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School of Psychology

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https://hdl.handle.net/1853/70756

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College of Sciences

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Work Science Center

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https://finding-aids.library.gatech.edu/agents/corporate_entities/1133

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Publication Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 432

Directability Through AI Customization: The Effect of Choice on Trust and Acceptance in Highly Automated Vehicles

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-12-05) Scott-Sharoni, Sidney Tammie

People feel apprehensive about using or relying on highly automated vehicles (American Automotive Association, 2019). One method of assuaging fears involves providing explanations for the system’s behaviors using a Human-Machine Interface (HMI). However, understanding the amount of information for optimal human-automation interaction can prove difficult due to differences in individuals’ preferences, experiences, and needs. An underexplored method that may account for these discrepancies involves providing users with choices or customization. The Coactive Design Approach suggests that including directability, or the power to influence a system’s actions, may improve how users interact with systems (Johnson et al., 2014). The following study investigated how customization affordances and modified vehicle aspect of a Level 4 automated vehicle affected trust and acceptance. One hundred twenty participants experienced one highly automated simulator drive, during which they engaged in a visually demanding game. A MANOVA assessed the interaction of and main effects of customization availability and modified vehicle aspect on trust and acceptance. While participants who customized had higher average trust and acceptance in the automated vehicle than participants who did not customize, only the main effect of vehicle aspect significantly impacted the multivariate dimension of trust and acceptance in the automated vehicle. That is, modifications to the vehicle impacted users regardless of whether they chose the modification. The game score and subjective trust did significantly correlate to a small, positive extent, indicating that higher trust in a system may improve non-driving related task performance. Future research should continue to investigate the role of choice in the interaction between individuals and highly automated systems to understand the psychological impacts of directability.
Memory Self-Modification as a Function of Confidence during Reconsolidation

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-07-31) Yaun, Jeffrey W.

Students are often surprised to find that the grade they receive on an exam does not comport with the confidence they felt about their answers. What use, then, is confidence if it does not necessarily indicate accuracy? Better understanding of this question may not lie in approaching from a perspective of accuracy, but in the consistency of recall. Does confidence influence what is recalled, and does the act of recall itself provide enough of an opportunity to change what is recalled? What does this indicate about reconsolidation, the proposed process of reactivating and updating memory? This study examined these questions by providing participants with a pair of videos and a set of questions about their content, along with confidence judgements about their answers. After 4-day gap periods, participants twice recorded free-recall sessions about one of the two videos, then answered the original questions again. Results indicated that initial confidence is a strong predictor of subsequent recall and the consistency of recall, but failed to be a predictor for accuracy of recall. The predicted interaction of recall with confidence to predict consistency also failed to be statistically significant. Confidence may therefore play a greater role in the consistency of recall than in objective accuracy. The lack of a recall effect on accuracy or consistency may also indicate a more gradual process for changes in memory traces than predicted by reconsolidation theory.
Conceptualization and Assessment of the Home Workspace: A Person-Centered Approach

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-04-13) Egan, Jennifer

The prevalence of working from home (WFH) as an alternative work arrangement has gradually increased as a result of pivotal technological, societal, and global developments from the 1990s (Felstead & Henseke, 2017). WFH is not a novel phenomenon, but relatively little attention has been given to the impact of how the spatial environment of the home workspace affects an individual’s work experience (Stephenson et al., 2020). Given that remote work is unlikely to recede to pre-Covid-19 pandemic levels (Bana et al., 2020), organizational psychologists should consider the impact of home workspace environments on worker-related outcomes. This study builds upon boundary theory (Ashforth et al., 2000) and architectural perspectives by using person-centered, sensory based (i.e., visual, auditory, olfactory) measures of the home environment. 199 administrative staff participants were administered a survey that measured connections between objective aspects of the home environment (e.g., workspace size), sensory inputs from the home domain, psychological outcomes, and respondent intentions to WFH in the future. Ultimately, objective and self-situated aspects of the home environment positively related to the sensory inputs. Auditory and visual inputs positively related to general stress and home-work boundary violations. Specifically, auditory inputs from the home environment predicted general stress, while visual inputs predicted a more general assessment of home-work boundary violations. Finally, home-work boundary violations were positively related to a worker’s intention to work from home in the future. Implications for theory, remote workers, organizational leaders, and designers, are discussed.
3D-printed stand, timing interface, and coil localization tools for concurrent TMS-fMRI experiments

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-04-03) Goldstein, Samuel

Concurrent TMS-fMRI involves administrating TMS while subjects are inside an MRI scanner and allows the study of the effects of neurostimulation on simultaneous brain activity. Despite its high promise, the technique has proven challenging to implement for at least three reasons. First, it is difficult to position and stabilize the TMS coil inside the MRI scanner in a way that precisely targets a pre-specified brain region. Second, standard task-presentation software suffers from imprecise timing, which can lead to TMS causing large image artifacts. Third, it is difficult to verify the exact TMS coil position during scanning. In this paper, we describe solutions to all three of these challenges. First, we develop a 3D-printed TMS stand that is fully adjustable and can reach most areas of the scalp. The stand is compatible with various MR coils and features an adjustable mirror holder. Second, we create an interface that can precisely time the TMS pulses with respect to the fMRI image acquisition with a variance of under 1 ms. Third, we develop software for precisely determining the TMS coil position inside the MRI scanner and computing the location of maximal stimulation. All three tools are either free or inexpensive. We provide detailed instructions for building and implementing these tools to facilitate an efficient and reliable concurrent TMS-fMRI setup.
Faculty Time Allocation i-deals and Work-family Balance

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-03-27) Storey, Rebecca Anne

Poor work-family is balance is one reason that faculty exit their careers in academia. A possible remedy to this issue can be found in the work design literature. Faculty can take active roles in shaping their employment arrangements to meet their needs by negotiating time allocation idiosyncratic deals (i-deals). Time allocation i-deals are personalized work arrangements negotiated between a faculty member and their chair in which they negotiate time allocated across research, teaching, and service demands. Using three waves of archival data collected from faculty in the United States, the present study used needs-supplies (N-S) fit theory to explore whether poor work-family balance prompts faculty to negotiate a time allocation i-deal, and if greater work-family balance is an outcome of these arrangements. Two individual differences, role centrality and decision authority, were also tested as moderators in the relationship between work-family balance and subsequent i-deal use. Altogether, the within-person hypothesized relationships were not significant. However, at the between-person level, time allocation i-deals were positively associated with work-family balance. These findings suggest that faculty who have greater time allocation customization enjoy greater work-family balance, but work-family balance is not maintained over time by continually altering levels of time allocation customization via i-deals.
Are Prosaccades Always Automatic?: Validating the Antisaccade Task as a Measure of Controlled Attention

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-02-10) Mashburn, Cody Anthony

Recently, mainstream cognitive psychology has become aware of difficulties in measuring individual differences in the ability to direct attention in a goal-direct manner. Such difficulties may suggest that attention control is not a measurable general cognitive ability but may instead be highly task-specific. Accuracy rates from the antisaccade task are a notable exception to the measurement difficulties often seen in other tasks, but the measure’s construct validity has been questioned. Some researchers have argued that antisaccade accuracy is a function of individual differences in general processing speed (e.g., Rey-Mermet et al., 2019). The present study evaluated this position in a combined differential-experimental study. I assessed whether the adaptive procedures adopted by previous studies in non-attention-demanding tasks increased attention control demands, leading to inaccurate estimates of criterion-related validity. I compared two versions of the prosaccade task (a non-attention-demanding variant of the antisaccade task), a non-adaptive version and an adaptive version which adjusted the presentation duration of a target stimulus on a trial-by-trial basis. I also attempted to eliminate the relationship between antisaccade accuracy and working memory capacity/fluid intelligence by accounting for speed measures from both prosaccade tasks. Mean pupil size was larger in the pre-target period of the adaptive prosaccade task than in the non-adaptive prosaccade task, suggesting the adaptive procedure made the task more effortful. Crucially, however, no matter how I attempted to control for processing speed, I could not eliminate the relationship between antisaccade accuracy and cognitive abilities, implying that antisaccade accuracy is not merely a proxy measure for general speed.
Demanding and Supportive Transformational Leadership Behaviors and Follower Sleep Outcomes: A Multilevel Moderated Serial Mediation Model

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2022-12-23) Burnett, Claire Elyse

Transformational leadership behaviors in the workplace are commonly studied as a form of support and are associated with positive follower health outcomes. However, when parsed apart into its facets, transformational leadership may also act as a demand for followers that negatively impacts them daily. Drawing from the Job-Demands Resources (JD-R) Theory (Bakker & Demerouti, 2007), this study investigated the facets of transformational leadership (Bass, 1985) acting differentially to influence follower sleep outcomes—first through the mediation of fatigue and then through performance of sleep hygiene behaviors—all at the daily level. The supportive facets of transformational leadership were thought to increase sleep quality and quantity at the daily level, while the demanding facets were proposed to decrease them. Because of the heightened response to stressors that neurotic individuals exhibit, neuroticism was explored as a moderating mechanism on the relationship between leader demands and fatigue. This study used a sample of 127 full-time, working adults and experience sampling methods over a 10-day period in order to measure these variables at the daily level. Ultimately, the proposed facets of supportive and transformational leadership were supported, but the proposed direct, mediating, and moderating relationships were not. This study contributes to theory is in its expansion of transformational leadership theory—pointing to a demanding and a supportive factor. Further research is warranted to explore the timeframe during which relationships between leader behavior and follower health outcomes unfold.
Communication Pattern Analysis in Human-Autonomy Teaming

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2022-07-20) Zhou, Shiwen

Communication is critical to team coordination and interaction because it provides information flows allowing a team to build team cognition, which contributes to overall team performance. In recent years, autonomous (AI) team members are beginning to be considered as effective substitutes for human teammates. However, research has shown that AI team members may lack the communication skills that are required for effective team performance (McNeese et al., 2018). To better understand which aspects of communication an AI team member performs differently compared to a human team member, and how they impact team performance, the current study analyzes communication features of three-person teams that include all human teams and human-AI teams operating in a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). The current study analyzed communication pattern predictability (communication determinism) and transition probabilities to measure communication flow and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to measure communication content. The current study found that both communication flow and content distinguished communication in all-human teams from communication in human-AI teams and found that these communication flow and content features predicted team performance in all-human versus human-AI teams. In this way, the current study hopes these communication differences can provide feedback and suggestions to future adoption of AI as a teammate in team training and team operations.
Developing Objective Communication-based Measures of Trust for Human-Autonomy Teams

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2022-07-19) Scalia, Matthew J.

As artificial intelligence capabilities have improved, humans have begun teaming with autonomous agents that have the capability to communicate and make intelligent decisions that are adaptable to task situations. Trust is a core component of human-human and human-autonomy team (HAT) interaction. As with all-human teams, the amount of trust held within a HAT will impact the team’s ability to perform effectively and achieve its goals. A recent theoretical framework, distributed dynamic team trust (D2T2; Huang et al., 2021), relates trust, team interaction measures, and team performance in HATs and has called for interaction-based measures of trust that go beyond traditional questionnaire-based approaches to measure the dynamics of trust in real-time. In this research, these relationships are examined by investigating HAT interaction communication-based measures (ICM; amount, frequency, affect, and “pushing” vs. “pulling” of information between team members) as a mechanism for D2T2 and tested for predictive validity using questionnaire-based trust measures as well as team performance in a three-team member remotely-piloted aerial system (RPAS) HAT synthetic task. Results suggest that ICM can be used as a measure for team performance in real-time. Specifically, ICM was a significant predictor of team performance and not trust, and trust was not a significant predictor of team performance. Exploratory factor analyses of the trust questionnaire items discovered clear differences in how human teammates characterize trust in all-human teams and HATs. Specifically for HATs, interpersonal and technical factors associated with trust in autonomous agents were found as a result of dynamic exposure to the autonomous agent by distinct stakeholders through communication. These findings confirmed the underlying theory behind D2T2 as a framework that includes both interpersonal and technical factors related to trust in HAT along a dynamic timeline among different types of stakeholders. The findings provide some insight into the dynamic nature of trust, but continued research to discover interactive measures of trust is necessary.
Examining Social Influence's Effect on Decision-Making and Bayesian Truth Serum

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2022-04-28) Sukernek, Justin

Decision-making—whether individual or in groups—can be subject to revision based on social influence, often pulling one’s opinions towards the apparent consensus (Mason, Conrey, & Smith, 2007). Social influence has been shown to damage the effectiveness of wisdom of the crowd, suggesting that perhaps the crowd is wise—but only when the members do not interact with each other (Lorenz, Rauhut, Schweitzer, & Helbing, 2011). An interesting, unexplored method to study the effect of social influence would be to apply it to the Bayesian truth serum (BTS), a multi-faceted measure of judgment ability. In its pure application, the truth serum is both a measure of judgment and a way to increase truth-telling and information quality, but currently it is unclear if social influence may have a positive or negative effect on the serum’s effectiveness (Frank, Cebrian, Pickard, & Rahwan, 2017). I conduct a multi-experiment study to elucidate further the possible adverse effects of social influence, and test Bayesian truth serum’s robustness when combined with the influence of others’ opinions. In combination, the five experiments show evidence for social influence disinforming participants; this disinformation effect appears to be detrimental to the Bayesian truth serum. Finally, these experiments cast doubt on the Bayesian truth serum’s predictive ability in several different task contexts. Additionally, in one experiment we find evidence that disagreeing with social influence improves reasoning ability. Overall, this study contributes to the social influence, disinformation, and BTS literatures.