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ItemHow much broad should be the definition of innovation to inform policy decisions for promoting innovation in developing countries? Learning from the Mexican case(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Dutrénit, Gabriela ; Corona, Juan Manuel ; Ramos, Carlos ; Rivera, René ; Sampedro, José Luis ; Capdevielle, MarioThe discovery that some Japanese firms could compete successfully with their United States counterparts, and later Korean firms and from other newly industrializing countries, contributed to focus the attention of scholars and policy makers on the conditions of a successful catching up process. Hobday (1995), Kim (1997) and Lundvall et al (2006) show that most of these processes were driven by an extremely acute accumulation of innovation capabilities, which were fundamentally driven by learning from experience, imitation and adaptation, instead of by science or R&D activities. The Chinese case reinforces these findings. As these countries approach the technological frontier, scientific and technological knowledge become an essential ingredient of this process (Kodama, 2007). Literature on NSI claims that the fundamental resource of the modern economy is knowledge, and suggests that knowledge and learning are more important in the current phase of economic development than in previous historical periods. Hence, even though R&D activities are crucial when countries are approaching the frontier, other innovation activities and also important when countries are still at early stages of this process.
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ItemInnovation and Public Goods: Implications for Policymaking and Economic Development(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Capdevielle, Mario ; Corona, Juan Manuel ; Dutrénit, Gabriela ; Rivera, René ; Hernández, Carlos ; Sanchez, MarinaBased on recent findings of an empirical study (Dutrénit, et al, 2011) funded by the Mexican Ministry of Economy, this paper examines the nature of innovation in developing countries (emphasizing the case of México) and the role of public goods in promoting private innovation. On the side of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STPI), this paper discusses the efficiency of the policymaking process when policymakers take decision on supporting innovation under a fuzzy and narrow concept of innovation activities and when the role of innovation in public goods is not well defined. The paper argues that for a better understanding of the nature of innovation and its economic and social impacts, the concept of innovation should be widened in order to include innovations in public goods and those innovations unrelated with R&D, innovations that can be very incremental but with significant effects in local terms.
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ItemDo Linkages Between Farmers and Academic Researchers Influence Research Productivity? Evidence from Mexico(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-02) Dutrénit, Gabriela ; Ekboir, Javier ; Rivera, René ; Sampedro, José Luis ; Torres, Arturo ; Vera-Cruz, José Alexandre OliveiraWe explore the effect of linkages between farmers and academic researchers on research productivity in fields related to agriculture. We found a positive and significant relationship between intensive linkages with a few farmers and research productivity, when this is defined as publications in ISI journals. This evidence contradicts other contributions that argue that strong ties with businesses reduce research productivity and distort the original purposes of university. When research productivity is defined more broadly adding other types of research outputs, the relationship is also positive and significant, confirming the argument that close ties between public research institutions and businesses foster the emergence of new ideas that can result in valuable innovations. Another finding is that researchers in public institutions produce several types of research outputs; therefore, measuring research productivity only bypublished ISI papers misses important dimensions of research activities.
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ItemContext, Innovation Capabilities, and Patterns of Knowledge(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-02) Corona, Juan Manuel ; De Fuentes, Claudia ; Dutrénit, GabrielaSeveral studies from different bodies of literature have studied public private interactions from different perspectives. The literature of National Systems of Innovation suggests that universities and public research centres (PRC) can make an important contribution to innovation (Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1992; Edquist, 2001). The literature of The Triple Helix addresses the importance of university-industry-government linkages to generate and diffuse knowledge (Etzkowitz and Leytesdorff, 1997). These interactions promote virtuous circles in the production and diffusion of knowledge, especially if universities and PRC establish linkages with firms, where knowledge flows in both directions (Albuquerque, et al, 2008). University-PRC and firms' interactions change as the country develops (Eun, et al, 2006). The dynamic relationships between these two actors reflect a co-evolution of factors (Mowery and Sampat, 2005 and Albuquerque, et al, 2008). Those factors depend on the sector, the actors' specific capacities, their absorptive capacities and the culture embedded in each actor to interact with each other. Moreover, they respond to different incentives, academic researchers function within an academic logic, while firms' researchers depend on business logic. Most of the studies focus either on universities/PRC or firms (Mathews and Mei-Chih, 2007 among others), but especially for developing countries, few of them have tackled the analysis of the interactions from both perspectives (Bekkers and Bodas Freitas, 2008, Bittencourt, et al, 2008, Intarakumnerd and Schiller, 2008). Objective This paper focuses on universities/PRC and industries linkages and compares two NAFTA countries, Canada as a developed country and Mexico as a less developed country. The main aim of this paper is to analyze public-private interactions during three different stages: the main motives for interaction, knowledge flows during the interaction, and the main results derived from interaction. We start the analysis at a general level for both countries and we go further to identify the specificities among sectors. This study is a comparative analysis between Mexico and Canada. For the specific case of Mexico, the analysis is based on original data collected from two surveys carried out in Mexico during 2008. One focuses on researchers at firms and the other focuses on researchers at universities/PRC. Both surveys where designed under the umbrella project "Interactions between universities and firms: searching for paths to support the changing role of universities in the South". For Mexico 382 firms and 162 researchers from six specific fields of knowledge answered the questionnaire. For the case of Canada we focus on the innovation survey to analyze the firms' perspective. We will perform multivariate analysis techniques to analyze the information and we will build first order factors for universities/PRC and firms to identify the main knowledge flow mechanisms for universities/PRC and firms at a general level as well as at the sectoral level. Preliminary results from the Mexican firms' survey indicate that the main motives for firms to interact with universities/PRC is to identify excellent students for future recruiting (39.2%), to carry out tests for products/processes (32.4%), and to obtain technological advice to solve production problems (31.1%). We built eight knowledge flows mechanisms from universities/PRC to firms (out of 18 in the survey). From the firms' perspective, the knowledge flow mechanisms are related to (i) human resources development, (ii) information diffusion and joint technology projects; (iii) technological networking, and (iv) entrepreneurship and property rights. From the university/PRC perspective, we found that the knowledge flow mechanisms are related to (i) joint technology projects, (ii) information diffusion, (iii) technological networking and human resources development, and (iv) entrepreneurship and property rights. From the Mexican firms' perspective, the most important results from collaboration are related to the use of metrology facilities and laboratories, and new techniques and instruments for the firm. From the universities/PRC perspective, the most important results are related to networking and ideas for new research projects, research funding and reputation, and absorption of new knowledge and human resources development. From the Canadian firms' perspective, the most important sources of information are related to the interaction with suppliers and customers. The networking with other agents during conferences, fairs and exhibitions is also an important source of information. The interaction with universities/PRC is more important for radical innovations than for incremental innovations. The most important results from collaboration differ between both agents as they respond to different incentives and logic. Comparing both perspectives, we found that the most important knowledge flows for firms are those related to the formation of human resources. They also recognize that linkages with universities/PRC are important as sources of information, and to perform joint technology projects. The higher interaction between universities/PRC and firms in Canada is to develop radical innovations, while in Mexico, the most important interaction is to develop incremental innovations. On the other hand, universities/PRC perceive that the most important knowledge flows to industry are related to joint technology projects, while human resources development is not a very important mechanism. From the Mexican case, the knowledge transfer associated with entrepreneurship and property rights is the least important form of interaction. References Albuquerque, E. (2003) Immature systems of innovation: Introductory notes about a comparison between South Africa, India, Mexico and Brazil based on science and technology statistics, Conference paper at Globelics, Rio de Janeiro, 2003. Edquist, C. (2001) Innovation Systems and Innovation Policy: the state of the art, Conference paper at DRUID, 2001. Etzkowitz, H. and Leytesdorff, L. (1997), Universities in the global economy: A triple helix of academic-industry-government relation. London: Croom Helm. Eun, J., Lee, K. and WU, G. (2006) Explaining the university-run-enterprises in China. Research Policy, v. 35, pp.1329-1346. Lundvall (1992), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London. Mowery, D. and Sampat, B. (2005) Universities in National Innovation Systems. In: Fagerberg, J., Mowery, D. and Nelson, R. (2005) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nelson, R. (1992) National Innovation Systems: A Retrospective on a Study, In: Edquist, C. and McKelvey, M. (Eds.) (2000), Systems of Innovation: Growth, Competitiveness and Employment, pp. 363-390, Edwar Elgar, Great Britain. Bittencourt, P., Rapini, M., Britto, J., Póvoa, L. and Antunes, P. (2008) Patterns of universities-firms interaction in brazil in Four industrial sectors, Conference paper at Globelics, Mexico, 2008. Intarakumnerd, P. and Schiller, D. (2008) University-Industry Linkages in Thailand: Successes, Failures and Lessons Learned for other Developing Countries, Conference paper at Globelics, Mexico, 2008. Bekkers, R and Bodas Freitas, M. (2008) Analysing knowledge transfer channels between universities and industry: To what degree do sectors also matter?, Research Policy 37, 1837-1853. Mathews, J.A., Hu Mei-Chih (2007). Enhancing the Role of Universities in Building National Innovative Capacity in Asia: The Case of Taiwan. World Development Vol. 35 No. 6 pp. 1005-1020. Pavitt, K. (1984) Sectoral patterns of technical change: towards a taxonomy and a theory, Research Policy 13 (6), 343-373.