government. On the other, hand the effectiveness of the university technology licensing office (measured by license revenues per R&D expenditure) has a negative impact on the rate of academic spawning. Moreover, we find evidence that after controlling for the entire institution rank, the rank of the business school has a positive and significant impact on the institution spawning rate. When comparing the local spinoffs to non-local spin-offs we find that 42% of faculty spin-offs are created in the region of the academic institution. This finding contrasts the common notion that most of the academic spin-offs are local. Not surprisingly, we find that local cluster culture and local availability of VC has very limited impact on non-local academic spin-offs. Moreover, institution R&D expenditure and sources of R&D finance has low impact on non-local academic spin-offs.

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Systemic Data Infrastructure for Innovation Policy

2011-09-17 , Hicks, Diana

Progress on the vision laid out in the Science of Science Policy Roadmap requires a move to system level thinking and analysis in the study of technology development. System level analysis will require systemic data infrastructure. The need for such an infrastructure is increasingly explicitly recognized at the national level. This paper will review infrastructure efforts including previous US-based infrastructure, national research documentation systems used in systemic evaluations, the Community Innovation Survey in Europe, Lattes in Brazil, the NRC ranking of US graduate programs. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach will be compared, and key issues will be identified.

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How Much Research are US Companies Really Doing?

2011-09-17 , Gupta, Nayanee , Lal, Bhavya

In recent years, there has been increasing concern over the decline in private sector spending on scientific and technological research in the US. While the total US R&D figures still look impressive when compared with the rest of the world, a closer look at the data reveals that “true” research, specifically that which is performed within the United States is smaller than is generally believed. To understand true research and development in the nation, STPI closely examined data from the Internal Revenue Service, in particular data on what are called Qualified Research Expenses (QREs) – which are reported by companies applying to the government for the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit . This is an excellent source for understanding firm investmest in R&D, as the R&E tax credit is stringent in requiring that research activities claimed for tax purposes include “research in the laboratory or for experimental purposes, undertaken for discovering information which is technological in nature…” In this computation, product and process development-related activities (activities included in R&D) are disqualified. The R&E tax credit also disqualifies all research activities conducted outside the US. Thus, qualified research expenses (QRE) claimed by businesses applying for the credit give us a unique window into the state of scientific and technological research and experimentation in the private sector within the US. In this paper, we compare the R&E spending of the various industrial sectors to their R&D budgets. While the conventional wisdom is that research spending is about 62-65% of R&D spending, we found that in most sectors it is less than 50%. We also look at the distribution of the R&E tax credit amount across small, medium and large companies to analyze if the credit is especially helping small and medium size companies. We begin with some background on what are considered qualified research expenses.

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Research and Development: Bibliometric Analysis of Knowledge Flows of Brazilian Research 2005-2009

2011-09-17 , Ponomariov, Branco , Toivanen, Hannes

By examining the knowledge in- and outflows in Brazilian research 2005-2009, we undertake comparative bibliometric analysis of the dynamics of knowledge creation in development context. Specifically, we analyse knowledge creation dynamics to find out how knowledge flows between developing countries and the North shape research and its exploitation.

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Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in Armenia in 2000s

2011-09-17 , Khnkoyan, Arevik

The paper deals with an overview of developments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia during the last decade, describes its current state, as reflected in adopted during last years policy documents directed to promote innovation and develop national innovation system, and analyzes the government actions towards addressing the pressing challenge of reformation of S&T and innovation system in accordance with the requirements of the market economy and needs of economic development of the country. It also derives the policy implications that, to my mind, might have positive effect on the efforts of the country towards building knowledge-based economy.

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Pursuing Postdoctoral Appointments: Attitudes, Social Norms and Intentional Behavior

2011-09-17 , Miller, Jennifer

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Academic Entrepreneurship and State Stem Cell Policy

2011-09-17 , Levine, Aaron D.

Ethical controversy over human embryonic stem cell research has led this field to be regulated by an atypically heterogeneous policy environment. This analysis takes advantage of one such area of heterogeneity, the presence or absence of revenue sharing requirements associated with the receipt of state stem cell grants, and draws on recently collected survey data to assess how revenue sharing requirements affect stem cell scientists entrepreneurial activity.

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North-South and South-South Reseaerch Collaboration: What Difference does it make for developing countries? - The Case of Colombia

2011-09-17 , Cozzens, Susan E. , García-Luque, Margarita , Ordóñez-Matamoros, Gonzalo

Research collaboration (RC) is associated with both positive and negative effects on the performance of research. It is said to increase creativity, scientific productivity, research quality, innovative capacity, the creation of science and technology human capital, the consolidation of research agendas, the expansion of research areas and disciplines and, ultimately, the development of new or better processes, products and services. Risks and costs associated include the privatization and capture of traditional public knowledge, the mercantilization of knowledge and human capital, and the lost of research autonomy. Little is known about the ways RC affects local scientific and technological capabilities when it involves scientists and engineers working in developing countries, however. This is presumably the result of the popular assumption that there are no specific and distinctive effects associated with the geographical localization of the partners. This research assesses empirically such assumption and explores the effects of collaboration with different types of partners on the performance of research teams working in Colombia, an S&T-developing country. In particular, it explores the performance of 1889 research teams and the effects attributable to partners from northern and southern countries involved into two different types of collaboration activities: hosting foreign researchers, and working with foreign funding. Results from multivariate regressions and non-parametric analyses show that teams collaborating with partners from the south report higher scientific production, while those collaborating with northern countries seem to contribute the most to local knowledge. 20 interviews were performed to assess the plausibility of the models and of the findings. Theoretical and policy implications of the results are discussed.

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Working Together on the Web, Working Well? Innovation of a Research Work Environment

2011-09-17 , Brake, Irina , Duin, Daphne , Roberts, Dave , Rycroft, Simon , Smith, Vincent S. , Van den Besselaar, Peter

Using a variety of methods, we study the adoption and deployment of a web based research infrastructure for taxonomy and biodiversity research. What are motivations for use, and barriers for deployment? We study the de facto use, and measure the visibility of the knowledge produced within the infrastructure.

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