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Author: Godinho, Manuel Mira × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2000 × search.filters.applied.f.isOrgUnitOfPublicationTitle: School of Public Policy ×

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Now showing 1 - 7 of 7
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Setting Research Priorities: A Taxonomy of Policy Models

2009-10-02 , Caraça, João , Godinho, Manuel Mira

In recent years there has been a wide discussion in S&T policy fora on the intrinsic value of countries defining S&T priorities. This paper addresses the international situation with regard to these issues, by comparing a group of 27 different countries. An empirical exploration of data regarding S&T activities in those 27 countries is carried out, in order to infer through cluster analysis different 'types' or 'models' of S&T priority setting. The analysis shows that two major patterns of scientific publication exist, with some countries concentrating on "engineering and technology" publications while others concentrate on "health-related" themes. A second important aspect is that some countries tend to select R&D areas targeting "socio-economic objectives" to be financed by public funds while others give priority to a more blue-sky research. Larger countries, namely those that have stronger military interests, tend to be part of the first group. Finally, it is shown that providing less earmarked funds does not necessarily mean lower private participation in national R&D activities. By illuminating what are the existing models of research priority setting the paper intends to have a practical value for both policy-makers and analysts.

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Towards a taxonomy of innovation systems

2008 , Godinho, Manuel Mira , Mendonça, Sandro F. , Santos Pereira, Tiago

The concept of National Innovation System (NIS) has been recently applied in the context of developing nations even though it was originally developed in relation to the more developed economies (Japan, Scandinavian countries, US etc.). This raises the methodological problem of knowing whether what was learnt in the study of more advanced NISs is relevant for all sorts of economies regardless the maturity of their actual innovation systems. With this question in mind an exploratory exercise is implemented. First a technique for mapping different NIS is put forward and next based on such mapping a taxonomy of NISs is proposed. The technique although simple in the steps it requires shows analytical potential. The cartography it generates allows one to compare directly different countries, by visualizing in bi-dimensional space the graphic pattern of the relevant dimensions of their respective NISs. This technique is applied to 69 countries (87.4% of the world population) and a set of 29 indicators is used to examine these NISs along eight major dimensions. With the resulting data, and with the help of cluster analysis, a taxonomy of innovation systems is proposed. That taxonomy which contains 6 major types of NISs indicates that what differentiates most the individual systems is their performance in three critical dimensions: innovation, diffusion and basic and applied knowledge. Country size and the natural resources endowment of the economies also emerge as important contingency factors underlying the overall dynamics of different NISs.

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Innovation and catching-up

2004 , Fagerberg, Jan , Godinho, Manuel Mira

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Strategic policies for capability acquisition and development: A taxonomy of policy models in terms of S&T priority setting

2008-09 , Godinho, Manuel Mira , Caraça, João

In recent years there has been a wide discussion in S&T policy fora on the intrinsic value of countries defining S&T priorities with regard to national development and innovation policies. This paper addresses the international situation with regard to these issues, by comparing a group of 27 different countries. An empirical exploration of data regarding S&T activities in those 27 countries is carried, in order to infer through cluster analysis different "types" or "models" of S&T priority setting. The analysis shows that two major patterns of scientific publication exist, with some countries concentrating on "engineering and technology" publications and others on "health-related" themes. A second important aspect is that some countries tend to select specific R&D areas ("socio-economic objectives") to be financed by public funds while others give priority to a more "blue-sky" research. Larger countries, namely those that have stronger military interests, tend to be part of the first group. Finally, it is shown that providing less earmarked funds does not necessarily mean lower private participation in national R&D activities. By illuminating what are the existing models of priority setting in S&T the paper intends to have a practical value for both policy-makers and analysts. Further, this sort of systematic information might be relevant for countries such as the emerging economies and the dynamic developing countries where the S&T system is undergoing rapid changes.

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A Taxonomy of National Innovation Systems: Lessons From an Exercise Comprising a Large Sample of Both Developed, Emerging and Developing Economies

2006-10 , Godinho, Manuel Mira , Mendonça, Sandro F. , Pereira, Tiago Santos

The aim of this paper is to put forward a taxonomy of national innovation systems (NISs). With that purpose in mind we will first implement a technique for mapping innovation systems that was developed by Godinho et al. (2003). Such mapping allows one to compare directly different NISs, by visualizing in bi-dimensional space the graphic pattern of the relevant dimensions of each innovation system. Next the quantitative output of this NISs mapping will be used as the basis for performing a cluster analysis in a second step. The resulting country groupings will be analysed for identifying the major factors separating different NISs types. This will be the basis for a definition of a possible NISs taxonomy. In the paper eight major dimensions along which innovation systems develop are highlighted. These dimensions include market conditions; institutional conditions; intangible and tangible investments; basic and applied knowledge; external communication; diffusion; and innovation. For materialising such eight NIS dimensions 29 individual indicators were selected for a total of 69 countries. These countries range from the most developed and largest economies in the world, through the emerging economies, to the less advanced developing countries. For each of the 8 relevant NIS dimensions between 2 and 6 of these 29 indicators were allocated. The definition of the NIS dimensions and the selection of indicators tried to respect theoretical and logic criteria of organization of the data. Overall the data basis that was developed and the methodological steps that were taken represent a unique attempt to cover such a large and diverse number of countries with the aim of analysing their behaviour in terms of creating, consolidating and advancing their national innovation systems. As it will be shown, the resulting outcomes of this paper have empirical, theoretical and normative potential. Following this introduction the paper is divided into five main sections. Section 2 presents the conceptual context of the mapping and taxonomisation exercise that will be carried out. In section 3 the method followed is described, with information about the observed NIS dimensions, about the variables aggregated into each of those dimensions and about the economies that were selected as well. Next section 4 presents the results of the empirical analysis, by concentrating first on the mapping of the individual NISs and then on the structure that stems from a cluster analysis. The clusters that emerged are observed in section 5, providing an interpretation for the contrasting positions of the different countries involved in this exercise. Finally, the concluding section attempts at a generalization based on the analyses of the previous sections, suggesting a possible taxonomy of national innovation systems.

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Strategic policies for capabilities acquisition and development: A taxonomy of policy models in terms of S&T priorities setting

2008 , Godinho, Manuel Mira , Caraça, João

The publication of “Science the Endless Frontier” in July 1945 signaled the deep change occurred in the relationships between science, technology and society as a result of the war effort. In fact, the promise of modern science that through the knowledge of the laws of nature we could transform the world was finally being fulfilled through the development of science-based technologies. The main points of “Science the Endless Frontier” were that science was the new future of the US, the “new (and endless) frontier”, that it was necessary to organize the application of new scientific knowledge to technology and that the strengthening of the scientific basis was a legitimate concern of government. But it took more than a decade (the launching of Sputnik by the USSR in 1957) to make the American public and society aware of the need to advance in new scientific fields leading to promising technologies. On May 25, 1961, J. F. Kennedy announced to the US congress his plan of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth before 1970. As it is well known, the efforts associated with this objective had a strong impact on the S&T performance of the US economy in the coming years. Now, more than 4 decades later, the US still keeps a strong flow of public resources to basic and applied R&D, namely in relation to the health, energy, defense and food sectors, through a complex system of federal agencies, public labs and research universities. It is widely recognized that these US arrangements have generated important spillovers harnessing the development of microelectronics, IT, biotech, the internet and other civilian and military technologies.

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Towards a taxonomy of innovation systems

2005 , Godinho, Manuel Mira

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