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Abowd, Gregory D.

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The Conference Assistant: Combining Context-Awareness with Wearable Computing

1999 , Dey, Anind K. , Futakawa, Masayasu , Salber, Daniel , Abowd, Gregory D.

We describe the Conference Assistant, a prototype mobile, context-aware application that assists conference attendees. We discuss the strong relationship between context-awareness and wearable computing and apply this relationship in the Conference Assistant. The application uses a wide variety of context and enhances user interactions with both the environment and other users. We describe how the application is used and the context-aware architecture on which it was based.

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A Context-based Infrastructure for Smart Environments

1999 , Dey, Anind K. , Salber, Daniel , Abowd, Gregory D.

In order for a smart environment to provide services to its occupants, it must be able to detect its current state and determine what actions to take based on the context. We discuss the requirements for dealing with context in a smart environment and present a software infrastructure solution we have designed and implemented to help application designers build intelligent services and applications more easily. We describe the benefits of our infrastructure through applications we have built.

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Ubiquitous Computing: Defining an HCI Research Agenda for an Emerging Interaction Paradigm

1998 , Salber, Daniel , Dey, Anind K. , Abowd, Gregory D.

Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) is an emerging paradigm for interaction between people and computers. A guiding principle of ubicomp is to break away from desktop computing to provide computational services to a user when and where required. Although there has been a lot of experimental work in ubicomp, there has been little effort to define an agenda in ubicomp for HCI researchers. In this paper, we attempt to remedy that problem by defining the space of ubicomp applications in terms of the level of user mobility and transparency of interaction. Increases in user mobility will come with technological advances, but increased interaction transparency will come only with breakthroughs in HCI research. We conclude the paper with a discussion of two functional themes that we have found important across a number of ubicomp systems -context-awareness and automated capture, integration and access. Each of these themes raises special HCI issues and, together with the taxonomy for ubicomp applications, defines a clearer agenda for HCI research in ubiquitous computing.

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An Architecture to Support Context-Aware Applications

1999 , Dey, Anind K. , Salber, Daniel , Futakawa, Masayasu , Abowd, Gregory D.

Context is an important, yet poorly utilized source of information in interactive computing. It is difficult to use because, unlike other forms of user input, there is not common, reusable way to handle context. Most context-aware applications have been built in an ad hoc manner. We discuss the requirements for dealing with context and present an architectural solution we have designed and implemented to help application designers build context-aware applications more easily. We illustrate the use of the architecture through a context-aware application that assists conference attendees.

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The Context Toolkit: Aiding the Development of Context-Enabled Applications

1998 , Salber, Daniel , Dey, Anind K. , Abowd, Gregory D.

Context-enabled applications are just emerging and promise richer interaction by taking environmental context into account. However, they are difficult to build due to their distributed nature and the use of unconventional sensors. The concepts of toolkits and widget libraries in graphical user interfaces has been tremendously successful, allowing programmers to leverage off existing building blocks to build interactive systems more easily. We introduce the concept of context widgets that mediate between the environment and the application in the same way graphical widgets mediate between the user and the application. We illustrate the concept of context widgets with the beginnings of a widget library we have developed for sensing presence, identity and activity for people and things. We assess the success of our approach with two example context-enabled applications we have built and an existing application to which we have added context-sensing capabilities.

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Designing for Ubiquitous Computing: A Case Study in Context Sensing

1999 , Salber, Daniel , Dey, Anind K. , Orr, Robert J. , Abowd, Gregory D.

This paper reports ongoing experience with the design and everyday use of an electronic context-enabled in/out board. We designed this application as part of the development of a context toolkit and it proved a fruitful test-bed for investigating issues of context sensor fusion. We describe the first version of the application that used a single context sensor and explain some usability problems it raised. We analyze the limitations of available context sensors and conclude that the usability problems cannot be overcome using a single sensor. We suggest solutions relying on the use of multiple context sensors and sensor fusion.

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The Design and Use of a Generic Context Server

1998 , Salber, Daniel , Abowd, Gregory D.

Although context awareness is a key component for perceptual user interfaces, we lack generic infrastructure for developing context aware applications. We propose a generic infrastructure based on context servers that store, share and archive contextual data. We describe a few applications we have built that take advantage of context sharing and context history. We then turn to the overall design of our context server and analyze in detail its services with a worked example.

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