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ItemNorth-South and South-South Reseaerch Collaboration: What Difference does it make for developing countries? - The Case of Colombia(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-17) Cozzens, Susan E. ; García-Luque, Margarita ; Ordóñez-Matamoros, GonzaloResearch collaboration (RC) is associated with both positive and negative effects on the performance of research. It is said to increase creativity, scientific productivity, research quality, innovative capacity, the creation of science and technology human capital, the consolidation of research agendas, the expansion of research areas and disciplines and, ultimately, the development of new or better processes, products and services. Risks and costs associated include the privatization and capture of traditional public knowledge, the mercantilization of knowledge and human capital, and the lost of research autonomy. Little is known about the ways RC affects local scientific and technological capabilities when it involves scientists and engineers working in developing countries, however. This is presumably the result of the popular assumption that there are no specific and distinctive effects associated with the geographical localization of the partners. This research assesses empirically such assumption and explores the effects of collaboration with different types of partners on the performance of research teams working in Colombia, an S&T-developing country. In particular, it explores the performance of 1889 research teams and the effects attributable to partners from northern and southern countries involved into two different types of collaboration activities: hosting foreign researchers, and working with foreign funding. Results from multivariate regressions and non-parametric analyses show that teams collaborating with partners from the south report higher scientific production, while those collaborating with northern countries seem to contribute the most to local knowledge. 20 interviews were performed to assess the plausibility of the models and of the findings. Theoretical and policy implications of the results are discussed.
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ItemWhat does International Co-authorship Measure?(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-17) Cozzens, Susan E. ; Thakur, Dhanaraj ; Wang, JianBy interviewing co-authors of papers in the field of bio-fuels this article looks at the various factors explaining how international research collaboration is organized. We found several factors such as motivations, differences in those from the Global North and South, and research rank. We then proposed new models for the emergence of international research collaboration.
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ItemPolicy Pathways, Policy Networks, and Citizen Deliberation: Disseminating the Results of World Wide Views on Global Warming in the United States(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-17) Bal, Ravtosh ; Cozzens, Susan E. ; Delborne, Jason A. ; Schneider, Jen ; Worthington, Richard"World Wide Views on Global Warming involved 44 citizen deliberations in 38 countries, focusing on questions of climate change policy addressed at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2009 (COP15). Sponsors and organizers pursued numerous policy pathways to influence the COP15 negotiations, and this paper examines the success of such strategies in the U.S. context.
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ItemReducing Inequality: What Role for Technology Manufacturing?(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-16) Castillo-Manrique, Rafael ; Cozzens, Susan E.This study examines whether rapid growth decreases inequality primarily when it is based on an expansion of manufacturing jobs. To this end, we constructed a dataset to identify a specific set of countries that showed reduction in inequality and high or medium growth rates in order to explore, as case studies, the details of the connection between growth, technology and inequality.
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ItemCommunity-Based Innovation Dynamics in the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Sector(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-16) Catalán, Pablo ; Cozzens, Susan E.The article aims to determine what are the dynamics of innovation in the establishment of rural Water Supply and Sanitation-Community Based systems by focusing on the case of rural communities in Costa Rica. Results show that leadership and sense of ownership do have a greater role in increasing sustainability and learning.
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ItemNanotechnology and the Millennium Development Goals: Energy, Water, and Agri-food(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Cortes Lobo, Rodrigo ; Cozzens, Susan E. ; Soumonni, Ougundiran ; Woodson, ThomasWe analyzed the progress in pro-poor nanotechnology applications in energy, water, and agrifood sectors in achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). We considered the results from an international panel of experts (Salamanca-Buentello 2004) that identified the top ten nanotechnology applications that they believed could speed up progress towards the MDG goals. Our results confirm little advancement in this respect.
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ItemEvaluating the additionality and certification effects of research and innovation policy on small business start-ups: an inflow-sampling and counterfactual approach(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Cozzens, Susan E. ; Galope, Reynold V.Using a unique inflow sample of business founded in 2004 and tracked ever since, this paper uses non-parametric treatment effect estimators to measure the additionality effect of a U.S. federal R&D program among small business start-ups. Our empirical analysis shows that recipient small business start-ups spent more than four times in research and development (R&D) as much as their observationally similar counterparts did, suggesting that the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants did not crowd out firm-financed R&D.
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ItemSocial and Technological Entrepreneurship -- Do the Twain Ever Meet?(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Cozzens, Susan E. ; White, Thema MonroeEntrepreneurship is an enduring theme in innovation studies and a long-standing object of innovation policy. Social enterprises broadly defined, are those which apply business principles to solve social problems. This paper explores the extent to which social entrepreneurs use technological innovation to help them achieve sustainable social impact.
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ItemDistributional Assessment of Emerging Technologies: Summary(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-03) Cozzens, Susan E. ; Knell, MarkEmerging technologies are new, science-based, and potentially high-impact. Emerging technologies are particularly likely to increase inequalities because of initial high prices and high skill requirements. They are good targets for policy changes to reduce inequalities, however, because they are at an early enough stage to be shaped by public interventions. The project reported here studied the distributional consequences of five technologies in eight countries. The central question was "How do public interventions affect distributional outcomes for the same technology under different national conditions?" We studied the distribution of business opportunities, employment, benefits, and costs. The team chose "emerged" technologies for study - those that were introduced some time ago - so that they could track actual effects rather than projecting them. The cases were information and telecommunications technologies and biotechnologies. Examples from the past were used to develop a framework for thinking about the future for new areas such as nanotechnology or synthetic biology. The five cases studied are: genetically modified (GM) maize, mobile phones, open source software, plant tissue culture, and recombinant insulin. They represent both proprietary and public ownership models, and range from simple to highly complex. The eight countries included are: Argentina, Canada, Costa Rica, Germany, Jamaica, Malta, Mozambique, and the United States. Half are high-income and half are low or middle income countries. With regard to the distribution of business opportunities, two factors were clearly significant. One was intellectual property protection. In some of our cases, multinational corporations held tight control of intellectual property around a new technology, limiting the opportunity for other firms to enter the market. In GM maize, corporate control limited business opportunities even in related industries in countries far from headquarters. In recombinant insulin, the control is so tight that generic manufacturers had a hard time entering the market even after the original patents expired. In contrast, plant tissue culture, a public sphere technology, has created business opportunities in both developed and developing countries in our study. A second constraint on business opportunity, however, is skill. If an environment does not have enough people at a high enough skill level to support or extend the technology, the ownership question is moot. Open source software illustrates. Open source software is more likely to be used in large firms or universities than small ones. The reason appears to be that in order to benefit from the open source code, the organization must have sufficient programming skill to be able to make some adjustments in the software itself. For the same reason, open source software businesses appear to develop only in places where there is already a software industry; we did not find any evidence of open source-based businesses in the developing countries in our study. Direct employment effects of the emerging technologies in our study were small, with the exception of the mobile phone service industry. In mobile phones, new jobs were created directly with the new form of service, but as land line subscriptions begin to drop, jobs will be lost in that part of the telephone business. For the other technologies, high-technology manufacturing jobs tended to stay in affluent countries (e.g., in recombinant insulin), and there was a modest shift from lower-skilled, more dangerous jobs to somewhat higher-skilled, less dangerous ones. For example, GM maize allows for less pesticide use, a benefit to farm workers. By raising and stabilizing yields, the agricultural technologies we studied also stabilize incomes for family farms and their employees. Our study did not include any of the countries that experienced rapid growth in employment through electronics manufacturing - indicating that those experiences may be the exception rather than the rule. Considering the distribution of benefits and costs from the five technologies, we found a number of effects of public interventions (policies). Environmental regulation in Europe raises production costs for farmers who grow GM maize to fend off European corn borers. Deregulation in the mobile phone industry in several of our example countries brought competition, and competition brought the invention of pre-paid plans to reach broader sets of consumers. Pre-paid plans have in turn been the major marketing mechanism allowing very high rates of access in most countries. But the cost per call unit is higher, and the share of family income consumed is also disproportionate for low income families. Even the pre-paid plans, however, cannot reach the poorest consumers in areas where electricity is not dependable and the wireless equipment not installed. Thus we found that in Mozambique, mobile phone use is largely confined to the capital city, and men are much more likely to use them than women. Public procurement makes recombinant insulin available through public health services in most of the countries of our study. But in the United States, the spotty insurance system leaves significant gaps in coverage. And in Mozambique, doctors are hesitant to prescribe an insulin regimen for use in very poor households, which are unlikely to be able to sustain its complicated requirements. Public procurement also made tissue culture for banana plants available to poor farmers in Jamaica, but when the public subsidy disappeared, these farmers could not afford to import the material, as more affluent farmers did. These examples show that the distributional boundary for the technology is drawn in part by public action and in part by family conditions. The study cannot produce a one size fits all set of policy recommendations, because it shows that national conditions matter a great deal in crafting policy options to spread the benefits of new technologies broadly. It does, however, suggest that * Intellectual property protection should be moderated so that it is not used to suppress business opportunities or limit the availability of essential goods. * Pockets of highly-skilled workers can be critical in giving developing countries local access to new technologies. * Basic infrastructure and education are important investments in increasing the capacity of highly unequal countries to absorb and diffuse new technologies widely.
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ItemCommunity-Based Research and Development (R&D) Patterns in the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Sector(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-03) Catalan, Pablo ; Cozzens, Susan E.I explore patterns in regard to community based Research and Development in the Water Supply and Sanitation sector. I set a bibliometric analysis, covering the 1998-2008 period, by means of applying a framework based on three factors: productivity, collaboration, and research topics, which are analyzed at global and country level. Results show: a) Northern countries are the most productive ones; b) though not significant as it should, North-South collaboration is increasing; and c) Southern concerns do not represent a major share of Northern R&D, though an upward is noted.