You're

right.

It little or nothing right here or
wish we were

there yesterday here more of

us received numerous awards were wounded.

Yes yes he out of the horrible
war protest over very young

they never really used to drop him
a spinal cord material science

drills engineering science and
the Korean War Don't react.

Did they thought of the US
the various O.C.A. best and worst I

ever worked with like the national

hero like Haitian or
kind of the contributions of the field.

You're in with Michael and
for your boss the thing.

Michael.

Please join me in getting warm blog post.

Thank you very much Ron I want
to thank the current family for

having made this like a ship possible.

I want to thank me the part right to
remember them days I really very much

enjoy interacting with many of the faculty
and learning about what went out.

So it's been a lot of new sayings
a lot of interesting research and

I'm a thanks again for having the honor of
being this mike to listen to the long list

of funny I'm very honored and
as you can see from my title.

I want to talk a little
bit about sort of the.

Normally thinks about as a chemical
engineer so much of our training

especially at the undergraduate
level as building things bigger and

much of that would run in design
is the advantages of going bigger.

So why would one want
to build small systems.

And so I wanted to address this question.

Of the I think impetus from that
really comes from the optical and

Communications Industry is when
you think about what has happened

in terms of the revolution the regret
about by being able to make come from

a smaller integrate them and get new
functionality and the question I guess you

could ask is if you wanted to do
this in chemistry and biology.

What could I do and so I'll give
you some examples from my own lab

based on those examples.

So as an introduction I want

to select a couple of examples
from others published work.

So there are things you
can think about is.

You could do diagnostics and lots of
reasons why you want to do diagnostics and

they want to know whether
there was a bomb.

There is a virus is developing that
ultimately can call a pandemic or

you might just from a normal you
yourself actually just have the flu and

I want to be home and bad and
spreading it to your coworkers.

I think this article
with my parents published

in Science was a very nice example
of sort of highlighting some of

those of us in the bad because
some sort of scripts that.

Niceness measuring lead
this child has the virus.

Letters underneath her little chicken soup
hurt and I think that one of the things

that come up and it may be something that
we are some science is an engineer is to

think about going to be able to measure
things and I knew qualities and so.

To be concerned about the drinking
water going to happen.

And unless me educate the population
in terms of the risks associated with

some of these things they may be
difficult because we're going to be able

to make sure that you have the flu but
it's not clear that we can actually cure.

And so this is an example
of such a device now but

I think it's still a good
example of a bad thing.

Taking a sample.

Just in the sample amplifying the D.N.A.

and then to take the complications.

Looks like a very nice simple device and
actually you can make this robot

nine dollars and the time when it
was Pearl way too expensive to

use it in a part of the world you're
most likely to find viruses and so

it's a technology that has been taken out
of the extreme in terms of sophistication.

This is a device for

Matthew's laboratory at Caltech
thought of being able to do harm.

Not one hundred sequences high accuracy.

All of this kind of development was
actually in part to be able to put

a man or some measure of
the living species on Mars.

Some of these things have become
commercialized biomass back spectrum

in fact have a chip in it that controls
the delivery to the electorate spray.

Finalizers that make it
much easier to do D.N.A.

analysis and
these are now standard issue for simple

analysis you could do the same procedures
in the Matisse devices and if you're

interested in protein protein interactions
are going to want to find Constance.

By a chorus now instead it is from
the has a bike with interface so.

So this is sort of a diagnostic
piece also want to

be able to do something
on the small scale if.

After is information.

Why should I make.

One hundred milliliters if I can get away
with just working with a few hundred

Microsoft.

Thanks.
So experimentation.

This is an example of a polymath bias out

by some quake at the time
still account for

a high throughput in our service in
this particular case of D.N.A. valves

pumps out of the mix and introduced
me agents and through the analysis.

You could also think that you could
do this in any great cells produce

the cells to be agents and
then to take up what happens to the cells.

And so you could do this in
terms of having multiple lines.

For the terms of being able to simply have
droplets and its troubled has a different

cell in it and so each cell you can use of
cell and in principle you could actually

get to a point where you could actually
read off the information is it in genetic

information on an individual cell basis
and you could run the thousands for

ourselves through here they
would Rice's laboratory

at Harvard to commercialize
the brain that is technologies.

You work if you can integrate
them with information

technology because you generate so
much speed.

So you need to be able to handle the large
amounts of data that comes from it.

Your thinking about the medical space
you can also think about the devices.

And I was to take that pill this morning.

Come on.

I have to take a lunch of a neighbor
of ours and this is an example of

that could be implanted developed
by Johnson team about prior.

Alson here covered with gold medal lexical
current innocence in the body's fluid.

The way it opened up to the chamber and
so this could be programmed to give

you a particular plot
profile in your bloodstream.

And difficulty with any of these sort of
critical vices if you have to plant them

inside the body of course is that
it has a compatible materials and

then put me on a cell phone and.

How do you actually power in
the long periods of time.

So these are examples of
things that one could have

if you were looking at the biology space.

So what would you like to do
if you looked at chemistry.

After all if you wanted to synthesize
by Would you want to make small amounts

because typically if you supersize
something you want to make something

be that you actually want to get
information about chemistry and

some of the classical chemistry laboratory
is a seven hundred fifty that made me

want to look like when it was bad.

We still mostly operate in batch.

But actually if I were to take this and
make it into a continuous process.

I could maybe just to find the optimal
conditions after all if I'm making

an expensive compound I don't really
want to try to throw it away when I make

the compound.

As a chemical engineer I would really like
to have much more kinetic information

to me because I have that
information I can see here.

There may be processes for
instance you can get higher master's rate.

If I do that I can control and I may be
able to run reactions of the conditions

that I can't on a scale and
there may be cases by accident to

have something on demand so
that I could use them to screen reactions.

I can optimize reaction conditions.

Look at hazardous conditions in
terms of undermanned side you

can think about where you could actually
deliver something that actually some.

One example of that is
actually where you knew could.

Read your label compound sources using
the Mr tomography which are compounds only

have a very short life time Typical about
hour and they have to be synthesized to

the hospital the synthesis goes
bad the person goes home and has

not treated that particular time and I had
to wait some Since this is really done.

And potentially an honest
discussion of manner structures

we could use these to make memory
structures and I briefly mentioned ups.

So these kinds of systems are made
out of ceramics stainless steel

and the typically are done in such a way
that you integrate certain functionalities

then you have ways of controlling the flow
of distribution within the system

as opposed to just using a single two.

I mentioned a POS and someone wanted to
bring it back up again because this is

a last problem or technology that
was developed into its right size

laboratory and it has revolutionized in
many ways the people think about doing

biological experiments this dream
was that you could design a trip

to a print on your major printer.

Take that and transfer it to a device.

Now it's not quite as simple as that you
have to have a high definition laser

printers you have to have someone
they can actually deliver.

But you can turn devices
around within a day and

you don't need a break spend so
for service except perhaps for

the phone with our free time might mention
in all of these terms of making these

types of systems basically from
the use of making for a little thought

in the case of the hard materials we
use the problem here to find a match.

In the case of this app without
a free me use this to make a master

from a shoe in Boston a device and

silly using elastomer means that
we can easily put in bounds and I.

And also have pumps by combining
these improved make herself because.

The problem with this is that that's not
compatible with any chemical solvent

since the biology is really the area
where this has had the biggest impact

on the chemistry.

So if you were doing chemistry were things
you might want to do is to screen and so

one simple way of screening.

Let's say I want to understand what
happens if I have to substrates on

a brother against.

Those you can tell your
substrates look them up

have a robot better since he looks them
up with a regular space of sound and

the sentiments of the church
run the reaction.

Perhaps reaction take place
actually collected and

then look at where the reaction actually
took place and from compounds to try to

where this is of course it's all gonna run
residence time around temperature and so

on and so you never know whether
you didn't get a reaction

because the chemistry gotten right because
you're the wrong sort of conditions.

So nice or so to be able to optimize
reactions and this can be done

by combining So the way of introducing
automatically the agents into your system

so that you have you can
control the temperature either

online analysis which an awful many
cases means which can also you know.

But in many cases the molecule is so

complicated that you
end up having to do it.

Let's go see and then that piece back
to a computer is an algorithm to

determine right how to find the maximum
field in this particular case it's

a simple simple example optimisation but
these are the first three guesses.

This is the worst.

So this becomes my next class.

This becomes the next best you run into
a concern terms of whether or not.

How much are in the system you
want to use and I should mention.

What I'm actually after in this particular
case is this reaction product this

reaction product spawns to actually having
a second reaction occurring with the.

I don't really want this.

This is what I want and I'm optimizing And
so when I get to the limit.

I constrain the simplex and ultimately you
can find the optimum you could take this

technology much Mr President.

And you can think about ways in which is

this to look at not a parameter space is
rather than just looking at an amount of

alcohol in the amount of versus time you
take a reaction to temperature in there.

So to mana catalyst for
actually losing the right.

And so on in these types of systems and
I think maybe for

the glad your sims think about is that
these are automated systems and sometimes

you can make calibration cosin So
you have to waste your time doing that and

ultimately and I talked about this
yesterday to use these kinds of tools to

use a number of the statistical techniques
been developed for doing actual screen

explaining and extract chemical kinetics
with the fewest possible experiments.

There are many cases where not
just interested in making a simple

transformation we want to make
multiple transformation and

that means that we have to think about
how we integrate separations and service.

So this particular ride which is
an organic solution reacted with

an A side which had to make
me organic at this point

I'm not going to get out of my my career
my get a gay side cross a very strong.

There's a career so
I'd like to get rid of that.

Now and I'm a.

Laboratory if you're working at
the bench you would just use

gravity to separated but
in a microfluidics

the gravity

is much greater than the innovation of
tension sort of that's not going to work.

So sort of that we actually
use the surface tension.

To drive it through.

And so if you think about what happens
in this particular system with versus

the hydrophobic surface so
well hydrophobic surface what

will happen is you're getting this part
of the world for coming through and so

he put a pressure cooker drop across the
Atlantic is going to go in this direction

and the other will come out and that's
what you see here the Haixun disappearing

into the film and
the want to be going through it and

this doesn't have to be a microphone for
us to phone from the known.

Master spots New York
separation of interest

in this particular case me actually
going to take that compound.

We're going to heat it up and

make a nice assign it to a street that
we can handle first or get a gay side.

Take I'm a going to use
rings of a medium and

I sign it which is again
something that you don't want to

isolate you like to just use it and then
reacted to use the same separation here.

The liquid What's this.

Blocking the axis of the gas and so
the gas goes this way this way and

now we have been fine.

We can react in this
particular example with say

a selection of alcohols to make
carbonates which are his feeling for me.

Yes so we can actually use these systems
to the chemistry and I have a number

of examples yesterday that I should have
been able to use these types of systems.

I wanted to turn to the use of the systems
in making nanomaterials some example or

five sort of nanomaterials
so-called quantum dots so

these are typically a quarter of
a semiconductor like a satellite

surrounded by the material
with a higher bank up life to

kind of confine the time so
that we can actually come to get a light.

And then we can passively the surface
both with this cap on top of

the preventer ration of these these

particles into the Permian
the size of the particle loop.

You can think about it.

They're more like molecules.

The large ones which are more
like the back material right.

And in between I can get
multiple different colors.

Now.

So one could multiple different colors

to use more light source right to
do this by directly like Tron.

Center these generally go
to one hundred players.

I could potentially make peace as Wendy
and his colleagues have demonstrated

by one of the interesting parts about this
is because of the purity of the color.

This is the so-called color diagram.

And then actually with a much
more expanded envelope of colors

to get you get much brighter which
in fact those of you who have really

these screens are going to
hear from enjoying them.

And of course this is the standard
television triangle of this.

Interior scene never and which if you
look at the old joke about never twice

the same color comes back to you but the
other thing you could do with these dots.

Since I have one light source so I can
have a map to colored particles or maybe

a different size and so I can change some
new some of these dogs have been nice.

And they've been combined there was
some particles of different sizes and

this shows the blood flow
in most brains and so

you can look at where the blood goes
where it gets stuck and so on and

so you could use this is really of
integrating biological experiments.

The critical issue in terms of
getting the color the purity and

the colorists coming out of
the size distribution or so

you would like to have something that's
very nice and there are size distribution.

The classical synthesizing this is
you to put them in scrolling which

is a high bonding sound with under two
hundred fifty degrees C. or so and then

you're introducing the can of precursor
in the scene is a very violent reaction.

This is what sets size distribution.

Well if you do two things at this point in
trying to think about a different reactor.

Well you can slow down the chemistry and
so often what people have done is to

slow down the chemistry but if we actually
think about could we do this in reactors

where we actually could take advantage of
the fast reaction times tonight not just

let them make a simple structure of the
not the quantum dots where you just have

a cap might want to

look at other compounds or other
compounds semiconductors than the month

and actually there's a lot of interest in
being able to control the composition of

the shell because of a control
the composition of the shell and

minimize the combination
of the city interface like

that has much higher quantum efficiency
and I wanted what is a typical effect

of the so-called Come Dancing which is
that they play get people to look at them

individually under a microscope blink and
you can reduce the amount of the blinking.

If you can improve that interface.

So one way to think about
actually synthesizing the person

use a microphone or a trip so
this is actually set up to do this it has.

So isolation area here.

So we can keep the face of the same
temperature and this up here and

this particular one actually has multiple
English so you can control which point you

introduce the person regions not as
focused in terms of the balance of

times for each of them because I can
change the theory and between each.

Now with a simple experiment just going
back to the cat so like you could then

think about just again bearing
the time that you do the experiment

to varying the temperature and
you can see quite a variation in color.

This new color here is not because you're
a small particle society because this is

a really bad thoughts and
so what you're getting is

a combination on the surface on
the Mexican regions of the tent.

These are big dots and so
they become sort of Ballenger says.

I can probably pick out but this is about
the right combination of conditions for

the best possible growth conditions.

If I can do experiments like this
as we can change things around and

instead of using this sort of as a by
proxy approach with these as I can get

enough experiments so I can begin to build
models and understand the process and

to remember going through what I
actually did a lot of the time a kind of

calculations to understand a precocious
Teac to a species look at the reactions

on the course the faces and together
in a model to understand the relative

importance of the action is the fusion
sort of assistance around and

the growth of pieces and being able
to predict how these grow up and so

this becomes a way in which you can
then do sort of the chemical engineering

analysis in their approach to writing
providing quantitative information.

We want to do in terms of the next layer.

So I can take these dart.

And I can introduce my precursors for
the growth layer this particular case or

a story that a vaccine to
do with quantum dots and

so you see I want happens
when I introduce them.

I get because this is all laminar flow
of the lowest number of introduce

a small amount of gas to get gas progress
into the system between the gas bubbles.

I get mixing of the fluid
person from still cells and

this actually helps to mix things up and
you can see very graphically here

where you here have nothing that really
makes them very well as soon as they do

they should get everything mixed very
nicely and so have a way of mixing it.

I need to be able to deliver this in
small quantities because I don't want to

create some sort of five questions I
want to know certainly grossing sulfide

me on top of the already existing
cadmium so my son and I and so

I dribble in a little bit so
Excel five precursors from the side.

It's hard to see here but
in this region here.

It was some silly fluidic resistors.

But you can just calculate
the simple pressure drops.

And you can design it in such
a way that you click the uniform

nearly uniform distribution all through
it's at the edge here into the system.

And you can see as I introduce more and
more of this overcrowding.

I get better and better luminescence
out in the interest of accuracy and

full disclosure this is a trick
photography because of the growth

conditions through reasonable innocence.

So when you can freeze it down and
then put it out of the U.V. light.

This is what you're seeing.

Now a lot of so there's a cap minimum so
we're never going to be

able to use that a big scale with anything
that has to do with consumer products or

health and want to get materials
to don't contain kept them.

And so one of the things that really.

Clearly trying is to make materials that
don't contain Katmai which means that

you have to look at Night
rides off asan it's so

among other classical
three five materials.

If you go there on the standard class
base condition is typically requires all

the pressures of nitrogen over pressures
of frost first and so they're not really

suitable for the US doing bench synthesis
and so that brings up the issue

there might be nice if we can grow these
under conditions where we can get high

pressure some so this is just an interface
to show that we can pressurize the system.

This is an interface
that we can quibble so

we don't have expansion
effects in the interface and

then we hit the part here and this hole
that you saw in the chip before the so

that we can actually have
a temperature gradient across there.

This is what they look like as an image.

And so it was a simple example of showing
how you could do these to look at sort of

critical effects so this is a mixture of
nitrogen and hexane thirty bar so it's a.

About the critical temperature pressure
and ice breakers the temperature go

supercritical as a nitrogen and
the Hudson.

Of course becomes miserable and so a third
of C. is supposed to face value and

I'm going to see just a simple face for
the nice thing about

this is our only have to run the business
the usual precautions that you take.

And so on because this is
just a piece of glass and

as long as you can capture
the funny pieces of glass.

There's no problems but if I ran this in
a sixteen is still solder I have pieces

that have mass behind them and
momentum and so there's a lot more

difficult to run high pressure experiments
and we've actually taken these systems.

And taken them up to.

So critical conditions
which actually is up.

I don't have to bring to this
the department opportunities but

as I represent this many times changing
the whole solubility half the silent

characteristics of the makes to actually
thinking about running chemistries

that can take the temperatures associated
with the pressures of those conditions and

temperatures.

So the properties of super
critical conditions.

I can try the response of which means I
can trim the first time in the system.

I can also to the density and

therefore the solubility in the system and
so on.

When the crystals ation happens.

And so in this particular case by
going to the super critical say and

the longer I actually need to have
the two place parallel to Britain and

there are serious distribution because I'm
actually using the rest of the time comes

and the nucleation characteristics to
be rational vs small particle so if.

And there are size distribution you can
see this as measured by the third I

have this much narrower and

in fact I consider these a much brighter
dogs and their loss cleaner in the color.

Yeah you have to make some you cannot
just as you can also use it to true.

Synthesis of many different nanomaterials
So these are example bits of Sebastian's

for looking at interesting new particle so
it might have some interest in color.

So you can turn a story here.

I have a platinum brother played himself
this particular case I have played in

court where this decorated with platinum
I have these almost frantically looking

platinum I can mix of the little
I can make small Cobalt or

there was a printer some because both of
those are magnetic metals and not and so

you can actually kind of pull them back
out again interesting from chemical

applications and systems to have
played a part of course for

a particular color of applications you can
make these into rods and many cases you

can actually turn to just simply by
running different wrestlers times or

different regions and so on.

Like having to do a new experiment
every single time the same set up to

just quickly when and
what kind of particle you're interested.

So you can also think about how
temperature applications of us so

we all carry around our batteries in
our stuff batteries a really great run.

They have trucks and I don't have
chargers I carry around with a break ins

have very high energy density hydrocarbon

at three percent efficiency
the best I can on a battery.

The trouble is it's really
hard to make hydrogen right.

That's nice to do a large scale or small
scale really becomes an issue of being

able to handle the thermal management
of all of this I can then think of

hydrogen which present a fuel cell right
could actually set me take the energy and

use that direct conversion to
get energy out of this and

I'm just illustrate a few
of the comments in this.

From this is from line a robust basis.

So if you thought about.

Turning a small scale for the conversion
shrinks things down to get a higher value.

Generated and produced from
the surface and some of that effect.

Actually as you go Rob is in some very
hard to get good thermal efficiency and

it is lost.

So one thing I would certainly want is to
have very poor conduction back here which

means I have to.

So I get another thing I'm going to need

some way of avoiding loss
to the environment and so

I'm going to have to have this vacuum
because any old insulation I add to

this will add some sort of cost a lot
of the kind of the transformation and

then I need somewhere to
ration in the system and

finally some need to contain
the radiation in the system time so

this was a really long a solution to this
thing to have to Caesar to my current

thanks by Michael fabrication the troops
themselves about two hundred microns.

The fuel would come in here we would get
a reaction going up here that would make

this hot.

Surely there would be what we found to
from hydrogen becoming a little here and

all this but
this piece of paper would be hot.

So I could do the reforming the I'll show
you we actually have a man you're coming

in here for
saying broken down into from hydrogen.

This is the actual device
which is actually a business

where the chemistry is done is
only a few millimeters turned

that on this is actually
quickly you will see the night

being introduced the temperature
change cycle when that happens.

And this actually makes
respond a line of hydrogen.

So I think one of the things
you could ask you is wrong.

So.

Why can't I go out and buy one of these.

And it's actually not because
of the conversion piece

people have very successfully made
smoke I'm better than you can be so

you get very good out of them.

As the fuel cells.

So this was meant to be integrated
with Psylocke circular cells and

small thoughts are first cells.

I mean it's not a channel so it's a nice
example because you don't have to cool it

down you take the heart of gas and
transfer directly but the problem.

The materials are really not.

And so building something that really
could be a consumer product is still

a child and two other alternatives
you could think about one

as I could simply take a barrel and

this is actually part of the design to
a very low pressure drop high thermal

efficiency it's running at about seventy
three percent thermal efficiency.

And on each of these
thermoelectric elements.

So the thermal like to go on.

It will take that energy and
convert it into electricity.

Alternatively you could say
well this thing is growing.

When it burns.

Someone and I build the grill.

And then I take cell in front of it.

So that I can take that energy and
convert it into electrical power.

The difficulty here is it's hard to find
thermoelectric elements that actually

matter very nicely to your
high combustion temperatures.

Most of them are sufficient
to lower temperatures.

The difficulty here is
that you have to take

cells are designed to work in
this particular wavelength region

which typically means that you can into
very expensive cells and even where there

are say ten percent efficiency
the other ninety percent the sleet.

And so somehow you have to
get rid of all of that.

And right away there John to Annapolis and
his colleagues are working

on that problem is actually designing
protonic crystals here to make sure that

the wavelength of the light that comes out
is actually matched perfectly to me on.

So something so right remains of the time
I want to talk about three examples.

About applications of biology.

So how will probably
remember the first picture.

Example of their

path in the path and
very often you prepared some more.

And if you have a bit about this

often there's a lot of
preparing that has to be done.

So what if you could use
my preferred devices to

integrate some of these functions.

Ideally what we would like to be able to
do is to grow things select for cells or

we're interested in them and then do the
analysis of those particular conditions.

So renting or I want to think
about if you're growing cells

from the point of view of
fermentation is correct.

Take a for mentor and shrink it down so
I can sprints and find the right strain

figure out what medium to use around us
the environment and I want to do that.

Being able to measure things they
usually measure that is to say.

Dissolved oxygen amount of cells
in the system and I want to

be able to kind of link it to my usual
types of measurements of these things.

What you could have just
building many more of them.

But the you have to be conscious
up with the to do I want to

have any kind of effort.

And one of the information
to scale back then but

you don't want the effort that you
put into is a skill within a five

to order player in reactor some sense
of doing the same amount of work.

So one way to think about this is maybe
type of process where you could actually

take a disposable cassette put it in and
actually run the biological experiment.

So as an example of that event here just

one example one reactor this
particular one has a small

step lasting a ration into the system and
keeps a sterile.

Reactions into the system.

This is actually built on a plastics and

taking place of last pieces and
calming them together.

You could probably reaction
consummately reaction this

measure the amount of oxygen
in the system by using

everything in DI There are a number
preference that will have that for

us this is not a five by the presence
of oxygen a system goes down and so

the more oxygen you have in the system
the less process that you have.

Remission of the lifetimes of the for
us is by oscillating the circle because we

don't really want to be moderated by
the amount of solace in the system for

the produce you can measure
the amount of dissolved oxygen.

And the system.

There are similar dyes that
can be used to measure age and

signing that rise in life plays in life
through the system you cannot measure

the optimum density which is a measure
of the amount of cells in the system so

that case now you can see if the cells
that enter their exponential face they use

up all the oxygen the PH
changes are a result of that.

As you go along here the cells going into
their stationary face and when the six

hour calls are recovered from the scene
our children diffusers back in again and

again oxygen growing back into it so
clearly in the solar system for

one of the big problem.

So how do I get an option to do it.

And so I have thought about how to build
these systems and improve the oxygenation

much beyond the been saying that
in this particular experiment and

ask them if you can
control the environment.

If you want a different temperature as you
could do if you wanted to study something

that one certified and
someone could do this without knowing.

Other people and around you and
this becomes then and also a tool for

the working of the usual things I want to
just show one example from was done in my

colleagues for a sense and

this is that everybody knows
the answers of this question if you.

Take a cell culture and you change it
from growing a course to growing a guide

to what you should see the genes will
go on to as a result are expressed.

And they should show up when you do it and
genetic screening of the surface cells and

so the first thing is you can see here
this is a triplicate measurements

these are very reproducible growth
environments and actually me and then

through the filter netting analysis using
this for magic strips on these yeast.

You can see there's about two streams or

overexpressed in the system which
is just what they were expected

from the chemical engineering
standpoint I think a centrist in this.

I think macroscopic kinetics way
this is the classical kind of birth

kinetics if you expect and

one of the microscopic information of us
actually happening in a cell culture.

Now many cases around is
interested in this biology years

to get some information
about certainly pathways.

The way in which proteins interact in
these systems and so as an example

when look at the economy
demographic new G.I.F.

which is one that binds to
this receptor on the surface

sends a signal but it's operating related.

That in itself from the experts from
the system down regulates it again.

There were some interesting thing here
is perhaps a look at the data points so

this is the first minute and you can see
most of the people in the first minute

of this experiment was preparing
It's hard to do this and

get it quickly and
from actually going down soon enough.

So this might be a case for be very nice
if we could actually use microfluidics

to get the time resolution
the answers that are.

So if you think about a simple
microfluidic of ice come

pretty a mess in this case.

It's just the same as
the time it takes to treated.

So right.

Been doing ninety six of our experiments
you want us to do experiments at different

time points but
if I just experiments along the line and

I just kept track of the time it takes
from the treatment to get around

these various time points along the line
that should be the same the five and so

I should be able to get Mr I want to do
these individual experiments I should be

able to get all the information I want
this is sort of your classical badge.

To plug for the reactor analogy.

So.

Only me who did this first group itself.

Then have to do with the stimulus
which is through the system and

the gas bubble in the beginning of the
track of on the stimulus into the system.

So this will become the long stimulus the
stone here with the shirts the nurse and

then we should buy analysis be
able to see where the topic and

I see the response from the system.

So in this particular case may use
caressingly label anybodies to probe

what had happened.

So the service is the only time after

going to there's a primary anybody with
that binds that we can then bind to a for

us in Perth and we can actually
measure that for us and probably.

As a backup we also actually
measure the amount of D.N.A.

in it so we know where the cells in the
cell density in the system now matter and

scanners are used in biology
not like your best can have

actually such a high resolution that
you can measure the intensity of these

by simply taking that device and
flip it on top of a scanner.

And I should get an intensity
along the various axis

which are then convert back into the data
points that would have for the treatment.

And actually the presence I say I should.

Before the sandwich assaye is more
efficient if you don't fly because you get

an ice pack at a binding circle
serious what you get by doing it by

hand takes a Rob and you see as we do
it very slow treatments the person.

Well there's no effect or float around so
that we can get riders and

then the snow coming down
again not the signal but

in doing it just going around
experiment for each of flowing.

So I'm sensing converted
during its ability to run by

using the fact that I can walk along
the legs go of the my family do that.

Why don't you just put it under a
microscope because then you could actually

look at simple service Aleutian and see
what happens to each individual cell and

surfing in exactly the same experiment but
now we actually scan along the length of

it and look at each individual
self image from incidentally on

by like see looking at each image but you
have to develop an emission hours program

because again you get lost lots
of better if you might imagine.

But you then can see that
you can get the variation

around each cell in fact you could tell
me to sell out how we'd sell B.X. and

there is a consumer sensor or variation
depending on the website of the cells or

in the size of the cells and so on and

so you can actually get
the single cell level.

So this sort of looking at protein
in our system to understand

certainly in many cases I might be
able to actually wanting to synthesize

proteins some separate
those out by maybe right.

Have an experiment where I actually want
to make a property of sampling a protein.

The classical way of doing
this is to do to detail.

So you take the isolated focusing so

you take the proteins and
put a potential across it.

Migrate to the isolated point.

Then you were doing a lot
to free citizen and

the other direction and
then you could cut.

Gelato and you can capture that
prison part of the shelf and

tell the part where this is it
takes a while diverse to do this.

It takes is a limit to how
much you can load on it and

if you want to bury large proteins
they're probably better stay up here.

The good thing is you can get very
good resolution here about about

a four microfluidics that Ponderosa
back and put the potential across here.

I should be able to migrate these out.

So where they migrate to
their isolated plant.

And if I flip them down
in this direction and

then are able to capture all these
fractions at the end question

are certainly going to capture functions
of the front I selected and the reason for

having a triangle like this is in this
way it's much easier to develop the piece

created because the business over which
I have to develop the piece going to end

this nightmare so
they can establish as rapidly and

then as they spend out the flow through
the place creating it as mentally.

So again is an example of a pretty a mess
device on the sample comes in here.

This is obviously a pistol and you can see
how it distributes them to a particular

set of outlets certain that the system is
an example of showing rather various page

three just a pin which proves how
they actually are from the system and

even see that there are still some
issues here in terms of controlling so

selfless a curve because of charging
up the balance of the system but

ultimately if you do a comparison they
know what you would get with a gentle

persons who are driven
to put a collection.

So this is the dullest thinking
meter of our fraction is the non

rich person freezes and.

This is what you got from the job and
you can see you get much nicer and

well defined outlets here.

And of course what

we could have done instead of
taking this program until we can.

To substandard something so

this is an example of using again the flow
as a way of doing the separations So

finally I want to just stop
being able to find ways

of introducing things into cells and
about the cell membrane.

There are many places.

If you're interested in science and
particular expression using I.R.

Natick novelty to get my girls across an
interface you might want to get proteins

across it and the difficulty is that some
of these methods are not quantitative you

can do this by using through
music by using viruses which have

issues in terms of whatever the virus
will do after that elects a probation.

And then you can do it by manual injection
which certainly is the girls that

are very sloppy.

So perhaps using microfluidics and
the simple thing was think

that we could just take and bring things
to the needle are using microfluidics and

we can flip when you took the needle jet
the material and flowed back out again.

The trouble with this one even though it's
a neat the microphone as you do this for

about three or four cells and you've
got enough to bring on the needle for

things for him to stay.

So this is sort of the latest thing that
we're working on and this is still a work

in progress has the right if I could
take and actually inject the material.

So I put I have a high
pressure restaurant.

I have a church.

I can detect the presence of the cell is
close by using an impedance measurement.

Once the cell is in there.

I have fluid that is in
here from the side so

I actually can make sure that I align
the cell in the middle of the channel.

I have to Micron.

I will inject a fluid number in
this cell is not in this the fluid.

I can inject it and currently this is
a system that some of the just standard

instrumentation you can set up to
probably about a thousand cells a minute.

Ultimately I think it's probably
going to run better and so

you could buy something about being able
to integrate that with the phantom So

when I do suppose we're straight
here that you can see me and Jack.

This is actually a sort of solution inject
water because of the without the bends

with Parkinson's you can see
how the jet comes in and

then actually on some of the fluid.

That's clearly downstream
as the material moves and.

This is a set still work in progress
really been able to show that we

can introduce IRA and actually knock
down the expression of these systems and

so I think Rob We can certainly
get things into those cells.

So we're sort of going to examine so
I wanted to show and

are some examples of how we could
think about using the systems for

the chemical synthesis mostly
because we are after information.

I do in the use of the Get
kinetics optimal conditions and

then one can turn around and use to
actually scale processes because I want to

control structure of this in the case
of being able to synthesize and

then a material so
that I have a particular particular

be able to model the face and absolutely
by going to condition is difficult to do

on the sort of that are the bad conditions
but you have to here to new materials and

we couldn't get before and so I can think
about these as the tools are coming up

with novel catalytic materials and
we saw a small quantity.

So I didn't think about it as
a possibility of a fraud to a particle and

if I can make a clear
shell particles of metals.

Can i particularly in the cowlick
activity of that system.

And in terms of biological experiments
how one might be able to use some

of these to get some better understanding
of biological systems because.

I want to grow things and
rise to Michael fermenter I showed you

the great things about a one hundred group
of one hundred fifty Michael leaders but

if you want this to understand
the particular expression on a particular

growth race there's plenty of room to grow
into a leader for a mentor and then you've

got a little clay Bell the other stuff all
the things you didn't use of course if

you're interested in making material you
have to grow larger amounts of material.

Or sort of duality between flow
in time to simplify the way for

instance you could think about
looking at protein certainly.

And then going to sort of to do
separation is perhaps more efficiently.

Because you could do them in flannel so
I can do them proper It's a very nice sort

of having to do them in batches in case of
my stomach focusing this is not only done

and then finally sort of thinking about
it out of balance or other ways I can

inject stuff into a cell some There's
a lot more work to be done there in terms

of really qualifying how much you get into
the cell can you want to quantify it.

For the sole survivor to have long
term effects on the cells to someone

else or maybe I think these microfluidic
systems are going to be true.

Lots of examples that I've heard
about in the last two weeks here and

this department the loss
of example matters but

ultimately as you go into laboratories and
to register as a son.

This will become true so
everybody can hear.

The challenges of this to get multiple
functions integrated into those and

actually getting them to a point where
there are enough of the vices made that

it's interesting for people to make those
the virus and bring them down in price.

I mean there are I showed you some
examples of the way the system

applications like D.N.A. sequence
a person is now on to the business

of measuring protein constants and so on.

Well commercially available systems and
there are so

apt examples of the pure
therapeutic space.

Fire sites are obviously came out with a
very interesting little microphone device

that uses surface tension to draw in
a broad sample first of that blood sample

and then do it as dramatic as say to
see whether or not you actually have

a problem in terms of developing
at me I had cardiac arrest.

So I think that's a bad
system are being made.

So finally I want to thank again.

The Department for and with her family for

the opportunity to give a structure and
I want to think about all the students and

process of growth of the problems that I'm
sure of you and particularly I want to

thank my colleagues because I use examples
from chemistry I've used examples

from biology and we couldn't really have
done that I couldn't because my colleagues

are willing to work with us and I'm always
to play around with these systems so

professors know when the bubble team is
some sense me sort of ground Japie and

then not least at the bottom
of the slide here.

I prefer as a running total assuming there
is to know about microphone application

and that sort of was the process of really
getting into this and have room for

that collaboration from probably started
on Christmas by the old fashioned way.

So some of that.

Thank you very much

a little

bit of the questions
that just that you do or

you know there's usually
a lot of asking application.

You know you don't laugh.

The only way that I have
perfect knowledge right here.

What are the specific offical
radical of what about but

I'm not sure that we're actually going to
rob them to certainly try to make the.

Some of those advances
I think a better way.

But people who actually
are not from broken.

Those areas are one of the challenges I
think Reynard in my political life this

is how you package them so

ideally what you like to have is something
you can plug in that seals and you run.

Are you so the kind of ceiling that we had
to do to be able to run these at higher

pressure some of his big awesome is
still a fixture on which actually

has to resign very carefully to avoid the
chip breaking I think there are lots of

opportunities in that arena and that's
typically done by people who knows how to

put all these kinds of systems stability
of the same people that I've nicely

packaged durational So you never hear
make them smaller and more efficiently.

So what size Didn't you mean should
I go smaller and smaller why I think

the question of what you want to do is so
I think if you do chemical synthesis.

You probably don't want to get much
more material that you can actually do

the analysis and so we know the size
of whatever you need for the chemical

analysis of the end is going to take
that's going to limit how compact you

can make things in terms of the biological
system again it's odd to me Walkman

limited by there are that X. server
it's the cellular band is go growing

very very small there is also issues
of incredibly small in terms of from.

You know have very high surfaces or to
the fluids and it's already a problem and

then the systems to control say in
biological systems nonspecific attention

without a really small challenge that
becomes a very difficult to deal with and

in actually but they make me cases for
comparable prices are looking at

collector for the facts so
you like the kinetic effects.

So they don't have made sun and MIT.

And Santiago.

Stanford have made some really
very interesting devices for

you since to use a national channel
compared to the other channel to get clear

ization in the channel that allows
you to get a sense really the spaces

of interest to pile up and so if you're in
the situation that you have small amounts

of sappers I'm going to look at was like
a protein going to get that to pile up and

actually multiply up by
powers of magnitude and

of course helps your analysis and so
people have used the channels in places

like that to be specific on
functionality so the service.

I have migrated out of reality

when you worry about off.

I think of the biological applications
that's a that is a concern in

terms of what honey you're
actually trying to sort first

on both to avoid the nonspecific
he's in but also if you want to for

instance growing a concert if you want to
make sure the access they still aren't

that's an issue one of the sterilizer of
these materials that can be difficult

migration can also be if you're going
to like the kinetics you're making your

channels Rossana by things become very
close become very large groups of three.

And so you actually get migration and
decided areas which is one of the rocks

and something you could actually
use a lot of that last days

were about you or me or someone so
so I've seen a case that we

want to sort of cook I want to really were
worried that we witnessed the class and

that becomes an issue and actually there
are chemistries that we would like to run

on of course have a number chemist to
serve on a strong base of the management

of course that's the use very
easy way of dissolving some.

You can do something by putting a quick
correction which I can quoting on it.

Of nitrites most restarts it but at
some point they will also action some of

the very issues about
the material support that

you know that's the real for the question.

There will be a reception but
you have to don't like them or if you.

I do like to present it to you.

Klaus the stock and honor of the twenty
fifth Annual actually carry lecture

school of chemical engineering
Georges to technology.

April fourteenth two thousand and ten.

Thank you very much.

That's the site

of the.