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Mobile Robot Laboratory
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ItemRobotic Nudges: The Ethics of Engineering a More Socially Just Human Being(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015-03) Borenstein, Jason ; Arkin, Ronald C.The time is nearing when robots are going to become a pervasive feature of our personal lives. They are already continuously operating in industrial, domestic, and military sectors. But a facet of their operation that has not quite reached its full potential is their involvement in our day-to-day routines as servants, caregivers, companions, and perhaps friends. It is clear that the multiple forms of robots already in existence and in the process of being designed will have a profound impact on human life. In fact, the motivation for their creation is largely shaped by their ability to do so. Encouraging patients to take medications, enabling children to socialize, and protecting the elderly from hazards within a living space is only a small sampling of how they could interact with humans. Their seemingly boundless potential stems in part from the possibility of their omnipresence but also because they can be physically instantiated, i.e., they are embodied in the real world, unlike many other devices. The extent of a robot’s influence on our lives hinges in large part on which design pathway the robot’s creator decides to pursue . The principal focus of this article is to generate discussion about the ethical acceptability of allowing designers to construct companion robots that nudge a user in a particular behavioral direction (and if so, under which circumstances). More specifically, we will delineate key issues related to the ethics of designing robots whose deliberate purpose is to nudge human users towards displaying greater concern for their fellow human beings, including by becoming more socially just. Important facets of this discussion include whether a robot’s “nudging ” behavior should occur with or without the user’s awareness and how much control the user should exert over it.
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ItemSLAM-Based Spatial Memory for Behavior-Based Robots(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015) Jiang, Shu ; Arkin, Ronald C.Knowledge is essential for an autonomous robot to act intelligently when tasked with a mission. With recent leaps of progress, the paradigm of SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) has emerged as an ideal source of spatial knowledge for autonomous robots. However, despite advancements in both paradigms of SLAM and robot control, research in the integration of these areas has been lacking and remained open to investigation. This paper presents an integration of SLAM into a behavior-based robotic system as a dynamically acquired spatial memory, which can be used to enable new behaviors and augment existing ones. The effectiveness of the integrated system is demonstrated with a biohazard search mission, where a robot is tasked to search and locate a biohazard within an unknown environment under a time constraint.
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ItemA Software Tool for the Design of Critical Robot Missions with Performance Guarantees(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013-03) Lyons, Damian M. ; Arkin, Ronald C. ; Nirmal, Paramesh ; Jiang, Shu. ; Liu, Tsung-MingDeploying a robot as part of a counter-weapons of mass destruction mission demands that the robotic software operates with high assurance. A unique feature of robotic software development is the need to perform predictably in a physical environment that may only be poorly characterized in advance. In this paper, we present an approach to building high assurance software for robot missions carried out in uncertain environments. The software development framework and the verification algorithm, VIPARS, are described in detail. Results are presented for missions including motion and sensing uncertainty, interaction with obstacles, and the use of sensors to guide behavior.
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ItemLethal Autonomous Systems and the Plight of the Non-combatant(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013) Arkin, Ronald C.
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ItemInternational Governance of Autonomous Military Robots(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011) Marchant, Gary E. ; Allenby, Braden ; Arkin, Ronald C. ; Barrett, Edward T. ; Borenstein, Jason ; Gaudet, Lyn M. ; Kittrie, Orde ; Lin, Patrick ; Lucas, George R. ; O’Meara, Richard ; Silberman, JaredNew technologies have always been a critical component of military strategy and preparedness. One new technology on the not-too-distant technological horizon is lethal autonomous robotics, which would consist of robotic weapons capable of exerting lethal force without human control or intervention. There are a number of operational and tactical factors that create incentives for the development of such lethal systems as the next step in the current development, deployment and use of autonomous systems in military forces. Yet, such robotic systems would raise a number of potential operational, policy, ethical and legal issues. This article summarizes the current status and incentives for the development of lethal autonomous robots, discusses some of the issues that would be raised by such systems, and calls for a national and international dialogue on appropriate governance of such systems before they are deployed. The article reviews potential modes of governance, ranging from ethical principles implemented through modifications or refinements of national policies, to changes in the law of war and rules of engagement, to international treaties or agreements, or to a variety of other “soft law” governance mechanisms.
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ItemThe Case for Ethical Autonomy in Unmanned Systems(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010) Arkin, Ronald C.The underlying thesis of research in ethical autonomy for lethal autonomous unmanned systems is that they will potentially be capable of performing more ethically on the battlefield than are human soldiers. In this article this hypothesis is supported by ongoing and foreseen technological advances and perhaps equally important by an assessment of the fundamental human warfighters in today’s battlespace. If this goal of better-than-human performance is achieved, even if still imperfect, it can result in a reduction in noncombatant casualties and property damage consistent with adherence to the Laws of War as prescribed in international treaties and conventions, and is thus worth pursuing vigorously.