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School of Psychology

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College of Sciences

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Work Science Center

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https://finding-aids.library.gatech.edu/agents/corporate_entities/1133

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Publication Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 953

From Adoption to Disuse: Investigating the Factors Influencing Disuse of Smart Technologies in Older Adults

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024-02-08) Gleaton, Emily C.

The purpose of this poster was to elucidate the qualitative research findings about why older adults adopt and subsequently discontinue using conversational agent technology.
Directability Through AI Customization: The Effect of Choice on Trust and Acceptance in Highly Automated Vehicles

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-12-05) Scott-Sharoni, Sidney Tammie

People feel apprehensive about using or relying on highly automated vehicles (American Automotive Association, 2019). One method of assuaging fears involves providing explanations for the system’s behaviors using a Human-Machine Interface (HMI). However, understanding the amount of information for optimal human-automation interaction can prove difficult due to differences in individuals’ preferences, experiences, and needs. An underexplored method that may account for these discrepancies involves providing users with choices or customization. The Coactive Design Approach suggests that including directability, or the power to influence a system’s actions, may improve how users interact with systems (Johnson et al., 2014). The following study investigated how customization affordances and modified vehicle aspect of a Level 4 automated vehicle affected trust and acceptance. One hundred twenty participants experienced one highly automated simulator drive, during which they engaged in a visually demanding game. A MANOVA assessed the interaction of and main effects of customization availability and modified vehicle aspect on trust and acceptance. While participants who customized had higher average trust and acceptance in the automated vehicle than participants who did not customize, only the main effect of vehicle aspect significantly impacted the multivariate dimension of trust and acceptance in the automated vehicle. That is, modifications to the vehicle impacted users regardless of whether they chose the modification. The game score and subjective trust did significantly correlate to a small, positive extent, indicating that higher trust in a system may improve non-driving related task performance. Future research should continue to investigate the role of choice in the interaction between individuals and highly automated systems to understand the psychological impacts of directability.
Mindfulness and its relationship to race-related stress, racial identity, age, gender, and ses across multiple racial minorities

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-10-13) Mirabito, Grazia

Racism is still a very pervasive problem in our nation. The literature on racism and race-related stress has predominately focused on African American populations, which is not surprising since they experience a disproportional amount of discrimination compared to other ethnicities. Nevertheless, due to the different lived experiences with racism and discrimination for each minority, I believe it is important to assess multiple racial groups’ experiences with racism (e.g. African American, Asian American, and Latinx persons). Racism can lead to race-related stress and thus to significant detriments in mental and physical health outcomes in People of Color (POC). This study took a novel and exploratory approach to understanding whether mindfulness, coping, and ethnic identity can buffer against the effects of race-related stress. Using a single-point-in-time online survey amongst 676 Asian American, African American, and Latinx participants measuring trait mindfulness, coping, ethnic identity, frequency of exposure to racism, rumination, race-related stress, anxiety, well-being, depression, and demographic factors (i.e., age, gender, education, income, and personality). Using multigroup structural equation modeling, I investigated whether mindfulness, coping, and ethnic identity mitigated the effects of race-related stress on rumination and psychological outcomes amongst POC. I found that at high levels of ethnic identity and some mindfulness subscales, there was greater use of adaptive coping skills, reduced race-related stress and rumination, and improved psychological outcomes. Additionally, I found that at high levels of exposure to racism, the cascade from mindfulness to race-related stress to psychological outcomes was worsened. Results were promising concerning the protective effects of most mindfulness subscales and ethnic identity against race-related stress. These variables exerted their influence primarily through the mediator coping. There were also negative effects of exposure to racism on the psychological outcomes. The only mindfulness variables that had a negative impact were Nonjudgement (in the African American sample only) and Observing, where Nonjudgement’s effect is most likely caused by personality, age, or some unmeasured variable, while the effects of Observing are most likely caused by detrimental effects of monitoring without acceptance. Furthermore, many of these pathways (58 out of 64 pathways) do not vary by ethnicity suggesting a primarily universal relationship across groups. The present study was successful in collecting a large sample of POC to compare across group differences and demonstrated that many of these mindfulness, ethnic identity, coping, and race-related stress processes exist similarly across multiple ethnic groups.
Measure and Manage Trust in Human-AI Conversations

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-10-12) Li, Mengyao

Artificial Intelligence (AI), with its increasing capability and connectivity, extends beyond limited and well-defined contexts and is integrated into broader societal domains. AI algorithms now steer autonomous vehicle fleets, shape political beliefs through news filtering, and oversee resource allocation and labor. Establishing trust between humans and their AI counterparts becomes important to facilitate effective cooperation. Trust profoundly influences how individuals use, communicate with, and collaborate alongside AI systems. Thus, trust measurement and management within human-AI cooperation are indispensable for ensuring safety, efficiency, and overall success. This talk focuses on trust in human-AI interactions, addressing three primary questions: (1) How can we measure people’s trust in human-AI conversations? (2) How does trust change over time within human-AI conversations? (3) How can we effectively manage instances of overtrust or undertrust through conversational cues to enhance human-AI cooperation? This talk highlights critical advancements in measurement of trust dynamics in human-AI cooperation, promising to influence the future of AI integration into broader societal domains.
A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Procedural Skill Retention and Decay

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-09-26) Tatel, Corey E.

The extent to which procedural skills involving motor components decay over time is an issue that has significant ramifications for the safety and well-being of individuals and society. Prior researchers have concluded that there is a general pattern of skill decay as a function of the length of the retention interval. However, previous researchers relied primarily on studies that leveraged shorter retention intervals than are characteristic of real-world contexts (e.g., days or weeks) and included skills that require both declarative and procedural knowledge. This dissertation presents a new meta-analysis of skill retention that focuses specifically on procedural skills and leverages a recent influx of interdisciplinary literature (e.g., healthcare, sports psychology) consisting of longer retention intervals (e.g., months and years). A broad literature search led to the inclusion of 1,352 effect sizes from 457 sources. Random-effects meta-regression models were computed with retention interval as a predictor of standardized mean differences representing changes in performance between skill acquisition and skill retention for accuracy-based performance measures, speed-based performance measures, and performance measures that were a mix of accuracy and speed. Results indicated that standardized mean differences increased in magnitude by 0.08 per month for accuracy-based performance measures and 0.06 per month for speed-based and mixed performance measures. Initial skill acquisition performance gains were lost between one year and two and half years after they were acquired. Task type, task complexity, infrequent performance opportunities, and task instructions were identified as potentially meaningful moderators of skill decline rates. Findings provide applied audiences with an estimate of how much skill decay can be expected if skills are not frequently used and therefore, when refresher training should be considered. Important methodological considerations for skill retention research were also identified, including the need to isolate retention performance from relearning effects and the need to account for Speed-Accuracy-Tradeoff functions when interpreting changes in performance over time.
Memory Self-Modification as a Function of Confidence during Reconsolidation

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-07-31) Yaun, Jeffrey W.

Students are often surprised to find that the grade they receive on an exam does not comport with the confidence they felt about their answers. What use, then, is confidence if it does not necessarily indicate accuracy? Better understanding of this question may not lie in approaching from a perspective of accuracy, but in the consistency of recall. Does confidence influence what is recalled, and does the act of recall itself provide enough of an opportunity to change what is recalled? What does this indicate about reconsolidation, the proposed process of reactivating and updating memory? This study examined these questions by providing participants with a pair of videos and a set of questions about their content, along with confidence judgements about their answers. After 4-day gap periods, participants twice recorded free-recall sessions about one of the two videos, then answered the original questions again. Results indicated that initial confidence is a strong predictor of subsequent recall and the consistency of recall, but failed to be a predictor for accuracy of recall. The predicted interaction of recall with confidence to predict consistency also failed to be statistically significant. Confidence may therefore play a greater role in the consistency of recall than in objective accuracy. The lack of a recall effect on accuracy or consistency may also indicate a more gradual process for changes in memory traces than predicted by reconsolidation theory.
Career Calling in Older Adults: A Socioemotional Selectivity Perspective

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-07-25) Kidwell, Kate E.

Over the past several decades, the meaning of work for employees has evolved beyond solely a means of financial support and toward a source of fulfillment and personal identity. Work that is purposeful, meaningful, and internally motivated can be considered a career calling. As the American workforce ages, fulfilling a career calling may be especially important for the longevity and well-being of older adult workers. Drawing on tenets of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, the present study tested a model in which socioemotional motives and goal selection predict the attainment of calling, and occupational future time perspective was examined as a meaningful individual difference that may affect these relationships. I analyzed survey data collected from 267 working older adults over a two-week period using structural equation modeling. Support was found for the relationships between motives for meaning and positive emotions and calling. Emotional regulation goals were not found to mediate the relationships between motives and calling, and occupational future time perspective did not alter these relationships. By uniting Socioemotional Selectivity Theory with the calling literature, I further our understanding of antecedents of career calling in a priority working population. Theoretical implications for socioemotional selectivity theory and the calling literature, as well as practical implications for workers and organizations, are discussed.
Unconstructive Repetitive Thoughts and Anxiety Mediate the Link Between Daily Stressor Exposure and Everyday Memory Lapses

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-04-26) Hughes, MacKenzie L.

Daily stressor exposure has been linked to poorer cognitive functioning, but less is known about the exact mechanisms underlying the relationship. Stressor-related increases in negative affect (NA) and unconstructive repetitive thoughts (URTs) may play a role in explaining why individuals experience more everyday memory lapses on days with stressor exposure. This study investigated correlates of NA and URTs as time-varying constructs and their role in the relationship between stressor exposure and memory functioning. Publicly available daily diary data from the Midlife Development in the United States Refresher 1 sample were analyzed. For eight consecutive days, 716 adults ages 25-75 years old (Mage = 48.16, SD = 12.57) reported their daily experiences via telephone interviews. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to examine the indirect effect of daily stressor exposure on the frequency of everyday memory lapses through three types of NA (sadness, anxiety, anger) and URTs between- and within-persons. Results highlight important differences in the relationship between stressor exposure and everyday memory functioning at both levels of analysis. Whereas interindividual results suggest URTs mediate the relationship between average stressor exposure and everyday memory lapses, intraindividual results suggest both daily URTs and anxiety mediate the relationship between daily stressor exposure and everyday memory lapses. Additionally, the intraindividual effect of stressors on memory lapses through daily anxiety is stronger in young adults and people high in trait neuroticism whereas the effect through URTs is stronger in people with low executive functioning. Findings extend our understanding of the dynamic relationship between daily stressors and cognitive functioning by shedding light on for whom and under what circumstances memory lapses occur within the context of everyday life.
Exploring the Robustness of the Surprisingly Popular Signal

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-04-18) Sukernek, Justin

A large portion of the decision-making literature is concerned with forecasting the future, often using wisdom of the crowd as the basis for successful forecasts. However, crowd wisdom can be limited when the consensus is incorrect. Bayesian truth serum and the Surprisingly Popular algorithm, two novel methodologies in this space, offer solutions to this limitation by leveraging social sensing to calculate the 'surprisingly popular signal' at the respondent and question level, respectively. In this dissertation, I present three experiments that compare the three methodologies across forecasting, consumer decision-making, and general knowledge. In all three experiments, SP yielded the highest accuracy when utilizing a subsample of the most knowledgeable participants, a finding that is coherent with the existing literature. Experiment two incorporated social influence, uncovering a positive effect of disagreement on BTS scores and bidirectional effects of social influence on respondents' perceptions of how others would answer. Furthermore, two of the experiments demonstrate evidence of the BTS's ability to identify subsamples of participants that increase SP's accuracy, performing a similar function to domain knowledge. Finally, a process-based simulation of knowledge and social influence on SP and BTS is conducted, corroborating empirical findings. Overall, results provide promising evidence of SP's effectiveness across all task contexts, as well as some evidence for a potential new application for BTS.
Conceptualization and Assessment of the Home Workspace: A Person-Centered Approach

(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2023-04-13) Egan, Jennifer

The prevalence of working from home (WFH) as an alternative work arrangement has gradually increased as a result of pivotal technological, societal, and global developments from the 1990s (Felstead & Henseke, 2017). WFH is not a novel phenomenon, but relatively little attention has been given to the impact of how the spatial environment of the home workspace affects an individual’s work experience (Stephenson et al., 2020). Given that remote work is unlikely to recede to pre-Covid-19 pandemic levels (Bana et al., 2020), organizational psychologists should consider the impact of home workspace environments on worker-related outcomes. This study builds upon boundary theory (Ashforth et al., 2000) and architectural perspectives by using person-centered, sensory based (i.e., visual, auditory, olfactory) measures of the home environment. 199 administrative staff participants were administered a survey that measured connections between objective aspects of the home environment (e.g., workspace size), sensory inputs from the home domain, psychological outcomes, and respondent intentions to WFH in the future. Ultimately, objective and self-situated aspects of the home environment positively related to the sensory inputs. Auditory and visual inputs positively related to general stress and home-work boundary violations. Specifically, auditory inputs from the home environment predicted general stress, while visual inputs predicted a more general assessment of home-work boundary violations. Finally, home-work boundary violations were positively related to a worker’s intention to work from home in the future. Implications for theory, remote workers, organizational leaders, and designers, are discussed.