Hi everyone from a score
of chemical engineer.

Today I will talk to.

The emerging material for
renewable energy technology.

This is my Ph D. professor Chris Jones

discussed the surface modification of

a specific type of nano
tubes which is three K.

nano tubes and the composite member and

fabrication using specific
nano to the applications.

OK OK let's start with this
suppression is critical

process which represents thirty to
seventy percent of the cost and

conventions of the Persian technology
lation has intensity to address this issue

membrane suppression technology has been
developed to lower the the energy input.

However you see pure polymeric
membranes for separation this usually

suffers from a trade
of between per Bertie.

Regarding such an imitation our research
group has been working materials.

Or made whole organic works which
can effectively incorporated

into a membrane separation process.

Hyflux at the same time I'm only.

No tubes are unique due to
the one dimensional not

one dimensional geometry and
higher spec ratio of four possible.

Alignment members.

But before we jump into the sea
tongues of member and said test them.

We want to first convince
ourselves how much we can get with

the nanotube membranous.

OK so we performed mass transport
modeling to evaluate to

Representative type of nanotube membranes
the first one is so called Think.

In which the member thickness is
March larger the nanotube legs.

The second member architecture
we have considered

the membrane in which the member.

Is about the same or
smaller than the nanotube links.

So the normal team can
spend across the member and

serve as the direct message transport.

OK Our modeling results suggest that
if we used not your membranes we only

marginal improvement in terms
of Bertie and select committee.

However on the other hand out of
the known two membranous could give

a significant improvement in terms of
probability and selective U.T. OK.

Therefore this membranous is
a desirable type of not a member and

that we are going to realize this gives me
a strong motivation for my whole period.

The study to realize
the membrane architecture.

However to really apply
nanotubes to large scale

separation units there are many issues
need to be addressed down the road.

First of all there are many types of.

Not all tubes which one
is the best candidate and

how can we control
the knowledge of dimensions

into a surface to tailor its
intrinsic properties and

finally how do these type
of ideo nanotube membranes.

In the following told
discuss our key observations

material selection of the nano
tubes the emission control

surface mount creation fabrication.

Let's start.

Speaking of nano tubes
the carbon nanotubes

are perhaps the most well known type.

It has very high in the facility for
for many different species.

And it is advantageous to separations.

However if this is caused to make
them not a very good candidate for

any large scale separation units.

Additionally it is very challenging
to functionalize the interiors

surface of carbon nanotubes with
bunks because ordered to do that

the carbon atom need to
go through the S P two P.

three transformation this transformation
is entered called the unfavorable

concave surface carbon nanotubes
the limitations of carbon nanotubes

the third hated
the discovery the research.

Nanotubes or tubes hydrothermal the or

silver some only were
last years is cost and

it is relatively easy to functionalize
the interest surface of metal are.

Now too.

More different types of
metal oxide nano tubes.

We identified along most of
the tubes promising candidate for

separations the researchers
discuss in the following

along and also you can use

one part the most serious is and
it does not require a template.

Factor.

It can be serious sized
moderate serious is conditions

Thurston's cost is much
lower the carbon nanotubes

to product after purification
shows very uniform.

Morphology the atomic
model of the interior

surface is made of
the current hydroxide and

serve its outer shell as
made of aluminum hydroxide

hydroxide group can serve
as the active sites for

the interior surface modification
which will be discussed later.

OK And then we performed
a simulation is to evaluate

the intrinsic suppression
properties of aluminum tubes.

You see molecule pair.

OK study in this case study you
were looking at two parameters

of the first one is severity and
the second one is water to.

Selective.

OK the simulated waters the water
depth of thinking are tubes such as.

It has a single ward.

Carbon nanotubes much
higher in comparison to

the similar frameworks and pore size with

a nano tubes on the other hand this
knowledge tubes has very high water.

Very likely due to the high
drugs group density and

its interior a combination of severity and

high makes a very good candidate for

your cation and if we care if we
can potentially functionalized

surface of the snow Tube we can
potentially tailor its intrinsic

properties to make it suitable for
our systems.

OK After discussing the material
selection let's move

along to the dimension
control of these now tubes.

The reason for to mention or come true
is that we want to be able to engineer

the time mentions of tubes and
make it four different separation systems.

But the key challenge here is that people

don't quite understand the senses
mechanisms of these specific nano tubes.

And we need to so we need to first
divert make me seek understanding of

Sirius's before week and
manipulate its dimensions.

Let's first talk about the experiments.

If we use different acid Aleutians for

this week and our meters.

More specifically.

Stronger as the.

Larger in the US The question is why.

To answer this question
we first performed.

The No No two precursors solution since.

We don't use the structure optimization
to identify the species spectroscopy.

And we far out for most species.

There are coming from the acid

at the ends of the precursor
Mark Hughes and unexperienced choose

from the acid seems to have a strong
correlation to the precursor curvatures.

More specifically the air and
I are from stronger as

it gives a lower degree of
curvature of the species

giving a larger knowledge of meters.

This is a possible mechanism for

determining Now let's move
along to the length control

my previous colleague used
alone recorded to T.M.

images of his tan that we want to divert

correlation between the known
to Billings since his conditions

to make a more quantitative analysis
we proposed kinetic model for

an assembly includes two steps the first

is creation which which
describes the transformation of

precursors into the smallest unit.

Then the smallest unit can either
collide with another precursor or

can collide with another piece of no tubes
for growing and ultimately we found out

the predict the model
prediction of quite a world

not have links to its distribution
far out in the experiments

this model week qualitatively
predict the nanotube length.

The function of Sirius is
turn at different condition

in the show precursor concentrations.

In other words the longest is term or
the lower initial precursor

concentration would give larger blanks.

OK after talking about the time mentioned
to mention control of the knot Tube So

let's move on to the next topic which
is interior surface month creation and

all work is the first
successful demonstration that

the organic warrantees can be mobilized.

At the interior surface of
single ward nano tubes with

the Surface mount acacia
significantly improve

its activity for carbon dioxide.

And we have devoted to different
approaches to interior month creation.

The first one is supposed Sirius is from
shows Asia and the second one is direct

functions Asia first post this
is functions Asian pulses

post see if those functions function
as they should we first know tubes.

We compare now to drug
side interior surface.

And then we age and to react with
the series drugs like groups.

However you may as you may be
curious the surface modification

of the drugs new idea people can
play a play selling chemistry.

To treatment drugs and surface.

So what's the number to hear.

OK And what's unusual about
our system is four of four

of our first few trials with Agent we

pretty much got to zero organic loadings
the interior surface of these now.

We do you what's going on here.

In the unusual thing about this
material is that it has extremely high

density one anime Terk confinement.

And this high such high high drugs
density results in strong water and

stop should be in conditions tries
of the strong surface binded water

needs surface functions
zation from happening.

So in order to functional ice into
a surface of the now two we need to first

remove and solve the water so
to do that we

study to figure out the temperature
that we can completely remove

the water without its structure.

And we use several different

temperature dependent techniques
to perform that you have to study.

For the interest of time.

Our only show you the results from in
situ Exidy you would present I think

the most interesting one.

OK An Exidy is well known for

characterize the periodical structures for
solid state materials and

how can it be used to characterize or
to quantify the water loading.

The idea.

The electron density contrast or

determining the intensity
contrast in the Exidy patterns.

The hydrated the nanotube field with water

have very different electron
density contrast in the materials.

OK which would cause different.

Intensity contrasts in the Exidy patterns.

Showing simulated Exidy patterns of

nano tubes with different
water loadings specifically.

If we remove the water from the now tubes.

We can see the higher
intensity of the first peaks.

And a similar trend is
experimentally you see

in situ X R R D experiments
with temperatures.

OK Here we see when we increase
the temperature of the vacuum.

We can see the first peak in
ten tensity monotonically

increases up to fifty degrees C..

A combination of experimental
Exidy patterns and simulated

Exidy results allow us to qualify
the water loading in a nano tubes.

No qualification of
the studies agrees with

curves in the sense that they
are both just to fifty degrees C.

We can completely remove the water
from the number two materials

so to perform the interior for functions
they share and we first pre-treat

to fifty degrees the vacuum
to fully remove the water and

then we introduce really agent
force into surface modification.

So far for examples comes
from three different regions

as stock or I'd try to silence.

OK this proposed reaction
schemes will be supported

by the following studies there and
then mark across the nation.

First of all for
functionalized nano tubes.

We see top peaks in carbon and
then more spectrum coming from

coming from the groups as
well as the groups and

this has introduced a real agent has
being immobilized on the surface

of the nano tubes for
the current and the must read

from we don't see a significant change
when the surface modification because

this reaction will not affect
too much come from Orcs

and for those trying to cross
functional lies down the tubes.

We use an M.R.I. to characterize
chemistry because these three agent.

Species thought you were
introduced addition knows.

So you can for
more to the nanotube systems.

Experiment or spectrum we see the Tier
one Tier two Tier three peaks.

Corresponding to the monarch
then tape identity and

trade then pay species coming
from introduce reagent So

this proposal reaction scheme
could be supported by silicon and

their mark across the nation very
similar idea for Coke arising the myth

functionalized one or two things least
reagent contents both silicon and

carbon species we use both carbon and
them and

them are to the material and
the pigs both and

they must better on are consistent
with the proposed reactions perswade

OK so far we use them are to

demonstrate that we do have the desirable
species on the surface of the now.

But we are not one hundred percent sure
they are immobilized the Interior or

the external surface of the nano
tubes to answer this question.

We combine two different
techniques the first one is and

the second one is every
metric nurses T.G..

The nitrogen faeces lotion tells
the poor Valan of the now.

You can give us an idea if
there is any seeing immobilize

the surface of the nano tubes.

OK.

Not sure if he is ocean are I saw thermos
we see the uptake of the functional

now tubes are lowered the tubes
that means at least some of

a portion of the introducer agents
are immobilized the interior surface.

OK.

And then we qualified
the organic Lodhi from.

Measurement measurement
integer measurement.

We basically increase the temperature to
burn of the organic grooves interior and

external surface to give the total
getting in on the materials.

OK.

Here we've got the Quantified
organic loadings

from these two techniques
are fairly close to each other and

that implies put in March or
introduced organic species or

immobilize the interior surface
supposed to the external

surface of the tubes.

Since we already know there are organic
wired he is immobilized and

in two surfaces we use
water as option to evaluate

the felicity of
the functionalized now tubes.

And here we see three
functionalized nano tubes

polls shows lower water uptake
in comparison to the tubes.

This means with surface
modification we lower jaw.

Felicity and
its effective approach to engineer

is the felicity of materials.

OK after talking about Poles This is
from his Asian Let's move on to the next

approach of the of functions Asian
origin direct from sensation.

The idea is that we substitute organ or
silence to hear us which is

source for making nanotubes.

OK.
Ideally we can do partial substitution or

we can do a fourth substitution.

Bird so far we can make twenty
percent substitution of amino mess.

Nano tubes you see I mean
no mirrors see the silence.

OK And Ford for this function lies
now to perform a comprehensive

solution for determining structure and

surf chemistry and for
the interest of time.

Our only show you see an M.R..

In the T.M. images of in our tubes and

the twenty percent substituted
I mean no not tubes.

They both show uniform morphology that

means the twenty percent substitution
does not affect the moment.

The dramatically change the structure.

Now in Kern and them are of twenty

percent amino not to the peaks the peak

at minus eighty ppm comes
from the sense you come

from work because it's only
twenty percent substitution.

We did some control
experiment in order to fly

the miners fifty five pm we added maybe

two three six for morgues and

two people who are not for mere words
studies there are no more terminology.

The three here means three out of force

the components connect to the drug zero or

species and
the six alone here represents that.

Kirn this connects to see through.

OK this type of framework
is the fingerprint for

more of a luminosity and
it demonstrates or introduced.

I mean no mere thought silent
has become part of the framework

into a function zation successful.

OK now let's move on to the measurements
of functionalized nanotubes

First off or we see the nano
tubes which is twenty percent and

I mean groups has march to to Mr
selective A T in comparison to nano tubes

functionalized not Tube also has
march up to ten times improvement

in terms of C O two to
hear it in comparison to.

This is significant breakthrough.

Of technology because it basically
demonstrated that we can turn

to your waist nearly no C O two
selective A T into a promise

the candidate of or separations

after talking about interior
surface functions ation of

tubes into a composite member or

fabrications a sign introduced in the very
beginning we consider two different.

Membrane architectures think membrane and

the outsourcing membranes the trade
of think not to remember is.

Are easier to favorite but
it would only give marginal

performance improvement where we
are told thing to remember and

it's are difficult to make but
it could give first very high performance.

OK So
while we decided to do is first very Cade

think now to membranous and then we
translate the knowledge we learned here

to to fabricating The membranous OK

even though the think not only of
membranous are relatively easy

non-trivial because if we review
what people have done for

making carbon nanotubes portable
compasses membranous they either show

poor interface show and
he should or they show severe.

Both are in desirable for
separation of locations.

OK So to address this issue
we carefully choose Palmeri

for for blending with what we chose here

is poly P.V.A.
because it has lots of drugs groups.

It could and it is hypothesized to
interact well with the external surface

of the now Tube because it's also
covered by lots of hydroxyl groups.

As a result not here.

P.V. come possibly members where is
forty one percent knotted loadings

uniform membrane

suggesting the dispersion
in polymeric metrics.

Here we look at.

No C.M. images of one or two people
become passe membranous was different.

And here we are the cross section
basically look very homogeneous and

we don't see micro scale defects.

However the resolution of these as C.M.E.
is no higher nerve to see

the nanotubes but we can demonstrate the
presence of the now tubes by looking at

the slice scales look at the ratios.

Here we see come to carbon ratio
the increases the increases.

So just the presence of the now
tubes in the composite membranes.

OK.

And so far we we don't see a scale now to

do we want to we want to
be able to know if meters

kill the nanotubes disperse individually
or day for very small bungles.

Specifically we want to know
in the bass remember and

if the narrative dispersed like this or
they actually form small

forms more poundals that are not
seen in the C.M. images.

We use X. already to this question but

before we before I show uniques
the experimental Exidy result

I first used the simulation is to tell
you what to do we are looking at here.

The X. are the parents of now
tubes are very sensitive to

specifically if they're not have dispersed
individual tubes the parents like this.

OK And if if it starts to form small
bungalows like for not have bungled.

Those patterns will look different.

Specifically you will start to see
a shoulder like peak like peek

out five degree Tuesday.

Now if we take the Exidy measurement of
the composite membranous waist deep for

a narrative loadings we don't
see the shoulder like pig except

the Nano to the composite membrane
samples with the highest loadings OK And

this base you suggest that members for
the members that we prepared.

Not know.

Not to use dispersed individually
as opposed to for me.

OK this is very good dispersion and

is advantage is the advantages
to separation applications.

Now we use water as the pressure and
to evaluate the suppression

properties of the passive
member instead we made.

This is set up where we placed no tube

capacity membranes in this many fold and
one side of the membrane is income

take with the water as the mixture and
we pour back in the underside.

And we use the liquid nitrogen
chirps to collect permeate product

and the lies seeing the premier product
we can quantify the water per bird

water to as no selective.

Of the made

membranes just a quick reminder
of why why do we want to

be why do we want to
incorporate no tubes or

membranes for
water as no surprise since the reason.

It is our simulation is just that there is
no tubes have very high water to facility

and it also has very high water
to the whole selective ity so

by incorporating is not into membranous
it could potentially increase or

improve its performance

told results are summarized in this slide
here we see the water bird he increases

increases which may be agree
with our model prediction.

On the other hand.

The water to ethanol selected
he drops quite a lot.

When the now to blow the increases and it
does not agree with the predicted acuity.

And or hypothesized is that

the strong surface interaction
between the nanotubes and.

The P.V. metrics could impact far G. and.

Potentially caused the loss of
the water to as no selective it.

OK To test this our past is we and

carbon thirteen size the N.M.R.
to the P.V. a morphology

by P.V. in morphology what I mean specific
the crystal heard of the P.V. metrics.

As we know P.V. A is a semi create Salima
tree contents both more first domain and

creasing domain.

And we hypothesize that by introducing
the nanotubes into the matrix.

It may it may altered
the formation of the faces.

The reason for that is strong
interaction between a polymer chains and

the external surface of the limo C.
Kader not you.

OK And we perform the P.V.

station you see the to quantify
the degree of Christianity of the P.V.A.

metrics we use to experiment to
quantify the crease thought or

mean size of metrics

here I show you a share using X R D.

And here we see with incorporation
of nanotubes we see lower and

lower degree of Christian earthy of
the P.V.A. metrics which suggest

in the presence of nanotubes P.V.A. has

it's more it becomes more difficult to
form the crease Soli domain of P.V.A.

and this is part of reason that
we see the low water to as

selective a T. in the presence of the.

Said current experiment we did was
contact an experiment using science and

M.R. and
the idea here is that we collect C.

certain carbon a mass spec trunk.

Here we see two thirds of the peaks coming
from two different carbons of P.V.A.

we recorded the pick.

Intensity as a function of
the cross proposition term

we see we see a curve like this and

by fitting the experimental
result we can extract release.

Couric restate parameters.

Called Tier one role protocol and
the physical meaning of.

Is station transfer turn.

From the crease Olindo
man to the more dominant.

So the smaller proton represents

the smaller crease all
the face domain of the P.V.A.

metrics and here we see in
the presence of the now tubes.

We have a smaller proton which means

the presence of the now tubes
suppress the formation of

men and it could also be part
of the reason is that we see

lower water too as no subjectivity
incorporation of the nano tubes.

OK after talking about the fabrication
of the sake not of membranes

Let's move on to the preparation
of our trust signal to members.

The reason want to predicate these
type of remembrances is that for

our modeling suggest that
this type of membrane is

significant improvement in
terms of Bertie and selected.

OK not to mislead you.

This contour represents the idea of.

The idea architecture of
the membrane in which or

every single large tubes
are perfectly aligned.

However in the presence of the driving
force for align The membranous

it could be the now tubes
could be randomly oriented.

OK the way we fabricate
these types of membrane is

that we will drop cast of
very tile loot P.V.A. now to.

And to Polly probably support.

With that we can form a really uniform

the nanotube members on
the top of poly probably.

Support and the thickness of the membrane

about three hundred nanometers
the average length of the knot tubes.

Eight hundred meters.

That means part of the now to
spend across the membranes and

serve as transport channels.

OK this is still an ongoing work.

We're on the way to characterize

the orientation of the nano tubes
in a membranes and we are testing.

Performance.

So I apologize for not showing
you more results of this work and

I hope I can show share
it is in the near future.

OK To summarize this work.

We identified the promising materials for

large scale suppression process
because it has lost this is cost and

high intrinsic separation
perform properties.

We develop and

semi connotative models to predict now two

rulings in different senses conditions

and we diverge two different approaches
the post is function station and

the red function station.

For tailoring inside of
Felicity increasing.

C O two selective and
finally we successfully prepared.

P.V.A. now too cumbersome membranes
with good knowledge of dispersions for

hydration.

We are on the way to fabricate
the our trials the membranes.

OK And some future directions
from this work includes

first into more work into
surface function sation and

here we only have twenty
percent of organic loadings and

we see a significant
improvement in selective it.

So if we can increase the organic load
the we could potentially increase for

the increased molecular and
sort of selectivity.

OK We're hoping that we
can other than the amino

groups we carry mobilize different
functional groups and interior surface of.

OK.

And the second filter direction is now to
Palmer capacity membrane fabrications.

Here we can only favorite Kate.

We can only play and the now tubes because
the external surface is very filling.

And if we can potentially functionalized
the external surface of these now tubes.

We compared lies are dirty
from polymers and

making many different
types of now to come past.

OK This work is supported
by Philip sixty six and

I want to thank my collaborators Dr G.

Dr Dr Lee Dr used to learn
along to acknowledge my.

My thesis advisor Professor Shankar and

Professor Chris Jones the group
members Research Group.

Sure thing.

Two to my wife who is sitting there
with no scientific back rolls but

she has fallen asleep yet.

OK I'll be happy to take any questions.

Thank you thank you

so

you mean the difference between
the mark you go through and

now tubes and go through.

Yes

I see so what do you know to do that.

Actually if if you just
use the Pollie Murs

to make the membranous It's like
structure that you suggest but

the idea here is that using
the inorganic materials we can

have a more well defined pour
size we start we can have more

control more control facility selective

anti your second question if
the diameter affects the city.

Yes it definitely affects the city.

And it affects us of a selective
A T in different ways.

If the diameter is small enough

it will cause a saving
effect of the molecules.

So if that's the selective it comes
from the size exclusion effect.

OK but
if the port diameter is much larger than

the molecules that we want
to separate what dominates

the interior surf is chemical properties.

OK so
the mechanisms are different depending on

the timing that you you look at

yes sure.

Exactly.

Yes several groups several
groups including ours has

the injured take relations
of the narrative structure.

OK and we fall out if we part the average

energy as a function of
the number of repeating unit.

We can found a minimum.

OK.

I mean if I remember correctly
the minimum is like thirteen or

somewhat here but
the the energy of eleven and

fifteen are thirty six.

So this is the.

Thermodynamic standpoint but
this model provides

can take standpoint of how the deter me

so I believe there are two
competing effects here.

Right.

I see details of

this wild assumption I source arms by
looking at the low pressure reach him and

feed the dead how with the models
which describes the more he layer at.

What we found is the lower

formation into surface
the functionalized has

active sites for water and
income person too.

In other words if the hydroxyl
group is occupied or

substituted by the organic species.

Some wired the active side for water.

But for the second for
the second order higher layers.

It's about the same.

Because I think it's because
of the scale so they look.

Yes.

This one.

The thirty three is the ratio of the C O
two uptake the C O two adsorption quantity

and the methane as quantity pressure.

Right.

The concentration of the pairs is
interchangeable with the pressure.

So in other words the X.

and the X.
coordinate the concentration of the gas

they are interchangeable pressure and
concentration are interchangeable.

I see so.

This the third highs are actually taken
from a single component assumption.

So we perform these two and

solve separately in the data.

And we can certainly do make scarce and
the results may or may not be the same.

No not yet.