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ItemReal-Time Vision-Based Relative Aircraft Navigation(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007-03) Johnson, Eric N. ; Calise, Anthony J. ; Watanabe, Yoko ; Ha, Jin-Cheol ; Neidhoefer, James C.This paper describes two vision-based techniques for the navigation of an aircraft relative to an airborne target using only information from a single camera fixed to the aircraft. These techniques are motivated by problems such as "see and avoid", pursuit, formation flying, and in-air refueling. By applying an Extended Kalman Filter for relative state estimation, both the velocity and position of the aircraft relative to the target can be estimated. While relative states such as bearing can be estimated fairly easily, estimating the range to the target is more difficult because it requires achieving valid depth perception with a single camera. The two techniques presented here offer distinct solutions to this problem. The first technique, Center Only Relative State Estimation, uses optimal control to generate an optimal (sinusoidal) trajectory to a desired location relative to the target that results in accurate range-to-target estimates while making minimal demands on the image processing system.The second technique, Subtended Angle Relative State Estimation, uses more rigorous image processing to arrive at a valid range estimate without requiring the aircraft to follow a prescribed path. Simulation results indicate that both methods yield range estimates of comparable accuracy while placing different demands on the aircraft and its systems.
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ItemModeling, Control, and Flight Testing of a Small Ducted Fan Aircraft(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006-07) Johnson, Eric N. ; Turbe, Michael A.Small ducted fan autonomous vehicles have potential for several applications, especially for missions in urban environments. This paper discusses the use of dynamic inversion with neural network adaptation to provide an adaptive controller for the GTSpy, a small ducted fan autonomous vehicle based on the Micro Autonomous Systems' Helispy. This approach allows utilization of the entire low speed flight envelope with a relatively poorly understood vehicle. A simulator model is constructed from a force and moment analysis of the vehicle, allowing for a validation of the controller in preparation for flight testing. Data from flight testing of the system is provided.
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ItemAdaptive Guidance and Control for Hypersonic Vehicles(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006-05) Johnson, Eric N. ; Calise, Anthony J. ; Curry, Michael D.Guidance and control technology is recognized as an important aspect of the military, civil, and commercial goal of reliable, low-cost, aircraft-type operations into space. Here, several guidance and control methods are extended to enable integration into a single fully adaptive guidance and control system that offers a high degree of mission flexibility, fault tolerance, and autonomy. This paper summarizes the guidance and control system and several research issues related to use of adaptive guidance and control in reusable launch vehicles. Results that demonstrate the ability of the integrated system to plan and fly abort trajectories are also presented.
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ItemA Compact Guidance, Navigation, and Control System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006-05) Christophersen, Henrik B. ; Pickell, R. Wayne ; Neidhoefer, James C. ; Koller, Adrian A. ; Kannan, Suresh K. ; Johnson, Eric N.The Flight Control System 20 (FCS20) is a compact, self-contained Guidance, Navigation, and Control system that has recently been developed to enable advanced autonomous behavior in a wide range of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The FCS20 uses a floating point Digital Signal Processor (DSP) for high level serial processing, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for low level parallel processing, and GPS and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) sensors. In addition to guidance, navigation, and control functions, the FCS20 is capable of supporting advanced algorithms such as automated reasoning, artificial vision, and multi-vehicle interaction. The unique contribution of this paper is that it gives a complete overview of the FCS20 GN&C system, including computing, communications, and information aspects. Computing aspects of the FCS20 include details about the design process, hardware components, and board configurations, and specifications. Communications aspects of the FCS20 include descriptions of internal and external data flow. The information section describes the FCS20 Operating System (OS), the Support Vehicle Interface Library (SVIL) software, the navigation Extended Kalman Filter, and the neural network based adaptive controller. Finally, simulation-based results as well as actual flight test results that demonstrate the operation of the guidance, navigation, and control algorithms on a real Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) are presented.
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ItemVision-Aided Inertial Navigation for Flight Control(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005-09) Wu, Allen D. ; Johnson, Eric N. ; Proctor, Alison A.Many onboard navigation systems use the Global Positioning System to bound the errors that result from integrating inertial sensors over time. Global Positioning System information, however, is not always accessible since it relies on external satellite signals. To this end, a vision sensor is explored as an alternative for inertial navigation in the context of an Extended Kalman Filter used in the closed-loop control of an unmanned aerial vehicle. The filter employs an onboard image processor that uses camera images to provide information about the size and position of a known target, thereby allowing the flight computer to derive the target's pose. Assuming that the position and orientation of the target are known a priori, vehicle position and attitude can be determined from the fusion of this information with inertial and heading measurements. Simulation and flight test results verify filter performance in the closed-loop control of an unmanned rotorcraft.
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ItemAdaptive Trajectory Control for Autonomous Helicopters(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005) Johnson, Eric N. ; Kannan, Suresh K.For autonomous helicopter flight, it is common to separate the flight control problem into an inner loop that controls attitude and an outer loop that controls the translational trajectory of the helicopter. In previous work, dynamic inversion and neural-network-based adaptation was used to increase performance of the attitude control system and the method of pseudocontrol hedging (PCH) was used to protect the adaptation process from actuator limits and dynamics. Adaptation to uncertainty in the attitude, as well as the translational dynamics, is introduced, thus, minimizing the effects of model error in all six degrees of freedom and leading to more accurate position tracking. The PCH method is used in a novel way that enables adaptation to occur in the outer loop without interacting with the attitude dynamics. A pole-placement approach is used that alleviates timescale separation requirements, allowing the outer-loop bandwidth to be closer to that of the inner loop, thus, increasing position tracking performance. A poor model of the attitude dynamics and a basic kinematics model is shown to be sufficient for accurate position tracking. The theory and implementation of such an approach, with a summary of flight-test results, are described.
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ItemVisual Search Automation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005-01) Johnson, Eric N. ; Proctor, Alison A. ; Ha, Jin-Cheol ; Tannenbaum, Allen R.This paper describes the design, development, and testing of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with automated capabilities: searching a prescribed area, identifying a specific building within that area based on a small sign located on one wall, and then identifying an opening into that building. This includes a description of the automated search system along with simulation and flight test results. Results include successful evaluation at the McKenna Military Operations in Urban Terrain flight test site.