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School of Physics

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    Tracked data for Chionactis occipitalis through a post array
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2019-01-25) Schiebel, Perrin E. ; Rieser, Jennifer M. ; Hubbard, Alex M. ; Chen, Lillian ; Rocklin, D. Zeb ; Goldman, Daniel I.
    Limbless animals like snakes inhabit most terrestrial environments, generating thrust to overcome drag on the elongate body via contacts with heterogeneities. The complex body postures of some snakes and the unknown physics of most terrestrial materials frustrates understanding of strategies for effective locomotion. As a result, little is known about how limbless animals contend with unplanned obstacle contacts. We studied a desert snake, Chionactis occipitalis, which uses a stereotyped head-to-tail traveling wave to move quickly on homogeneous sand. In laboratory experiments, we challenged snakes to move across a uniform substrate and through a regular array of force sensitive posts. The snakes were reoriented by the array in a manner reminiscent of the matter-wave diffraction of subatomic particles. Force patterns indicated the animals did not change their self-deformation pattern to either avoid or grab the posts. A model using open-loop control incorporating previously described snake muscle activation patterns and body-buckling dynamics reproduced the observed patterns, suggesting a similar control strategy may be used by the animals. Our results reveal how passive dynamics can benefit limbless locomotors by allowing robust transit in heterogeneous environments with minimal sensing.
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    Mitigating memory effects during undulatory locomotion on hysteretic materials dataset
    ( 2019) Schiebel, Perrin E. ; Rieser, Jennifer M. ; Astley, Henry C. ; Agarwall, S. ; Hubicki, C. ; Hubbard, Alex M. ; Cruz, K. ; Mendelson, J. ; Kamrin, K. ; Goldman, Daniel I.
    Undulatory swimming in flowing media like water is well studied, but little is known about locomotion in environments that are permanently deformed by body-substrate interactions like snakes in sand, eels in mud, and nematode worms in rotting fruit. We study the desert-specialist snake Chionactis occipitalis traversing granular matter and find body inertia is negligible despite rapid transit. New surface resistive force theory (RFT) calculation reveals this snake's waveform minimizes material memory effects and optimizes speed given anatomical limitations (power). RFT explains the morphology and waveform dependent performance of a diversity of non-sand-specialists, but over-predicts the capability of snakes with high slip. Robophysical experiments recapitulate aspects of these failure-prone snakes, elucidating how reencountering previously remodeled material hinders performance. This study reveals how memory effects stymied the locomotion of snakes in our previous study [Marvi et al, Science, 2014] and suggests the existence of a predictive model for history-dependent locomotion.
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    Tail use improves soft substrate performance in models of early vertebrate land locomotors
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016-05-27) McInroe, Benjamin ; Astley, Henry C. ; Gong, Chaohui ; Kawano, Sandy M. ; Schiebel, Perrin E. ; Rieser, Jennifer M. ; Choset, Howie ; Blob, Richard W. ; Goldman, Daniel I.
    In the evolutionary transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment, ancient vertebrates (e.g. early tetrapods) faced the challenges of terrestrial locomotion on flowable substrates (e.g. sand and mud) of variable stiffness and incline. While morphology and ranges of motion of appendages can be revealed in fossils, biological and robophysical studies of modern taxa demonstrate that movement on such substrates can be sensitive to small changes in appendage use. Using a biological model (the mudskipper), a physical model (a robot), granular drag measurements, and theoretical tools from geometric mechanics, we demonstrate how tail use can improve robustness to variable limb use and substrate conditions. We hypothesize that properly coordinated tail movements may have provided a substantial benefit for the earliest vertebrates to move on land.