Very well you know which way

it's just a bit more descriptive that way.

Yeah that's one less thing
I have to say OK let's see.

OK.

All right so.

This work was was conducted this past
summer at Oregon State University

in the in CO as the college of ocean and
Atmospheric Sciences.

I am a undergraduate here at least for

another month in yes Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences So it's kind of close.

I was on and
summer are you out there for ten weeks.

So it's it's all it's all it's all shit
crammed into the ten weeks research.

So basically.

There are buoys all
across editorial Pacific.

Here we are Australia Mexico
the entire extro

Pacific each one of
the dots represents a buoy.

Each one of the buoys has instruments
which measure air temperature

water temperature salinity wind
directions be to set or etc like this and

transmits them to satellite now I'm
not using any of that data but because

it measures at the service and then
also down down to the water column but

now because of bio fouling algae such and
such like is grows on the instruments.

You have to send the ship out.

Twice a year.

So every six months it goes
to every single buoy up and

down the line cleaning them off and
while it's doing that.

It's sending instruments down taking
readings because you have a ship there you

may as well do some do some real
science and so they send down.

It's called the C.T.D.

conduct of any temperature depth so
kind of pivot is celebrity.

It's on a it's on a device about this big
it also has bottles which can take why.

Other samples at various depths.

So this is what happens.

Normally.

Back in two thousand and five.

Some researchers at O.S.U. organ state put
some optical measuring some optical and

instruments onto the C.T.D.
and just said Would you please.

You know turn these on every
time before you send it down and

that's all you have to do and
so they did that.

And so I would.

And so I'm looking at the data from these
optical instruments from trained sex up

and down the line for
a couple of years and

also compare it comparing that with
the I see with satellite which

which measures various wavelength
wavelength wavelengths of life of course

that's the only thing I can measure but
as a proxy for chlorophyll and particular

organic carbon which is the things
I'm looking at from the instruments.

So.

I'll talk a little bit about optics
calibrations the collaborations between

the optics and
the bottle samples which which were taken.

Like I say there are bottles which you
which you fire off you know like by remote

from the surface and
then they just close and

then you that that brings that that
that water sample back to the surface

then show you my results and
compare those to satellite results.

And so
you would see where we go from there.

So so

one of the points is that fluorescents
changes with light availability.

Now if if phytoplankton are dead and
they're not decomposed yet

then you still have chlorophyll and
took the climate or

will measure that chlorophyll But
if they're alive.

It's a lot more interesting.

It seems that when they're
alive during the day.

So they're photosynthesising
during the day and

the chlorophyll in effect in
an individual phytoplankton actually

reacts differently with the light and
it doesn't reflect it nearly as much so.

Based on bottle samples and
so this is one.

This is at one location stationary
point in the current Pacific and

take many to taking many
different depth transects.

And from bottle samples we know that
there was basically the same amount of.

Chlorophyll or phytoplankton in the water
column at these different times but

you're measuring different amounts.

So during the day when the phytoplankton
are actively photosynthesizing

because the chloroplasts
are more active they they

they don't react as much with
the kilometer and the clear on that are.

Kilometers this one here which also
looks like the back scatter measure and

I'll come back I'll come
back to it in a minute but

this is beam attenuation which
we'll get to in just a minute.

So this is one thing I had to take into
into consideration so I couldn't just say

based on based on the results
from the kilometer

the which comes out in voltage I couldn't
just compare those to the bottle data and

come up with a calibration.

So we did a multiple multiple linear
regression for with fluorescents and

time of day and depth and
so from that I took

each one of the each one of
the measured florescence values

and calculated a predicted value and
compare that and compare that to

the bottom measured value at the places
where we had bottle measurements and

we come up with an R. squared of point
six five So that's that's pretty good.

So now we only have bottom measurements
for a couple of transects up and

down the lines but
I had thirty four transects in all and so

the point is to be able to use
the fluorescents to to do as a proxy for

chlorophyll instead of instead
of using the bottled it so.

This is one where where I did have.

Bottle data each one of
the circles is a point.

It is a point where a bottle was collected
and then you had to take in the lab and

I didn't do any of this stuff they did on
the ship you take it in the lab you filter

it you acetone you know all
kinds of things like this and

it's a lot of work and so
part of the point of this is

that you can get a lot higher
resolution using optics than you can.

With with with the traditional
methods of of measuring in the lab.

So this is the interpreted.

Look we're looking from south to north.

So we're looking across the latitude and
over about two hundred meters depth and

two hundred meters includes
a photo stone like

like the level that light gets down to So
that's where the interesting stuff happens

anyway even though my data go
down to a thousand meters.

So this is what we'll call truth.

So the darker is higher chlorophyll and
you see higher chlorophyll of course

of course towards the surface where
there's more light availability.

And I'll get to why it's
slightly less at the surface and

slightly more just below the surface
because that's kind of an interesting bit

and this is my predicted
chlorophyll values for

this particular transect and it looks kind
of the same and dividing one by the other

Ideally it would be one that would mean
that we predict everything perfectly.

And you can see the red we
predicted a little high

in the blue we predicted a little low but
in general we got the basic pattern of it.

So we'll call.

We'll call this truth prime and
go on from there.

So.

This is included just to explain a little
bit a little bit about optics which may

not be necessary because most of
your physics types but so basically.

One of the instruments emits light at
a certain frequency in absorbs light

at that frequency or
measures light at that frequency and so

light going across the water
column light is either.

Absorbed by a particle or
reflected or nothing happens.

So beam attenuation is everything
that's not absorbed or

reflected it's Its or it's actually.

Everything that is absorbed or
reflected so

everything that doesn't get
through what you're measuring.

And then back scatter anything that
scattered in this direction which is

what I'm using as a proxy for a part of
particular organic carbon forward scatter.

Yeah and that's it.

So now you can use beam
attenuation everything that

doesn't get through or you can use
backscatter everything that's scatters.

Less than ninety degrees.

You can use either one of those as a proxy
for particular organic carbon P O C.

In general the relationships
have been proven in

in the lab by by measuring the chlorophyll
and we did the same thing.

The other carbon was measured from the
from from the bottle samples and each one.

So each one of these points represents
a bottle sample you see we're

getting from blue to yellow.

So we're increasing carbon and
this is this is backscatter.

And this is beam attenuation and so

you see that both of them
actually model model carbon

fairly well so point eight one R. squared
so it's so it's fine either way but.

We decided to use backscatter because the
data ended up being totally screwed up.

If you remember in
the first slide there was.

The interim it is about this big I think
it's thirty five centimeters the distance

between the between the transmitter
between the between

the transmitter and receiver.

It seems that it was it was
talked a little like this.

And so
all the data were totally screwed up.

We think maybe something was changed
on the on like as it was going down.

Possibly a temperature thing anyway so
all the data were were pretty.

It's useless after the first year.

But we have the backscatter data so
we use that as a as a proxy for carbon so

doing the same thing with backscatter and
carbon for each one of the each one of

the bottle points to get an R. squared of
point eight three so that's really good.

So again.

Each one of the circles represents
a bottle sample looking over what

is out about thirteen degrees of latitude
in the for and the top two hundred meters.

So this is the this is the truth.

This is what this is what I calculated and
this is the difference between the two.

So we have some some
high anomalies low here.

Our deep here but you will notice that
there were no bottle samples in this area.

So it's possible that.

This actually was higher and higher
in carbon but we just don't know it.

Anyway.

So anyways so
we have the truth prime again for carbon.

So the next thing to do was to
compile everything for the throat for

the thirty four transects.

So here we have temperature calculated
chlorophyll calculated P O C

and really really only get All right so.

You can see it's.

Wow.

And then.

What I did is I divided.

I took the ratio of chlorophyll to carbon
and so that's basically the amount of

the amount of chlorophyll per cell
which is going to change depending on

depending on the light attenuation
let's say if you're a little deeper.

Then you have a lot of cloudiness in
the water above you then you need

to you need more chlorophyll in order to
supply your energy needs which is why

which is why back in one of the previous
lives we had more we had more chlorophyll

below the surface than you do at
the surface because at the surface

they don't need as much they
have more like a bit of ale.

Whereas deeper.

There's more of a there's
more competition for it.

Let's say.
So here we are in a regular

enter in a regular season a little
bit of upwelling at the equator.

And here we are going into an El Nino
cycle which was the point.

Where you where you have where
you have less upwelling at

the equator chlorophyll
is maybe getting less and

closer to getting a bit less and here.

Chlorophyll getting a whole lot less.

This is this is in like the depth
of the El Nino when there's a lot

less upwelling So a lot less nutrients
come to the surface so less chlorophyll.

And then in the end.

Lots of upwelling upwelling of cold
waters that's why you see the cold water

signal at the equator.

Lots of upwelling THIS IS BACK INTO
up into LA niña conditions.

So kind of the opposite even even even
more towards the opposite then then what

would be normal.

And and a spike a spike in chlorophyll and
a spike in P.S.E.

So here we are looking looking over
time at all the different at all of

the different transects this is an anomaly
P.R.C. doesn't really do anything it stays

pretty constant chlorophyll does go
down as the El Nino comes up and

then in the recovery from El Nino
spikes and the chlorine and

the chlorophyll per cell or chlorophyll
to carbon ratio definitely goes down and

spikes but that's that's pretty
much due to the chlorophyll change.

And these are some blank slides and
you know

I don't know where the rest of the slides
are and I think I'm out of time anyway.

But you know this could be a problem.

Yes yes I'll put up some

conclusions whether you like like
well you think of the question.

There we go.

That's from the saddle.

Right.

I didn't have to work very hard for
that we just called Math and

they sent it to me thought I'll
have it was plotted basically.

Just I just some examples but
it looks pretty nice and

you have the cold water tongue coming
out coming out from South America.

So we're looking across across
longitude across like from above.

Obviously from satellite.

The cold water tongue from
the upwelling normally and

the reduced the reduced the reduced
upwelling during El Nino conditions.

Yeah yeah yeah.

So yeah.

So if there are any any any question.

OK.

Did you understand any of it models
the models were modeling remodeling.

That they got there over
the graph made sense.

All right that's good but
your primary interest.

That's the bigger picture right.

Very well let's see.

I mean if you want to go
really bigger picture.

Like with climate change.

We're meant.
We're meant to go into more ill need like

conditions everywhere.

So finding out how that affects
primary productivity how that affects

Well it's kind of important.

And if you can if you can
do it with less labor has

I say it was one of my you know you
go less labor intensive methods.

Although I'm kind of interested in labor
because I want to go to sea so you know.

Using satellites is is not nearly as
fun but apparently when you when you

get older and you want to you just
assume sit around and your computer and

not not not go out to sea and
leave your wife and such like them yes.