[00:00:20.00] turning up carrying in sustainability consultants and our [00:00:27.04] [00:00:27.04] it was on the train and again he is also the founder of cargo [00:00:31.23] [00:00:31.23] and initiative advocating and Africa with an online application [00:00:39.15] [00:00:39.15] the economy Journal trains projects and research interests include development [00:00:46.15] [00:00:46.15] sustainable [00:00:49.08] [00:00:51.08] planning design and ability in reducing the impact environment [00:01:01.08] [00:01:15.01] get started see you about considered to be a very large subject than some might [00:01:22.11] [00:01:22.11] see as a subset of its most development sustainability are specifically urban [00:01:25.23] [00:01:25.23] sustainability aid assistance of North Africa cover brief backgrounds some of [00:01:34.09] [00:01:34.09] the challenges that region goes through in terms of references didn't see and [00:01:37.17] [00:01:37.17] also a relationship albeit different issue what our governments doing about [00:01:44.21] [00:01:44.21] it and also others with the Tibet charging a way forward my house to [00:01:49.19] [00:01:49.19] resolve some of the charge that are going today [00:01:54.22] [00:02:55.01] it might be present another issue is it working here [00:03:26.18] [00:03:46.14] wait you want that and the fullscreen brothers so before cities were cities [00:04:09.03] [00:04:09.03] there were human souls of humans it settle on this earth at one point and [00:04:14.19] [00:04:14.19] when they did so choose good spots to do that they normally settled where there [00:04:21.02] [00:04:21.02] was water is very useful and they also settled where there's capacity you know [00:04:28.04] [00:04:28.04] it use organic also back or get into the kettle absorb the wastes and other [00:04:38.05] [00:04:38.05] things around the generator as well understood that planned to do that they [00:04:42.18] [00:04:42.18] also said them before the climate was moderate or enough the motors been out [00:04:47.16] [00:04:47.16] that you buy jacket on or take a jacket off that where they tolerate it in any [00:04:52.00] [00:04:52.00] way so the climate was motor is reasonable and these supplements the [00:04:55.08] [00:04:55.08] group responsible tell you that the whole land is not necessarily have to be [00:05:01.02] [00:05:01.02] adequate for the settlement but that spot has to be adequate group further as [00:05:07.12] [00:05:07.12] they grew further [00:05:10.04] [00:05:10.12] large human settlements that become citizen flourish they needed more than [00:05:14.17] [00:05:14.17] just weight capacity they needed great and that network effect multiple cities [00:05:20.19] [00:05:20.19] were they create value by selling stuff each other in degree further income for [00:05:27.15] [00:05:27.15] those cities as well allow the settlements to grow further [00:05:31.05] [00:05:31.05] and to become what they are today and when they reach a certain size and [00:05:37.07] [00:05:37.07] another factor kickstater to their collaboration and basis that were the [00:05:41.13] [00:05:41.13] city the training inside the city takes over becomes even more important and [00:05:45.14] [00:05:45.14] that trade journal trade then becomes a pulley factory the city grows creates [00:05:52.07] [00:05:52.07] more wealth and it pulls others to come and live in that city as well and [00:05:56.05] [00:05:56.05] benefit from that so multiple things going on here at turn a city from a [00:06:01.02] [00:06:01.02] settlement into started and someone into a full full currency what does that mean [00:06:07.21] [00:06:07.21] it's abilities to start with as a particularly harsh climate most of it is [00:06:11.21] [00:06:11.21] not described as modern climate disparity from biocapacity most of these [00:06:16.12] [00:06:16.12] desert poor by a capacity generation ability of Atlanta is used for example [00:06:23.05] [00:06:23.05] permaculture and which are availability for any other reason in the world so [00:06:33.07] [00:06:33.07] cities immersed where they couldn't choose where the city as comfortably as [00:06:39.07] [00:06:39.07] they can't even perhaps in multiple deployments the Mormon saying Europe or [00:06:43.04] [00:06:43.04] North America but another way there wasn't a billion acres of agricultural [00:06:48.10] [00:06:48.10] lands connected by a very large river as we have here [00:06:53.21] [00:06:56.08] so they emerged where there was large rivers small rivers rivers groundwater [00:07:00.13] [00:07:00.13] and mostly around water because of the coast allowed that was rating effects [00:07:06.07] [00:07:06.07] also allowed them to live is to have a natural quartz as well but some of them [00:07:10.19] [00:07:10.19] grew in in further in life as well again around some of the large trans boundary [00:07:16.04] [00:07:16.04] rivers [00:07:18.14] [00:07:26.22] the mountain ranges frankincense and that stops it becomes more oil products [00:08:09.23] [00:08:09.23] altogether and the flows of traffic mean that cities can flourish [00:08:17.14] [00:08:18.01] for when they decline there's not by capacity you can go back to do something [00:08:24.23] [00:08:28.07] altogether pretty you know population spend that we have some of the largest [00:08:32.20] [00:08:32.20] cities in the world ta'rhonda that stumble Cairo Casablanca [00:08:37.02] [00:08:37.02] Aleppo this is some of our cities but the more interesting motivations are [00:08:43.13] [00:08:43.13] those cities have also emerged in locations that were not as that didn't [00:08:48.19] [00:08:48.19] have the best climate if you like so if you look carefully here this is the [00:08:53.02] [00:08:53.02] diagram that shows they're not heating and cooling or each one of those [00:08:57.15] [00:08:57.15] climates where the data doesn't sense so the blue required for the required size [00:09:05.18] [00:09:05.18] of the pie strength in our so it's beautiful coastal area on the southeast [00:09:13.13] [00:09:13.13] the Turanian almost physical required annually [00:09:17.18] [00:09:17.18] it's a way where people sit there and the first offense so easy to Walter it [00:09:21.13] [00:09:21.13] day because it was already moderate easily live in such locations that's [00:09:26.00] [00:09:26.00] what we should stroke people have to move into near places [00:09:28.14] [00:09:28.14] so the ended up moving explain that more details moving places that were quite a [00:09:33.15] [00:09:33.15] lot of cooling and places been acquired water heating and those cities were not [00:09:40.17] [00:09:40.17] just small little cities they became clusters [00:09:44.07] [00:09:44.07] along the Iranian plateau and along the Tigris and Euphrates and into the into [00:09:50.03] [00:09:50.03] this eastern Mediterranean areas of them but these clusters of cities and towns [00:09:56.05] [00:09:56.05] between those students obviously the Nile is a very unique condition because [00:10:00.14] [00:10:00.14] all of my capacity of all the waters kustra so constrained but never paprika [00:10:05.04] [00:10:05.04] again we want the same pattern so does that audio pattern and people show [00:10:10.23] [00:10:10.23] people moved history cities became more people the region has a relatively high [00:10:18.04] [00:10:18.04] organization related more people live in cities a global average there are 55% I [00:10:22.19] [00:10:22.19] was all over the news when in happiness years back and continues to be mentioned [00:10:26.20] [00:10:26.20] in every conference that more than half of us live in cities but the region is [00:10:31.13] [00:10:31.13] two-thirds which is that's North America that's in Europe but still very high [00:10:38.16] [00:10:40.00] this is around occult commits 100% three years ago can you see that and [00:10:46.14] [00:10:46.14] then many of the other countries of the GCC are only 80 to 90 percent in terms [00:10:52.03] [00:10:52.03] of urbanization only two countries or three countries are below the world [00:10:55.13] [00:10:55.13] average Syria Egypt increasing and these cities that change they change from this [00:11:05.05] [00:11:05.05] little settlements that we recognize traditional urbanism they are responded [00:11:09.18] [00:11:09.18] to culture reverse one of the department's of factors are remnant of [00:11:14.05] [00:11:14.05] climates around them they were shaped by social environmental religious drivers [00:11:20.02] [00:11:20.02] made them what they were they grew rapidly into something else [00:11:25.23] [00:11:25.23] we recognize many of these cities lives on some of the biggest cities that help [00:11:30.19] [00:11:30.19] Beirut Istanbul Tehran has a blind cat [00:11:37.23] [00:11:38.12] that's Cairo music is average don't have I managed to burn the city [00:11:47.22] [00:11:47.22] and of course don't forget Riyadh's rapidly for small settlement for 30,000 [00:11:54.06] [00:11:54.06] people in the 30s into part million people plan to become projected to be 10 [00:11:59.13] [00:11:59.13] million and of course device and as he sees his group they outstripped the [00:12:09.08] [00:12:09.08] ledge basudev those charts are from the global footprint Network which looks [00:12:14.21] [00:12:14.21] answered by a capacity rucifee with green lines and ecological [00:12:20.00] [00:12:20.00] footprint of every country in the world they can't get the data if you notice [00:12:24.14] [00:12:24.14] there's a pattern from surplus of capacity to like to sustain life into [00:12:31.05] [00:12:31.05] deficits very where it goes but it goes into the red zone [00:12:36.02] [00:12:36.16] every country in the region has that supermom like is already on system but [00:12:46.01] [00:12:46.01] then most countries are 85% of the world [00:12:50.23] [00:12:52.17] countries that you have a wealth of that are Russia third largest by capacity [00:13:00.23] [00:13:00.23] that are getting into it quite rapidly as well so how do you turn a region [00:13:07.03] [00:13:07.03] NCP's without much I can ask you into into a more sustainable is the main [00:13:17.10] [00:13:17.10] campus and my view there are four main challenges climbing the cities are dense [00:13:26.05] [00:13:26.05] they're not dense enough so they're all the global work average density in terms [00:13:31.17] [00:13:31.17] of number of people within a square kilometre per square mile [00:13:36.03] [00:13:36.03] this is what you and habitat thinks of sugar world average region is just about [00:13:41.23] [00:13:41.23] the world average it's dense enough but not too dense for to become a mobile for [00:13:46.15] [00:13:46.15] sustainable development and what that does it does a few things for some of [00:13:51.01] [00:13:51.01] you being plan I might recognize the issues that stem out of no [00:13:57.13] [00:13:57.13] one of them is the public transportation doesn't work this is you have the [00:14:01.07] [00:14:01.07] density get the ridership for public transportation measures and then to the [00:14:07.03] [00:14:07.03] results okay for every using to support that from local governments and it [00:14:11.22] [00:14:11.22] doesn't be comfortable enough so falls into disrepair [00:14:15.11] [00:14:15.11] that's right you also get best people walking which is another issue and then [00:14:24.03] [00:14:24.03] buildings become islands rather than debts together benefiting from whatever [00:14:28.01] [00:14:28.01] you need to condition them he can cool them so that means you need to heat and [00:14:32.22] [00:14:32.22] cool be silent separately so that's also that's efficient and then you have [00:14:36.05] [00:14:36.05] sprawl when you do have large super low density even less efficient people call [00:14:44.05] [00:14:44.05] for absolute cannot borrow and public transportation era that we go oh and one [00:14:50.02] [00:14:50.02] more thing is the land planning that has been a model of single zone planning [00:14:56.14] [00:14:56.14] where people were mobilizing [00:15:00.11] [00:15:01.09] in third place fundamentals if you want to use those in place it's very [00:15:10.15] [00:15:10.15] difficult to become sustainable option that appointment since it's the measures [00:15:15.03] [00:15:15.03] that you take off the worst or best consequence [00:15:18.04] [00:15:18.04] what's it retrofitting cities is a very difficult [00:15:23.04] [00:15:23.19] another challenge is urban roads too that's more of a panic side of the big [00:15:27.15] [00:15:27.15] decisions another issue is planning citizenry general design for cars they [00:15:31.15] [00:15:31.15] imported a model for North America and they're trying to fix that and uniquely [00:15:40.13] [00:15:40.13] they have subsidized to nobody is a full price as though they are actually up the [00:15:45.11] [00:15:45.11] government's do subsidized as a form of rent distribution developments on that [00:15:52.18] [00:15:52.18] front which I will come to later and also the buildings are a very challenge [00:15:59.17] [00:15:59.17] the same diagram of the pike charts for the PT including both of the cities [00:16:04.23] [00:16:04.23] spread out to demonstrate the difference so together these are the south east [00:16:09.10] [00:16:09.10] Mediterranean the perfect spot if you like if you live there you create on the [00:16:14.17] [00:16:14.17] Reid you build it's all going to be fine whatever you do but if you live and the [00:16:18.13] [00:16:18.13] GCC region meeting the law of cooling or if you live in the Iranian or Turkish [00:16:25.02] [00:16:25.02] cities you need a lot of heating then people in this better be good if it [00:16:28.17] [00:16:28.17] better be efficient so one thing we have with that region is that the buildings [00:16:33.17] [00:16:33.17] are not that efficient and not designed for efficiency the equipment are using [00:16:38.17] [00:16:38.17] them are not very efficient and tricity prices are subsidized in many [00:16:41.23] [00:16:41.23] cases so there's no incentive for a user to become efficient than their energy [00:16:46.11] [00:16:46.11] moves and their final challenge I think in terms of sustainability with this [00:16:52.16] [00:16:52.16] combination because there was water scarcity people have used energy to make [00:16:59.01] [00:16:59.01] a whole turn if you like as a result energy is subsidized consequence of also [00:17:06.16] [00:17:06.16] separately and that creates a craze another case for urban sustainability or [00:17:14.21] [00:17:14.21] it comes to water consumption oh and there's one more thing on carbon [00:17:19.00] [00:17:19.00] emissions overeating emits a lot of carbon is higher than its share of the [00:17:27.06] [00:17:27.06] global population so the MENA region represents my 20% over the world and [00:17:30.23] [00:17:30.23] it's represent 8.6 percent of global emissions so it's hiring blowhole the [00:17:36.15] [00:17:36.15] global average true that historically has all the carbon since Industrial [00:17:42.17] [00:17:42.17] Revolution all the way to today that most of the [00:17:46.13] [00:17:46.13] historic responsibility lies with Europe and North America is there America [00:18:01.05] [00:18:01.05] the data for from that yet well in terms of per capita consumption it's growing [00:18:09.01] [00:18:09.01] in the Arab world and also in the MENA region much higher so that's the that [00:18:14.13] [00:18:14.13] this is the discrepancy I mentioned here in terms of eight point six percent of [00:18:18.03] [00:18:18.03] Liverpool emissions and five point eight percent of the population and to [00:18:24.11] [00:18:24.11] countries of the region or those some of the largest emitters of carbon Iran its [00:18:28.01] [00:18:28.01] head its head there a b-17 aids respectively not only is the region [00:18:34.10] [00:18:34.10] emitting a lot of carbon it's also emitting more carbon now than it was [00:18:40.12] [00:18:40.12] back in forty years ago so for example of represented the Arab world and me [00:18:45.12] [00:18:45.12] region here in two separate calls for just to see of their statistical [00:18:49.04] [00:18:49.04] differences here and the fact that the region the MENA region has grown in [00:18:53.20] [00:18:53.20] terms of its carbon emissions in total between nineteen seventy six seventy [00:19:03.10] [00:19:03.10] five and two thousand forty four forty years of data and it's the only region [00:19:09.08] [00:19:09.08] where the current happened in total it also happens capita basis I don't have [00:19:14.14] [00:19:14.14] heard the product or PPP basis a more [00:19:19.07] [00:19:19.07] efficient and more efficient for revisions personal consumption and also [00:19:23.04] [00:19:23.04] for emissions and the way we're at that suggest that becoming an efficiency is [00:19:28.05] [00:19:28.05] high and the region is mostly reason is mostly to cover the GCC countries cover [00:19:34.08] [00:19:34.08] is huge carbon footprint and where do cities sit into this city of about half [00:19:40.15] [00:19:40.15] of that was recovered after the missions cultural transformation and builders in [00:19:45.14] [00:19:45.14] the need for cooling and heating those buildings and that is the case globally [00:19:49.10] [00:19:49.10] and also in the new and there's a lot of t-shirt [00:19:54.15] [00:19:55.16] cover recording proceed further which is the issue for evolution it's the season [00:20:00.05] [00:20:00.05] to the region of particularly fragile for a whole host of reasons I'm going to [00:20:04.09] [00:20:04.09] focus mostly on urban issues I will just trip to some of the social issues that [00:20:10.12] [00:20:10.12] relate to that so what do I mean by resilience so sustainability is this [00:20:17.21] [00:20:17.21] attempting to use of footprint attempt to reduce our impact on resources around [00:20:23.14] [00:20:23.14] you attend the environment in a way where it could just be fuel life a [00:20:27.23] [00:20:27.23] natural environment reduce the waste that we generate in the process use less [00:20:32.14] [00:20:32.14] material and produce less fantastic way to waste for example while resilience is [00:20:40.04] [00:20:40.04] this power ability where our ability to maintain the operation of this cities [00:20:45.06] [00:20:45.06] that we want to our cities to continue functioning continue providing that [00:20:49.15] [00:20:49.15] welfare that we expect the reason we suffered in cities as opposed to this [00:20:53.14] [00:20:53.14] this is better for us so we wanted to continue operation and wanted to be more [00:20:58.10] [00:20:58.10] efficient so the fertility of Middle East [00:21:03.22] [00:21:03.22] systemic and structural facilities of the Middle East are dependent on one or [00:21:08.06] [00:21:08.06] two sources of energy said one of them makes disrupted operate as well again [00:21:13.07] [00:21:13.07] likewise with water we all dependent were more than transportation so if you [00:21:16.09] [00:21:16.09] get to Catholic jams in two sides of them of rapidly Sin City the city does [00:21:20.17] [00:21:20.17] come to a relative standstill and that is a copycat I mean the cities are not [00:21:25.10] [00:21:25.10] meant to be like this I didn't mention my collaboration and the fact that [00:21:28.14] [00:21:28.14] cities grow they become more efficient in their internal trade dynamics of [00:21:32.23] [00:21:32.23] proof and the economists tell us that accused of the city doubles in size then [00:21:37.06] [00:21:37.06] it becomes 50 percent more efficient so that's the theoretical output you can [00:21:41.16] [00:21:41.16] achieve the city can't operate we won't achieve that a corporation there's no [00:21:47.03] [00:21:47.03] point of having large cities they won't function so we so cities they only need [00:21:51.21] [00:21:51.21] to become sustainable but they also need to operate as well as well as any system [00:21:57.11] [00:21:57.11] and then their station in formalities we have a whole disproportionate share with [00:22:04.16] [00:22:04.16] formalities in the Middle East and Africa and that not just before mundane [00:22:08.13] [00:22:08.13] things also in formal systems favorite notices perform electricity an [00:22:14.03] [00:22:14.03] alternate form of transportation in the city what does that mean import more [00:22:20.07] [00:22:20.07] electricity no there's no it's informal generation so a diesel generator operate [00:22:29.08] [00:22:29.08] to plan a private business itself at the end of the road and they grow their own [00:22:36.15] [00:22:36.15] cables in there are no regulations on the roller coasters far from that they [00:22:42.21] [00:22:42.21] do core today that they will kick in their generation of three and become and [00:22:48.00] [00:22:48.00] the National or the city power generation will start through that's [00:22:52.19] [00:22:52.19] coordinated but beyond that it's quite formal and by the water [00:22:58.16] [00:22:58.16] there's no pipes in the case of warfare at least trucks bringing portable water [00:23:04.17] [00:23:04.17] containers that you could get used for showering or fill your tank with that so [00:23:10.12] [00:23:10.12] that's again quite beautiful and that's very unique for they form in the case of [00:23:16.20] [00:23:16.20] Beirut that they would all be informal but that [00:23:21.16] [00:23:26.04] so so that's only a formality site but then there's a gesture desertion is just [00:23:34.03] [00:23:34.03] there's a lot of dynamic - is that where it's carefully dynamic conditions that [00:23:39.00] [00:23:39.00] there's rapid population growth in Middle East North Africa migration [00:23:43.13] [00:23:43.13] refugees these are challenges major challenges to city sale so these turkey [00:23:49.16] [00:23:49.16] or alternative o Lebanon or cities of Jordan where what do you do as a such a [00:23:58.23] [00:23:58.23] stress on the city or very operation of a city that does have an impact on all [00:24:03.14] [00:24:03.14] these hardware related issues mobility energy and water and they do represent a [00:24:12.03] [00:24:12.03] major stress on the system and in some cases more of a shock to the system as [00:24:15.20] [00:24:15.20] well and finally is climate change originally is disproportionately [00:24:19.11] [00:24:19.11] impacted by climate change by disproportionate I mean on a per as a [00:24:24.05] [00:24:24.05] share of population and also as chair of its share of the economy [00:24:29.16] [00:24:29.16] but how is that expected to happen the regional event doesn't have enough [00:24:34.00] [00:24:34.00] alternative uses more what happen has goes into use the summation in taxes [00:24:39.12] [00:24:39.12] remember pleasurable water sources for example and climate change will just [00:24:43.08] [00:24:43.08] make that worse it's expected that they will get less rainfall where it does [00:24:47.06] [00:24:47.06] rain to get less rainfall in the ground areas here which are the places that do [00:24:52.20] [00:24:52.20] get extra rain or no rain whatsoever which is [00:25:01.16] [00:25:08.04] and food security would be impacted so if you get less right [00:25:12.09] [00:25:12.09] you're already dependent on some rainfall for most of your agriculture [00:25:16.02] [00:25:16.02] and get additional drought loss of agricultural lands or desertification [00:25:24.22] [00:25:24.22] and as ourselves much of your agriculture wouldn't be impacted by that [00:25:28.12] [00:25:28.12] anymore used to be the case in the region that really uses its energy or [00:25:32.03] [00:25:32.03] fossil fuel energy to prop up its the lack of water and sort of looks like the [00:25:35.19] [00:25:35.19] food will just get worse some people may call it water energy prefixes so water [00:25:42.10] [00:25:42.10] security will excessive ate food security or the all doom and gloom but [00:25:47.19] [00:25:47.19] these are very serious issues in terms of the sustainability but also the [00:25:53.04] [00:25:53.04] resilience of the region in the face of climate change it's also expected that [00:25:58.15] [00:25:58.15] the certification to expand the area of arid regions or multiple arid regions [00:26:05.12] [00:26:05.12] different levels of aridity if you lump them all together to this Brown we [00:26:09.18] [00:26:09.18] expected that under some of the worst climate change conditions that they [00:26:12.18] [00:26:12.18] every [00:26:15.10] [00:26:17.18] well populations as they stand are concerned operation temperatures as they [00:26:22.04] [00:26:22.04] stand are quite high in the region compared to the university well this is [00:26:25.15] [00:26:25.15] average annual temperature but other climate change models that are expected [00:26:31.17] [00:26:31.17] to increase anywhere between 0.5 is 2.3 sorry so in Fahrenheit of the other [00:26:38.16] [00:26:38.16] point up to 4 degrees Fahrenheit under the moderate climate change scenario [00:26:43.17] [00:26:43.17] northern RCP for than 500 do nothing business as usual Lyla Jason area will [00:26:49.08] [00:26:49.08] talk about 7 degrees 75 degrees Fahrenheit average across the region and [00:26:56.05] [00:26:56.05] we also expect an increase in hot days and papaya tropics and warm items that [00:27:01.21] [00:27:01.21] are known and which are the numbers of day significant increases in dose and in [00:27:06.15] [00:27:06.15] some really extreme scenarios some studies have suggested that the [00:27:13.21] [00:27:13.21] combination of heat and humidity known as the wet bulb temperature around the [00:27:19.23] [00:27:19.23] coast of the Gulf by 2070 to end the century might be so high that humans [00:27:26.15] [00:27:26.15] to moderate such a temperature in other words it's too humid prospect comes [00:27:32.18] [00:27:32.18] faster [00:27:35.04] [00:27:35.12] days worst-case scenario would be days in the summer in some of those cities [00:27:42.06] [00:27:42.06] were too hot to extend them be lethal to given venturing out in shaded services [00:27:51.22] [00:27:51.22] we're not talking about the Sun here just to shade it just a very temperature [00:27:55.13] [00:27:55.13] would be too high suggest we're also expecting the weather variability is [00:28:06.05] [00:28:06.05] already already noticeable everywhere in the world increase in storms and one [00:28:11.19] [00:28:11.19] region in the one part of the region which is the southeast coast of the [00:28:16.11] [00:28:16.11] peninsula is where the store the Hurricanes do happen and they're [00:28:20.09] [00:28:20.09] expecting more of us in some cases in the region some seasons of the region [00:28:25.10] [00:28:25.10] are less prepared if you like for storms as a matter of fact all of the regions [00:28:30.11] [00:28:30.11] lack stormwater management networks so any kind of rain does cause flooding [00:28:35.22] [00:28:35.22] there is a cap in this this will just accelerate that issue [00:28:40.09] [00:28:40.09] or profound sea-level rise is a big deal the region is very coastal as I [00:28:46.05] [00:28:46.05] suggested as a matter fact half the coastline is occupied within hundred [00:28:51.18] [00:28:51.18] kilometers miles or so and in some cases are more some locations are very popular [00:28:58.17] [00:28:58.17] today mile Delta the third final health hazard risk of the erection marshlands [00:29:06.20] [00:29:06.20] all the way to pasture are quite at risk and many other cities also the borough [00:29:10.12] [00:29:10.12] as well quite risk and that's that's partly because we have the personal [00:29:14.00] [00:29:14.00] nature region but also because of the lowland nature that nature of these of [00:29:18.23] [00:29:18.23] these cities the new developments into the water those new post ones that were [00:29:24.08] [00:29:24.08] generated they are particularly at risk as well so the palms and the island and [00:29:29.14] [00:29:29.14] Paroles and all these new shapes that have been built up as new clothes [00:29:33.21] [00:29:33.21] that are very much at risk from US policy lot of number rises in areas the [00:29:38.11] [00:29:38.11] other other thing at risk is what we see what our intrusion into coastal aquifers [00:29:43.00] [00:29:43.00] yeah aquifers are close to the sea water and increase in sea water [00:29:46.07] [00:29:46.07] I just never risk losing already scarce freshwater so what are countries giving [00:29:55.04] [00:29:55.04] about most of the government's actual issues most recovery efforts have been [00:30:02.23] [00:30:02.23] led on a national scale they all come from government have a comprehensive [00:30:10.16] [00:30:10.16] national plan and that is already in my view a weakness because until local [00:30:16.12] [00:30:16.12] issues of City issues so they all signed up to the Paris agreement every country [00:30:22.01] [00:30:22.01] with a real wall here has plans reduces carbon emissions from the very furthest [00:30:27.16] [00:30:27.16] house in these diagrams on the carbon website speed not very visible like [00:30:33.18] [00:30:33.18] elsewhere countries without they have not signed up to a real [00:30:38.01] [00:30:38.01] production or something recovery mission but not in percentage efficient measures [00:30:49.03] [00:30:49.03] or plans of targets by 2040 mostly looking forward to the ball rolling all [00:30:57.01] [00:30:57.01] about energy efficiency regulations for buildings and some of them are better [00:31:00.11] [00:31:00.11] than others some of them and that sorry some of them were voluntary many of them [00:31:05.14] [00:31:05.14] have rolled out rating systems to Fleet for example encourage developers to take [00:31:16.19] [00:31:18.11] and how these are all performance tree measures except for those three what are [00:31:24.13] [00:31:24.13] old spend that's already this become so integrated in the development process in [00:31:29.23] [00:31:29.23] the planning process they're issuing a license if you like their own countries [00:31:34.08] [00:31:34.08] that have been tremendous there's you know again a rollout of [00:31:39.07] [00:31:39.07] minimum energy performance tenders and product labeling as well in a number of [00:31:43.06] [00:31:43.06] countries not all across the board and not you know particularly high standard [00:31:49.13] [00:31:49.13] some of them [00:31:52.08] [00:31:54.13] improvements and some countries have fun shikhandi and I go through the [00:31:58.16] [00:31:58.16] efficiency and the cars obviously in the case of Iran and because it's our [00:32:03.11] [00:32:03.11] there's the complication but poor cars in the first place let alone decide what [00:32:08.18] [00:32:08.18] kind of cars that are importing but wonderful there's been a push towards [00:32:13.13] [00:32:13.13] improving and clear nature the cars that are being on the road in terms of new [00:32:17.17] [00:32:17.17] cars and cars I mentioned subsidies the electricity and fuel prices that has [00:32:26.21] [00:32:26.21] been improving insist 2014-15 when prices went down the government in 2009 [00:32:33.02] [00:32:33.02] liberate full price of electricity prices all of those have gone off [00:32:37.07] [00:32:37.07] significantly to the horses and the locations were the worst offenders and [00:32:43.06] [00:32:43.06] the Commission's work subsidies to fuel and electricity uses the red [00:32:48.01] [00:32:48.01] distribution and although there's a huge potential [00:32:52.12] [00:32:52.12] personal renewable energy they have both in terms of photovoltaic solar [00:32:56.08] [00:32:56.08] photovoltaics and solar thermal and wind so they've all decided to do something [00:33:02.01] [00:33:02.01] about it welcome to the region I've decided to [00:33:04.19] [00:33:04.19] have a target ranges from Morocco which has the highest target for renewable [00:33:16.22] [00:33:16.22] energy which is around 45 if you take hydro out of since you have taken [00:33:22.14] [00:33:22.14] hydropower so Morocco is 45% without hydro nearly 40 for 20 to 30% by 2030 - [00:33:34.23] [00:33:34.23] 30 % everybody 59% look at where they are now with these amazing parties [00:33:44.13] [00:33:44.13] there's a break of tens of thousands here Turkey and Saudi Arabia have [00:33:51.07] [00:33:51.07] targets that could go up to that ceiling to get that sense of scale here - [00:33:58.21] [00:33:58.21] they're all far away from the most artists I mean this is [00:34:01.13] [00:34:01.13] so how much more apparently hazardous we're at least about this how much zero [00:34:08.09] [00:34:08.09] this is where it needs to be and they all rolled out nice scheme of incentive [00:34:15.10] [00:34:15.10] schemes they were supported integration of renewable energy is a very technical [00:34:20.22] [00:34:20.22] procure all ways of rolling out renewable energy plans look big I think [00:34:27.02] [00:34:27.02] they all did away with abacus specific solar energy is from Sochi that menu [00:34:33.22] [00:34:33.22] many of the buildings that they were getting were things that were very low [00:34:38.17] [00:34:38.17] all world records in terms of how cheap renewable energy was in that region so [00:34:47.22] [00:34:47.22] there's been a lot of efforts might be between two great sustainability at one [00:34:52.07] [00:34:52.07] or two steer through policy work less unsustainable world for green Japan or [00:34:59.08] [00:34:59.08] comes from a national scale well I personally think that those efforts can [00:35:04.22] [00:35:04.22] only go hand in hand with the resilience allow me to explain why so the very [00:35:11.10] [00:35:11.10] theoretical version on sustainability really targeting to be sustaining things [00:35:16.02] [00:35:16.02] as they are it has a very steady state [00:35:20.03] [00:35:20.03] feel to it that is fundamentally at odds with us shocks I will talk about some of [00:35:26.15] [00:35:26.15] them are human by the very nature surgery refugees are 10 million people [00:35:33.23] [00:35:33.23] of refugees be consistent anything that you know in any kind of steady state we [00:35:41.15] [00:35:41.15] can maintain the region census of the region in the state forum use resilience [00:35:48.19] [00:35:48.19] of the other hand their ability to bounce back if you like from the chakras [00:35:52.14] [00:35:52.14] a storm or a hurricane or sandstorm and then you bounce back from that that's [00:36:00.02] [00:36:00.02] all very nice about the idea that you want to bounce back from as a serious [00:36:05.09] [00:36:05.09] stress to a city to the previous condition of no vector or normal [00:36:09.05] [00:36:09.05] operations also love Abu Bakr's you bouncing back to an unsustainable [00:36:13.01] [00:36:13.01] situation in the first place so you actually wanted answer if you want to go [00:36:16.15] [00:36:16.15] somewhere better you want to transform to a new state so in my view all this [00:36:22.03] [00:36:22.03] has to go together nobility understand it so I've come up [00:36:26.04] [00:36:26.04] with this structure which is working progress I want to share with you it [00:36:31.19] [00:36:31.19] tries to work around the need to integrate this innovation [00:36:39.11] [00:36:40.12] the need to integrate sustainability and resilience in Vilnius cities with the [00:36:44.05] [00:36:44.05] fact that there is not that much resources to go so some split cities [00:36:50.12] [00:36:50.12] into these components which are water energy some of them on our network so in [00:36:55.23] [00:36:55.23] urban form the facets are the buildings if you like the roads roads are part of [00:37:03.04] [00:37:03.04] the mobility under political in the buildings for now and also the natural [00:37:06.20] [00:37:06.20] systems of the urban ecosystems that's one side of it and then we have a [00:37:11.03] [00:37:11.03] network so let me energy the penalty Food Network's the channel will turn [00:37:17.07] [00:37:17.07] networks for motor networks etc each one of those components has a resilience [00:37:25.23] [00:37:25.23] demand and a sustainability Devon so what there was to be securing meet water [00:37:30.19] [00:37:30.19] security but it also need water efficiency [00:37:32.20] [00:37:32.20] people to be sure but you also need to be using it efficiently reduce your [00:37:40.13] [00:37:40.13] impact on the planet likewise for energy likewise for [00:37:44.06] [00:37:44.06] mobility the targets are slightly different from one to the other from one [00:37:48.14] [00:37:48.14] component in young these targets are very connected both within the same [00:37:54.13] [00:37:54.13] component and also to each other and there are things we can do about [00:38:00.02] [00:38:00.02] the measures that we can do in order to address the sustainability of residents [00:38:04.21] [00:38:04.21] targets and they could be worn inside or on there is an insight list here of [00:38:11.22] [00:38:11.22] things that you can apply and in some cases things that you do for example [00:38:16.12] [00:38:16.12] diversification is a big deal diversify your energy sources your water [00:38:20.13] [00:38:20.13] source suitability source as you do it you can do that in a more sustainable [00:38:23.14] [00:38:23.14] direction if you reduce your demand generally speaking that's helpful to [00:38:28.19] [00:38:28.19] resilience and throw things in the middle which support both sides as well [00:38:33.17] [00:38:33.17] renewable energy was one public transportation and other green houses [00:38:37.22] [00:38:37.22] houses retrofitting your buildings again these are all the measures are in the [00:38:43.12] [00:38:43.12] middle that they do serve both both directions as it turns out a lot of them [00:38:48.19] [00:38:48.19] are connected that was no surprise to anyone here but when you charge the [00:38:53.11] [00:38:53.11] connectivity it's not seeing aware of the most important things that I thing I [00:38:58.15] [00:38:58.15] wanted to share with you today so now that we've found that we have much [00:39:04.11] [00:39:04.11] resources to do everything or to turn this original [00:39:08.16] [00:39:08.16] more sustainable places living perhaps we could prioritize where the money [00:39:16.03] [00:39:55.23] sorry for being late first of all because I was in the final [00:40:00.03] [00:40:00.03] he was just essentially saying that the carbon emission footprint is so high for [00:40:06.04] [00:40:06.04] example in Iran or in Saudi Arabia this region's population wise are soon much [00:40:14.15] [00:40:14.15] less dense than for example Indian you know or Pakistani cities or China or [00:40:24.03] [00:40:24.03] anything so what what is the main component of this carbon emission is it [00:40:30.02] [00:40:30.02] reduce the gas industry the industry the industry not they're very loyal I guess [00:40:36.04] [00:40:36.04] that they produce energy [00:40:40.04] [00:40:41.03] because it doesn't make energy to take a parallel reality crap mom and energy [00:40:46.17] [00:40:46.17] accounted for so energy at the moment energy is accounted for in a production [00:40:51.21] [00:40:51.21] accounting system where does the energy burned Rob then where is the product the [00:40:57.21] [00:40:57.21] end product it's you if you regard to a consumption accounting system for all [00:41:02.06] [00:41:02.06] carbon emissions high consuming countries but that is not the case today [00:41:12.19] [00:41:12.19] no one is applying that system but there has been experimentations academic [00:41:16.23] [00:41:16.23] research on that to demonstrate that China would actually have less [00:41:21.15] [00:41:21.15] competitions than it does now 30% or so than it currently has now if you ship [00:41:29.01] [00:41:29.11] emissions that are associated with approach to literature and student but [00:41:33.04] [00:41:33.04] that channels are important things as well so that there is balance itself out [00:41:38.16] [00:41:38.16] so whether the case of the GCC countries and most of the red deer economies [00:41:42.02] [00:41:42.02] little kind of oil and gas production much of their emissions [00:41:48.00] [00:41:51.12] also Romans have died a lot for making the city green and for visiting the [00:41:57.05] [00:41:57.05] Bihar first word Iran has re has lots of efforts under [00:42:03.12] [00:42:03.12] our mainly because 10 million people are leaders so they planted it's a green [00:42:07.21] [00:42:07.21] city lots of parks yes big parts of the exact know also it's forbidden to take [00:42:19.18] [00:42:19.18] the cars there's hair days and even days and you know they alternated you cannot [00:42:26.03] [00:42:26.03] take your car every day to work at Walters so you have to take [00:42:29.16] [00:42:29.16] transportation so carbon is a [00:42:40.20] [00:42:55.07] Komets where you can find more information and also [00:42:59.13] [00:43:05.01] so I was really distraught in a way maybe I shouldn't have been struck by [00:43:12.14] [00:43:12.14] the islands woulda created in the UAE and Dubai is sort of filling everything [00:43:19.09] [00:43:19.09] of creating this sort of I don't know edition only answer or whatever I was I [00:43:27.03] [00:43:27.03] was struck I was struck with that I on earth what they do that given the fact [00:43:34.00] [00:43:36.13] but it does seem that but then that also seems like they have signed on to [00:43:42.13] [00:43:42.13] various climate treaties and photos so I guess the the less or anecdotal question [00:43:51.14] [00:43:51.14] I guess I would sort of format of that is can you talk a little bit maybe about [00:43:56.12] [00:43:56.12] soar the question of political will to address variable is it non-existent is [00:44:05.14] [00:44:05.14] that how does that fit into to sort of the ways in which two sides [00:44:11.18] [00:44:13.23] the patient aspect is largely absent three years of service boots on [00:44:22.11] [00:44:22.11] vacations at rehearsal became probably at this point you see the bride's or at [00:44:28.10] [00:44:28.10] Christmas temperature additional challenges they will face [00:44:34.18] [00:44:40.11] there's increasing interest [00:44:44.22] [00:44:46.03] quite accessible but the climate change education was certainly the [00:44:52.13] [00:44:53.12] as has been mentioned this morning couples of parties the negotiations [00:44:59.11] [00:44:59.11] about climate more [00:45:03.23] [00:45:08.05] final states of the negotiations the world and 52 being work in the [00:45:14.22] [00:45:14.22] position where countries fund themselves rather than one of Indonesia's was said [00:45:19.00] [00:45:19.00] that's out of Mississippi had challenged and I just go into this trying to get [00:45:24.08] [00:45:24.08] something as well but 200 do certain adverse in some cases the nature of the [00:45:32.13] [00:45:32.13] Paris agreement as such that is collectively binding [00:45:40.12] [00:45:45.09] that they thought that we had everything out it is not the target Paris agreement [00:45:53.01] [00:46:11.04] their pledge was not to their liking many more countries of the Middle East [00:46:18.21] [00:46:18.21] and Africa that all made pledges under the Paris agreement that's what getting [00:46:24.00] [00:46:24.00] to and there is political will to 50 percent of the carbon emission reduction [00:46:40.15] [00:46:45.15] support in the case of mentioned earlier too easy and Oracle [00:46:53.05] [00:46:53.05] party survivors so they're certainly interested that GCC GCC except order [00:46:59.12] [00:46:59.12] online has all committed to doing new things but they were not a percentage of [00:47:03.21] [00:47:03.21] that production by 2030 so the word political world is obviously the results [00:47:17.02] [00:47:17.02] of patchy and they all depend of their national circumstances or most countries [00:47:20.14] [00:47:20.14] it's also concerned about what would divestment for hydrocarbons do to the [00:47:25.15] [00:47:25.15] wedding gas industry somewhere revenue coming from but then there is also [00:47:30.12] [00:47:30.12] recognition increasing recognition that if those [00:47:33.18] [00:47:33.18] countries don't divest diversify their economy Syria the world is moving away [00:47:40.04] [00:47:40.04] anyways so they better do something about it and diversify [00:47:44.12] [00:47:44.12] move to the new world before the before the world moves on thank you so much for [00:47:53.20] [00:47:53.20] your talk especially the wonderful visual [00:47:57.07] [00:47:57.07] you have done and I know what you're doing is amazing because no such [00:48:06.19] [00:48:06.19] resource exists on it Lisa [00:48:10.10] [00:48:11.01] great so in the beginning of your talk you talked about how the human [00:48:16.17] [00:48:16.17] settlements happen in places that were naturally sustainable that's how places [00:48:22.05] [00:48:22.05] of enable enable how we moved away from that as part of our lives and so we live [00:48:33.17] [00:48:33.17] in a time and date where when we have issues that are that we call natural [00:48:40.19] [00:48:40.19] disasters aren't so natural and scholars have argued that there's actually no [00:48:45.22] [00:48:45.22] such thing as a natural disaster because designers and planners and politicians [00:48:49.11] [00:48:49.11] and policy makers about cities we are creating cities that are prone to a lot [00:48:54.21] [00:48:54.21] of those disasters to begin with and times and designers say new and fewer [00:49:00.08] [00:49:00.08] trained as an architect as well so what is the responsibility of the designer [00:49:04.20] [00:49:04.20] living in you said one of the half of it now then the trees that are mostly prone [00:49:12.04] [00:49:12.04] to be right disaster what kind of Athenians could be designed into [00:49:18.04] [00:49:18.04] the process of development or city building I respond to interpret the [00:49:23.14] [00:49:23.14] signs of responsibilities that they create or in some cases they feel their [00:49:27.18] [00:49:27.18] hands of tight development forces are stronger than they are [00:49:35.16] [00:49:41.13] the frameworks within which they operate but what are definitely collectively [00:49:46.19] [00:49:46.19] responsible for the change in the climate of no specific incidents and [00:49:52.17] [00:49:52.17] climate change the variability an increase in probability of when you [00:50:00.06] [00:50:00.06] describe this natural events that we perceive as the solicitor Christians [00:50:05.01] [00:50:05.01] they they happen at far Spillman thinks that is a disaster that was to happen in [00:50:09.23] [00:50:09.23] cities that we have invested in in certain way and they've damaged the way [00:50:13.07] [00:50:13.07] we've arranged the world not our liking as a result that becomes it is perceived [00:50:20.04] [00:50:20.04] by us as it is also now we have certainly not built the world [00:50:25.09] [00:50:25.09] in a way it's adaptable most building cities in the way they look that is it [00:50:30.17] [00:50:30.17] adaptable to changes in climate they've built into them those bitter so most [00:50:38.11] [00:50:38.11] economically efficient way possible where as little as possible to build as [00:50:43.01] [00:50:43.01] much as possible and that certainly means that we have not a shot that just [00:50:48.21] [00:50:48.21] a bit in the best way it's more harmony with nature reduces actual resources or [00:50:55.11] [00:50:55.11] produces this way but that's alone be adaptable to a changing world so there's [00:51:01.18] [00:51:01.18] certainly some responsibilities here although we are collectively loss of 20 [00:51:07.20] [00:51:07.20] years or so become more aware of that responsibility upon us in many cases we [00:51:14.20] [00:51:14.20] have encouraged that we have [00:51:18.14] [00:51:30.02] and what most of these issues that is a leadership problem so what what what I [00:51:39.15] [00:51:39.15] guess what are we doing alert people to make sure that there are good leaders in [00:51:49.21] [00:51:49.21] place to make sure that the policies are they supports to say the one [00:51:59.18] [00:52:00.06] always are enough the top issues of it mind year these are all cities [00:52:08.00] [00:52:08.00] acknowledges and they need to be resolved with a technical consensual [00:52:14.21] [00:52:14.21] multi-stakeholder process and that sets up a framework for us to fix the cities [00:52:20.15] [00:52:20.15] in my view the tendency to go all the way to the top in terms of where the [00:52:26.14] [00:52:26.14] leaders are visionary the losers car is misplaced and we should actually even [00:52:31.20] [00:52:31.20] focus more on the scale down from that which is scale there's an issue with the [00:52:38.11] [00:52:38.11] regional structure it's turning over the cities not to be were powered wise and [00:52:45.21] [00:52:45.21] that goes back centuries in the Middle East and North Africa dismiss study the [00:52:51.00] [00:52:51.00] history of the region or where that but also the power structures today don't [00:52:55.20] [00:52:55.20] give it up for them too cold and also decision-making power to the neighbors [00:53:04.04] [00:53:04.19] our events major changes in before well this is e or major development changes [00:53:11.21] [00:53:11.21] to the and that's in mind probably all of these [00:53:17.11] [00:53:17.11] are technical issues fixing some water network missionary thing to do doing it [00:53:24.19] [00:53:24.19] in the most effective way that looks of synergies finds out where the path of [00:53:28.18] [00:53:28.18] least resistance is might use them [00:53:32.23] [00:53:36.01] so we talked a little bit about this before so I work on Egypt and [00:53:43.18] [00:53:43.18] particularly looking at what's going on in Cairo so it seems to me pretty what's [00:53:47.10] [00:53:47.10] happening in Egypt but I've seen iterations of it in other places that [00:53:51.09] [00:53:51.09] rather than committing to even sustainability and although the [00:53:56.07] [00:53:56.07] resiliency of the city they just decide to leave and build another another city [00:54:02.10] [00:54:02.10] and this is happening in Cairo they're building a new Capitol that they've also [00:54:06.12] [00:54:06.12] built these you know sort of settlements which are these gated communities and [00:54:12.04] [00:54:12.04] they built topple us and so I'm just wondering if you could sort of comment [00:54:17.12] [00:54:17.12] on that as a solution new cities always I mean full disclosure I have actually [00:54:25.10] [00:54:25.10] been involved in the development in Egypt I like my views are colored [00:54:30.22] [00:54:30.22] perhaps by by that involvement and I can tell you in that population predictions [00:54:36.04] [00:54:36.04] suggest a catalytic opportunity so you start with that and you think now [00:54:44.01] [00:54:44.13] operation to complete this repair so that is I think question number one what [00:54:53.06] [00:54:53.06] do you do those again goes back to the graphic competition hey para isn't its [00:54:57.16] [00:54:57.16] Lunden whose population is growing very steadily can ensure that extra [00:55:02.01] [00:55:02.01] underground line or you encourage me to the green belt not only personally the [00:55:08.14] [00:55:08.14] green belt yes still remain within manageable population growth right or [00:55:14.11] [00:55:14.11] Carol is growing much faster rate and a couple of centralization of economic [00:55:19.17] [00:55:19.17] engine repair is where things happen [00:55:24.07] [00:55:25.02] migration as well so the rate at which car is expanded may not be fixable so [00:55:32.05] [00:55:32.05] there there are there are supporting views to the idea of one let's start [00:55:37.04] [00:55:37.04] somewhere else now one time of the argument the other argument in the other [00:55:41.20] [00:55:41.20] sentences were are we building threat where are we building over the news city [00:55:45.23] [00:55:45.23] to to the old city why aren't we not retrofitting the city [00:55:49.12] [00:55:49.12] with all that money be better spent for example which has been out for the [00:55:58.01] [00:55:58.01] last few decades as you I'm sure aware so that becomes a mission question is in [00:56:05.07] [00:56:05.07] a cash-strapped environment can you give up can you do something else as well [00:56:13.23] [00:56:13.23] make sure the people I think I think that in my view cities of always face [00:56:23.04] [00:56:23.04] decline and usages have come up by royal decree are casually married by royal [00:56:28.14] [00:56:28.14] decree that shall be City here in the same way as well so the question is a [00:56:38.16] [00:56:38.16] new city a new and usually a new idea perhaps the suppression of scale [00:56:46.11] [00:56:49.12] about a thousand years ago have a seat here no our focus is a shortened idea [00:56:54.15] [00:56:54.15] but because it's killed it's correct kilometer block place but now we start [00:57:01.10] [00:57:01.10] with a stiff you must apply at this dryer so there were maybe six movie that [00:57:04.17] [00:57:04.17] there's people instinctively feel shocked at the scale of all of it they [00:57:09.07] [00:57:09.07] already imagined the final product today so that's perhaps the reason but if you [00:57:16.06] [00:57:16.06] imagine a little nucleus that might one day become a city though that [00:57:20.12] [00:57:20.12] concentrated different conversation that likes you [00:57:23.02] [00:57:23.02] we don't actually know how [00:57:27.01] [00:57:32.11] we'll be a while even so this is a related question it sent up to me like [00:57:44.13] [00:57:44.13] verification was that starting from scratch is kind of punting is avoiding [00:57:50.04] [00:57:50.04] and solving a real problem overcrowding ability yes so no one could argue for [00:58:07.22] [00:58:07.22] that Oh in reaction to what you're saying and it [00:58:24.06] [00:58:24.06] comes to my man this centralization is always related to D concentration power [00:58:29.00] [00:58:29.00] a autocratic a totalitarian regime wants to have everything under control in one [00:58:34.18] [00:58:34.18] point so they will not let centers of economy a command move around them they [00:58:41.23] [00:58:41.23] run in stride but the power structures being centralized force [00:58:52.09] [00:58:54.06] dictates it as well where for example in the case of Egypt again and the Nile [00:59:00.00] [00:59:00.00] does not loo then that struck the linear population distribution does not lend [00:59:05.10] [00:59:05.10] itself to decentralization actually it actually makes it better to have a [00:59:11.11] [00:59:11.11] centralized note and is very well okay to use the most location sensible [00:59:18.23] [00:59:18.23] location to have the capital in where the problem should lie so there are [00:59:22.23] [00:59:22.23] reasons for what has happened but I think you're absolutely right the push [00:59:28.17] [00:59:28.17] which i think is what lies in the heart of your question you are coming [00:59:33.07] [00:59:33.07] decentralization would alleviate the needs to have a forty million person [00:59:38.09] [00:59:38.09] city in the first place ever maybe had that be more decentralized people might [00:59:42.06] [00:59:42.06] know that one would might not have emerged in the first place we might have [00:59:45.03] [00:59:45.03] had different problems are I have another question is that the [00:59:54.11] [00:59:54.11] alternate sources of energy in that region [00:59:58.17] [00:59:58.17] knowing that oil is there readily but we know here in the West that wind and [01:00:07.02] [01:00:07.02] solar are so hard to you know control and give a steady distribution so [01:00:13.13] [01:00:13.13] nuclear energy sounded the most obvious the most efficient to use obviously in [01:00:21.15] [01:00:21.15] that region away from the lines of civic activity but there is all this [01:00:28.18] [01:00:28.18] sensibility of the Western world to what are they doing with their nuclear they [01:00:34.02] [01:00:34.02] are making bombs and you know it's not very hard for them to control and they [01:00:40.06] [01:00:40.06] know where is happening and where is not happening the argument has been used to [01:00:46.03] [01:00:46.03] you know deprive that region from only that possibility of using nuclear Europe [01:00:54.12] [01:00:54.12] is still using it despite Chernobyl and after the fears and they still know that [01:01:00.14] [01:01:00.14] this is a sustainable and efficient way of using energy Iran has been under so [01:01:11.03] [01:01:11.03] Tricia I'm not a big advocate of government of Iran of course but the [01:01:16.06] [01:01:16.06] nation has lost you know of this not being able to use that and while other [01:01:23.05] [01:01:23.05] nations around I don't know if they are trying to have it and they will be [01:01:26.18] [01:01:26.18] denied but but Americans are pressuring here not to let it happen [01:01:34.11] [01:01:39.12] yeah you want to complete and so that's fun that's on the horizon and as you [01:01:51.09] [01:01:51.09] pointed out is to do with a base level to the most consistent power source [01:01:57.20] [01:01:58.02] based on without much variability but the other thing that has been a Verizon [01:02:02.19] [01:02:02.19] as well that has been attracted by many of us is the price of storage you know [01:02:10.01] [01:02:10.01] those bidding prices power generation the energy surge of electricity the cost [01:02:20.16] [01:02:20.16] of generation now by electricity by the parties [01:02:26.16] [01:02:27.13] we're not the kind of storage from solar and perpetuate all sensing us an Amish [01:02:32.21] [01:02:32.21] presses in Georgia here the price of you guys perhaps pay for your electricity to [01:02:38.00] [01:02:38.00] innocence is very cheap now it's written so that the lack of reliability in [01:02:44.12] [01:02:44.12] attachment some does sense means it need to store it for good needs during the [01:02:50.04] [01:02:50.04] peak hours and the additional cost of storage is added to those two amounts [01:02:54.18] [01:02:54.18] and today is still too high but it has been [01:02:58.06] [01:02:58.06] so many of us expected enos less than years the price of storage would come [01:03:03.01] [01:03:03.01] down enough that when you add it on top of that rigid very low cost of renewable [01:03:09.08] [01:03:09.08] energy generation then you'll have both the renewable source [01:03:14.23] [01:03:16.19] but the energy stays a very political I did you even in this job as our [01:03:26.19] [01:03:26.19] president has been declaring that wind gives cancer we have one yeah [01:03:51.13] [01:04:17.19] and we store it cheaply enough to use it at the right time and can be use it to [01:04:24.04] [01:04:24.04] supply both teach me about those terms good system for electricity for four [01:04:33.05] [01:04:33.05] hours and there's increased electricity that starts in the u.s. around 5:00 when [01:04:39.15] [01:04:39.15] people start going home to their TVs on at home and the lights are still on back [01:04:44.19] [01:04:44.19] in the office as well so you have that increased use and [01:04:50.04] [01:04:54.03] the excess is called big issue with renewables as you come use them for the [01:04:59.15] [01:04:59.15] base 24 hours because that we installed and the Sun sets [01:05:05.10] [01:05:07.12] as you mentioned in your talk water is an issue that drops in the middle but in [01:05:14.13] [01:05:14.13] the past month I've had like except rain all over Italy especially in Iran but [01:05:21.07] [01:05:21.07] the majority of sort of the country has been hit by really strong has been [01:05:28.17] [01:05:28.17] flooding in the current River as well flooding almost everywhere [01:05:34.06] [01:05:36.19] has heartburn anything in terms of collecting data visualizing or doing it [01:05:42.13] [01:05:42.13] has been involved with kind of collecting and data on what's happening [01:05:47.06] [01:05:47.06] throughout the Middle East [01:05:50.01] [01:05:52.04] I must draw your attention about where you get all the rain of the year in one [01:05:56.20] [01:05:56.20] day that doesn't mean more rain just means [01:05:59.17] [01:05:59.17] more intense training events which becomes a problem is connected [01:06:06.01] [01:06:06.01] adequately and stormwater management point of view causes flooding so that [01:06:13.08] [01:06:13.08] the rain is less useful and or less [01:06:21.05] [01:06:29.17] you [01:06:33.05]