[00:00:05]
>> From everybody to another installment of No it checked as you know no it is a fine monthly seminar series supposed inside the Institute for criminal technology at Georgia Tech and the Southeastern no technology infrastructure corridor or one of the sites of the down and c.i. programs funded by the National Science Foundation So now today I'm going to pass it off to the press or asked if time to introduce a very speaker All right so much for everyone for coming so let me take this opportunity to introduce the speakers so we have we're very glad to have.

[00:00:49]
As our speaker to their purposes the key the postdoc associate at University of Oregon a champagne shooting took the scene electrical engineering from a team to post anything afterwards he was stuck at Argonne National. Fire research for both east on magnetics has been trying to get basis. Na she explores Nova physical phenomena in the electron spin in quantum material and these days he has been focusing on using these.

[00:01:23]
Materials systems and devices for building building an anomaly. Devices part of a technique penetration energy efficient computing. She has been selected as. U c s rising star and also she is the Dr for stop further work in 2019 but with that let's get started so doctors in the.

[00:01:52]
Second far nice introduction hand for inviting me to the nanotechnology seminar series that can take it really appreciate the opportunity to present my research on such a key platform. Today I'm going to talk about magnetic devices and how they can form the basic building blocks for computing memory and in memory computation.

[00:02:14]
Let it show for a step out what motivates assigned fields and engineers all over the course to explore that in me where the computing here I'm showing the actual texture of Martin computer was his based on Avan Naaman architecture and read the memories and the president believes are separated from each other and been afraid as any competition they tend to be paying back and forth between the memory and the computer and the president to this cash now cash here is also an other kind of memory with very fast response time if he has to mount a processing time and energy are lost during this data will we have this problem again 1st thing is the Martin computer was invented but we work around this problem by improving the performance of the transistors in the processing in the and also aides moving that name but today we are in that cognitive year we have not just happy doing that let us proceed with the computer rather we want our computers to make the decisions our DARPA Immy just based on those image processing are in after reports we want something that is called artificial intelligence now for our traditional image processing the operation required element by a small to the kitchen far off an image with a known filter then equable of the total of those ossification to get out now here future is that in Semple of which they presented by this matrix of size Our by s..

[00:03:43]
And the maze is also a meter is of size age by depth and after a shot this to me says that output in is also a matrix which we have to store in that memory now for doing the classification we in a single e at each You question because you have many trees just which are even larger in size and everytime we need to call this field terrace large meters of militaries and waves from the memory and stored up in the memory so you can imagine the resistive losses moving the data around and here I will and showing a single e. at the classification often with human level accuracy it request under successfully do we need to find the solution of this data shuttling problem now and night the end nightly one week would be bringing them in very close to the process or so there is less interconnect lost or processing inside in memory.

[00:04:44]
The other solution is a pressing is that in memory to completely eliminate the interconnect the system that performs as layer by layer operation I usually call neural net correct because of the similarity with the neural system in the human brain that the brain data storage and oppressing units are colocated to perform study the classification task most efficiently to for competition inside in the I'm sure it will be the more elegant solution of that it is shocking how.

[00:05:14]
I like to mention here that I will focus on that. In my shop there are other type of your network like spiking neural networks and far the deep need a letter and if you are interested and I will cover your letter of using that made it a device as a building block if you are interested in some other other materials are other kind of devices I would highly recommend to look into the work of Professor as it can produce as professor should menu for other architectural little analyzes and also Professor.

[00:05:46]
And are you that you are are you to tell it all. Analysts know Ok Moving on I like to show what a human brain actually looks like now looking inside a human brain brain these companies of billions are in itself called neuron is single be run in chemicals connect to be cows and suck the neurons to see an **** now this thing that's a store that we like filter as we have seen in the previous life now in signal coming from the previous neurons I multiplied by the weights Jordi the scene assets the cell body then some all know wave signal and send the output signal to the next neuron depending on the predefined gosh this is an essential operation to lead the alpha so a neuron that correct has to basic operation one is a leader affirmation of multiplication and accumulation land then the other is nonlinear thresholding 2 kinds of actually kind of problem the To me this neural activity inside in the move that initial thing problem it's possible to use almost.

[00:06:59]
Now here the output will be the multiplication of the voltage chance to contact us and this contact answers will be stored in the memory which we will use the magnetic devices. But this conduct unsent resists a need to be very chipped as the weight of the filters and this variable resistor is called a c. activity particularly shut up this current we can rely on the carcass law so that the output current at the end of this column will be the sum of all the currents coming through the different batches Now if you expand us a sense we can use this crosspoint and at the end we will need this kind of knowledge in your activation functions energetic conversion of and of problem of doing that special thing like the new or now.

[00:07:47]
If you expand system b. can use this Act certain struck a long time attitude and compute in the analog to me doe. I think there is a there's a delay between what I'm talking about and what I'm going to have the slight advantage anyway and so am I And so all that all disconnect has elements of the connections as we want is the full so far all this conduct has an element we want a story element for storing there of the waves that those are and it will be even more elegant We can replace these activation functions generator also we a similar kind of devices so that it will all the competition will be happening now look to me to be da going to tell to me at all and the top part which you do that's all the sponsor position I will be performing as a as a c. natural as a human brain and all this and here are our activation functioning are happening like the new run in in the human So this is we're talking about memories to store the elements and we need some for non we need some nonvolatile memory so that the storage although the devices storing that it doesn't go have it will be our of our devised.

[00:09:16]
Though there are many novel I Tell me more is available I'm talking about in this is the 3 particular wants out as in the one that sets the phase change memory and that resisting random access memory and productive speech than the means you know faces memory in childhood and I'd class sandwiched between 2 electrodes this challenge in a class can change between that crystalline and more on heating and cooling as such face change just I introduced by passing a current to me Cheerio he did not inform me she has a story in the phases of active material crystalline our animal factories as had different resistance just which correspond to the different laws 60 now fish memory has been extensively studied over the past 2 years and they have they can be produced in the industry as it is in my mass production.

[00:10:12]
So that other kind of memories that resisted random access memory which is also a sandwich of 2 mentally arse about middle middle offside the centuries in this case between the 2 Mitchell it and when an electric field is a interviews between these 2 metal layers then there is a creation of oxygen vacancies and there is also vacancies move around this electric field resulting in the formation of a come back to feel I'm an ox and this changes the device resistance was varies between the high and the lows to now there isn't a Random Access Memories a very promising novelty and memory because of the use of because of a military else they are using is also very common in the semiconductor men at.

[00:10:57]
The Met Office in those hafnium oxide and some oxide if any I'm off and they'll minima all up with Candy it was a reason to ask me. But how did their error because of the stability of this option vacancies in the cheery L's inside this. All sides. The resistance are generated I'm not very reliable and I'm not very producible from from cycle to cycle and then the other memory I want to talk about is the conductive the Strand a mix of memories this is similar to resist a ram this is your random access memory but here the middle oxide is replaced by it's all equal actual life and one of that is I could use a metal that can easily oxidized into the metal I do when you want to feel there's a pipe between the lick the small metal ions from the chalk electrode my quitting to the solid electrolyte or filament that piece out of one of the critical issues of the conduct of these Random Access Memories though the circuses migration process there for the configuration of the collected filament changes every time and has a few forms and that results in Iraq relations risks.

[00:12:12]
There are other kinds of memories like electric memories which is also very promising solutions are being a nonvolatile memory but I will move on to the main topic and going to talk about today is that magnetic nonvolatile memory so this is the man leading on to us and they were it is mainly an element of which is called made magnetic tunnel junction the magnetic tunnel Junction is a.

[00:12:41]
Many discount Junction is a sample of 2 fair magnetically actually separated by an insulating lier. And and whenever they're fair magnet to Superman he declares have the same orientation of the spins in the Tuli s. the f. air. The d. in City of states of the primary level line and so that all those things have equal probability of chop talent through this oxide to the other side so which causes no resistance to do so if this is a big meeting that you yell the density of states of the will say obscene and downs beings are not same at the crime so there are different states of say downs being compared to the Us being and on the other side that same day and that probably a Chinese.

[00:13:31]
But in case if there if there are the 1st one at the fair magnet a Clear is you press then this is not the high distance stage because now spins in the at the Army level the density of states of to different cities of the army level are not same so the tally probably vs Now your say it has a high resistance to and the fear of made it far this time Maggie may need to count action is the Taliban future resistance with usually a president by the.

[00:14:03]
By the change of the resistance this of those 2 resistance state compeer to its the resistance state and this minute it sounds action is the core of any main it is random access memory so in this light I like to convince you that why why I made it random access memory are more promising than the other options I have shown today don't here I'm showing.

[00:14:34]
There I think. You are far Emery's right mall or so the pair part position in this car is the bottom left. If you look into all these different options and to see this magnitude times out shells are negative and of his memory are presented by this green diamond and they have they are more to our surprise fire or an hour of those all the other memories to then in those we see time.

[00:15:10]
And act but you feel also look into the programming inner city versus the cell area the programming interface is the same as water. On the right. Plot and this energy is the same but on the on the highs unless I'm showing the cell area and again in this case the magnetic memory beads are presented by the screen jam and as shown that they are want the smallest size they have one of the smallest cells as possible and one of the other more important things for the technology is that these magnetic tiles actions are related nets you technology so they can be easily incorporated into the industry are into the manufacturing so this is by today's top I'm going to show you how we can use the magnetic talents actions are are made needed by says to create an analog kind of devices just store this unique to each and also use the seamlessly vices far getting a specialty device and in the 2nd part of my talk I will talk you talk about how we can create at that he has freshened off is that active and thresholding devices and in the last part of my talk today I'm going to show you how we can design a system with Analog Devices and showing the 1st the 1st that you know active eyes so before we're going to talk about the Analog Devices Let me show you one device which we use our story actually we use far in ontological device to create a logic perform.

[00:16:48]
So this is history as to time in the device and we can apply that input and input time between these 2 time you know and reintroduce a magnetic Joe Meanwhile in the really everywhere the magnet has ition changes in the magnetic calendar this is that the center part is the magnetic panel junctions and where I have a fixed the error of their magnetic orientation here but I introduce a Jew a while in the field so there meanwhile is just a boundary between 22 means that the negative.

[00:17:18]
And who in this position of the to mean well when it's left of this tunnel junction then this is in a parallel state so loud output cut resistances Laurie's by Act passed to current through the chairman of the now 2 kinds of behind this is a loss a device which a presence does want now if I have high current I can move this to me was on the right side of this channel junction now I have a opposite orientation of this to carry magnetically actually this magnetic panels action now the output resistance is high so my out with parents of the low so this the presence is there so I said that it is devise and in this case these 3 times the device just has to chime in else I present by this 2 time you know and the tunnel junction is under this.

[00:18:06]
And that this middle terminal and the why are in this car Tony maze is actually designed as a same circular arc because this helps us to get this job meanwhile we've simply applying a magnetic field now that we start in the meadow Meanwhile on the laps and it is in the parallel state so it's the initial resistance is low now if you have high power and house which is about one microsecond and there's still Meanwhile moves on the other side now out we have this opposite orientation and we see that we can read that by electrically reading the resistance of this junction and see that we that we after a certain threshold voltage the output resistance change it's still not of course if you think that men are both his is Lol my output resistance is.

[00:18:55]
My outward resistance is low when my voltage is high now 2 resistance aside so this is an obvious is an invite her. Operation of logic. And this this device can expand to create even Nand are not operation by edge asking that they can add just in the width of the where and by creating multiple it with timing else the sort of the single time so now we know that this magnetic devices can create this kind of logic operations so we sort of shown that the magnetic memories are good for our creating logic operations no question is in this case we have only 2 resistant state so how we can use these devices to replace this conductivity says in the scene after devices so far that we need to look into what's our what are the requirement of the devices troops of the synoptic the 1st one is the nonvolatile do we know that we have as its main that if I say that we need also multiple resistance States.

[00:20:00]
Which we don't has yet and that also we have to have this resistance stage leniently varying with a good parent or a. 10 year cut we are going to prove tell here in this case the magnetic field meanwhile which can move in this wire is not in the want side of the other side of the tunnel junction rather this magnetic domain wall is under this tunnel junction and we that make the shaft.

[00:20:29]
So now the output resistance would be now a company shaft is the munition of this parallel resistance which is when there are similar orientation and that combination of these also and the palaver is assessed as their property and take up a bit more information and also depends on where it's made.

[00:20:49]
Now we know that the deal may well can be moved leniently under. Any move leniently with an affectation I think parent so by using this question we can calculate the resistance and the also change linearly by just moving the jelly. So that's great so we can be placed in.

[00:21:13]
The same after devices with a magnetic tunnel junctions Jolene well there so the question then is what about this non-linear activation function and also replace them with the similar kind of devices again if you look into the criteria what we have to fulfill for the 1st run is nonvolatile if you can we can we have that but the multiple resistance States we know how to generate the multiple This is just a question and is this in this case the output resistance have to be changed not only at the end there are particular program that we should follow their particular kind of function really too generous by using its Trishul devices.

[00:21:59]
Don't care what we are proposing for that the this is the same device tree time analogy vice we have a magnetic domain while really air and these are the 2 timing us where we apply current and in this case there is a sense will also be defined by position of the domain and that and how much area is parallel to that effort as they are and how much periods and out of.

[00:22:24]
The evening you have an input kind of even then our resistance is defined by the same kind of resistance equation I showed in the P.D.'s light that in this case we actually changing the size of the width of the bottom there now that you mean well when I talk about the journey of all moves Leni a it depends if you have the same kind density along the length of the wire then it moves lean yet now by theri the width of the bottom of the air and at this really air we are changing the current density constantly and depending on where the journey will is every time see a different car and as it is so it will not move with this constant the velocity so we can we come up with this equation analytical equation and weak and we can come up with what kind of whip function we need to what kind of weird to in each actually create in our fabrication every device to get it that you are kind of nonlinear agee with that input so in this case the input is our ion.

[00:23:31]
The input current and the output is the position of that I mean. We can we can use this fashion to create this kind of money or. Along along the length of. So. We say for example the following is functional in your function of sick mind which is a very popular function in the deep neural network community so we try to generate that and from the analytical model we know that the end generates them almost so with the micro magnetic stimulation we can come up with that with a wish function so that we have this we can get this kind of.

[00:24:10]
Particles from our stimulation that follows the sick my functional so we want to see their results in the experiment not not just with simulation what we have here on the right side you can see that this is an amazing. Event this is an optical image but it also can read so this is a micro magnet.

[00:24:36]
This is a magnet of the car microscope image so in addition to this seeing this and device we also can see where What's the magnetic orientation of the of the there are magnetically or in this case the reread and here is you can see that this gray region shows one kind of domain and the green region shows and that kind of domain so I think there's a great region shows that have to maintain the green credentials down and then to wire you can see that I have a constant with wire which is which of the fair magnetic on the bottom I have a part number the air which I shape as we as we can is to measure from our analytical model that's what kind of shape the bottom very negative where should be used to get sick my functions and reapply the pulse current along between these between these 2 timing us and we see that the 2 Meanwhile moves and the position of the doing well change actually as a punk as as like to see why function as we act as from our analytical it Mark.

[00:25:41]
So this is because of the very exciting results that we not only can generate the linear shows of the meanwhile motion but also become programmed it in on the action. So to summarize the 1st part of my talk I have shown you that we can use this to mean while in a magnet Ecomil junction to create this kind of air resistance chains like in a field and we have also can generate this kind of non the in the air motion of those of them involves by creating by designing the wire chain where we are changing constantly along a limb now to move on to the 2nd part of my talk I'm going to show you how we can use these devices for creative heat as for those synaptic and threshold and don't forget that.

[00:26:33]
We designed our magnetic tunnels actions and this is a magnetic. Material is the ferromagnetic neutrinos Cobalt iron ore and the insulating there is. And we put a reference there which is a complicated and very magnetically on the top to create this step and Slayer high enough so that it doesn't switch is very easily we we def the kitchen of.

[00:27:00]
Weekend recount I have see that Rican center by our back characterization we can Jenna different kind of join orientation in that if a magnet e.t.s. I'm not going to. Let me show you the price movies I'm after after. So we did the president all the spin feel and the Afterwards we actually fabricated a devise of this and get it out I'm sure.

[00:27:24]
We all this difference there is this is that our friends there and we want to put our domain while in this Bill Ayers But 1st we characterize the metal magnet resistance which is on a. Shell he got off made far too many to count actions and we see that we have this to just change our resistance layer far Rigol our fair magnetically air fare repair a magnet a magnet acknowledge actions which is to find the high risk the state is the ante bellum resistance to lower resistance to the pelvis and state and in this case that the Americans are 44 hours though then be actually designed.

[00:28:06]
We actually created a way to create the magnetic domain whilst in this particularly air so what we have to do we apply only a small biased field that creates just too many to go meanwhile in spiel f. because now this high that the region which is outside is to France the end that's the ferromagnetic there but the regenerate is inside this reference there doesn't it's just that this is a small ferromagnetic there so that creates the 2 different Bond Gerry's of those ages and is at the the domain what's the what did it be applied to measure at this.

[00:28:44]
Vices we have created this kind of measurement scheme where we apply current and its current the emphasis should have this current increases with China. And that the pulses with the pulse is always same and the house with Israel in the nanosecond reigns and there is a long wait between this palaces to measure the resistance as after Is house.

[00:29:12]
And by using This is scheme we measure if you buy square in this case we want to create this enough to devise to create this with this multiple times option so in this device we have 9 magnetic tunnels joshes at the even if this channel Josh and he can see on the right that is talk this child action that there is a magnetic domain whilst each at each of these a just and.

[00:29:40]
We have 9 of them so. In total we have 18 domain walls this device but in this case the width of the where is not on sent the width of the where is the nearly very long the length of wire and on the bottom showing of the top is c.m. view on the.

[00:29:59]
Top left I'm showing you that card to the maze end where the domain of also so now we have a magnetic Tamil Jascha so we can read there is a stone is just just looking into the position of the domain with the wiring to apply any kind and we see that with.

[00:30:18]
This case where increasing the amount of and because small amount of time we see that the car still Meanwhile moves and we can create the resistance state. On our measurement and when we increase the current the 2nd Meanwhile moves and we can see an other step on our measurement so this space we can actually can keep increasing that can and we can be all the different resistance to have because of the motion of the domain wall.

[00:30:49]
Now if you look into that this plot on the right and we can see that it's can be defeated easily feed it with a lenient air. Power and we can change the resistance of this you guys. One of the thing as you noted here in this case we have 95 magnetic challenge options on the bottom but we only can see Steffen steps so if all the devices in this case all the devices did not reach the all the devices does not suit you rather the 2 devices the 2 challenge options which are at the end of this which are at the.

[00:31:31]
Which are at the peak are part of the wire actually to is because the amount of kind in city needed to switch them is higher so that is very high so that that can't even damage that the smaller region of the wire so to show you the summary is that I have shown that we can create this kind of visit as far.

[00:31:54]
As soon after devices is very the resistance changes leniently which is one of the advantage of this kind of to me while devices and I'm not. This kind of clean yet you have not seen in any other kind of nonvolatile devices. Then the question is it again going to that activation functions.

[00:32:17]
And in this case all seek my function as an example and designing this my fashion with this magnet examines options we have this why and where we go we've got the where in this case also changes leniently along the lens but now the size of the town's options I've been airing along the length of wire dough at the end of this 2 so if we analytically part of what the function we want to see then it's the small resistance steps are coming from the small town injunction and the 2 end of the big resistance state a coming of the town's actions in the media and this is just an analytical we're going to expect and dysfunctions on the right shows very different on the left of Pop this is because just a mirror I'm showing here the viewer fresh.

[00:33:08]
But we can't create both the viewer are already actually my favs but it depends on which hour and of their friends date we are going to start with the reference there so we use the same measurement scheme on this devices to read the resistances and by measuring the 75 devices we can create we can show that they all of them are shown and my functionality of those those that we are designed this device for and they are very well fitted with this in mind that are mere orcs it might function that we wanted to generate Dell to summarize the 2nd part of my talk I have shown both.

[00:33:54]
Actually devices and that non-linear activation child function both can be generated in the d.z. test form out with this method is an injection. Now the 1st motivation when I started talking about that this is that you know actually comes option of this of the devices are we want to be just that they are shopping but the question out there is if you want to measure.

[00:34:17]
If you want to compete with this kind of devices that works the power consumption of those devices Doh I am for the perfectly vices the power required to see the magnetic challenge options is just the micro what to me only what the kind of pulses be used is only 8 and.

[00:34:35]
That means that energy consumption can be translated only typical Joe and this is similar to resistive vamped one of the smallest hearkens options you needed any kind of nonvolatile memory now it's not fair to compare the poor i Devices that there is to them because resistance to the ends are all always very skilled ice dough and I'm going to give you some numbers out which are taken from the already taken from the industrial.

[00:35:04]
Version of the devices so it's possible to create many towns actions with only nanometer in size and that we've got the Cobalt iron bar on the farm and if you can be possible to narrow as I've manager and I'm here to computing the very cons I really raise so I am Paul's is it and a 2nd studied possible so you can switch to this drawing also with.

[00:35:28]
The with kind also has a small as one and a 2nd. So that you know if you cons I'm sure in fact this is real devices would be in the order of them to 0 now to give you. Give you give you an understanding that. How small this temp is really is a balance because in s. which is the ultimate goal of our device committee to get to in terms of energy consumption this algae calls an abscess I also just me only them to 2nd in action Ok so you move on.

[00:36:06]
I have shown you this and I will check out devices in the beginning in the 1st part of my talk I'm going to show you how we can design a system like this and devices now to give you a. New view of a big favor that this is a valid device where the domain wall is under the magnetic tunnel junctions a single domain wall is under the magnet it sounds actions to create and by designing the wire it can create this lean the air and on the net functionality so to.

[00:36:36]
Create a system we say we want to do multiplication and then the threshold and that's that's very simple we have this magnetic device that each of these cross points and at the end of these columns we have to stretch all the devices and that's b.s. Wait it's some Asian very easily now we also need to change the weights of these wires so we need to see evil to selected these devices individually so far that we need sweetness and in this case who use to come Sr says r.c..

[00:37:07]
And also to separate the special in devices from reaching itself when we are switching the waves so we keep we also need to see just to separate this threshold in devices now to change. Now to update the wheats we only need to connect to this devices individually and we can actually and we need to apply current 200 to this wire on the bottom where so will we fit and then this wire and.

[00:37:38]
An actor so we can change the with change the position of the job meanwhile and at the same time we can change actually do and columns but not all the rules together. Then we can read them to understand if this is really change or not to verify the resistance change and this is the whole architecture or if the single layer for the deep neural network.

[00:38:04]
The best part of this design is that when we are going from one layer to the next they are usually for any other nonvolatile devices since there is no programmable non-linearity in those kind of device he'd need the signal in the analog domain it's to go to that easy tell Joe Main and then back to the analog to mean on the next but with this device as I have shown that special devices be jumpy to go through the go through that a.t.c. contact are obviously convertor between actually air so there is no direct connection between the layers which can speed up you need any calculation of that if neural network.

[00:38:43]
Convolution and network. In accurate sharp point of view it's simple and it's similar to the resistive elements this may worry about that the main difference again is there is no it is c.r. d.c. d.c. between this. But in terms of accusors says there are pulses fungi 1st and last but architecture in the middle and then again sands and the fire and the ins or he just these different areas and they can be used to store the fanfare side they can be used to store one single layer and separate them each watchfully as depending on the size of the neural network we need to leave.

[00:39:26]
The cube in if you know because. This kind of design that detector is it's that they own since we're talking about multiple our resistance state their accuracy level can be even 20 percent and also the neural network heavy and brain to have nearly can be trained to. Optimize the pros a if there is any kind of business chance she has because of the process variation of this magnitude and its actions and out again there is no extra storage for him he did this devices are made it a special thing and it accounts actually.

[00:40:04]
And we have assimilated only a very small 2 by 2 area of this magnitude tonnage Russian devices and we have seen that it only takes about. Smaller and the energy to climb and harvest of ice are by kind of smaller and yet an on a lot. And in this case the is humid and the warm nationalistic and each of those years to talk about the future directions and I to say that in future.

[00:40:32]
What we want to have to ensure is this devices in the back end of the present and the seas just to get the bottom we see must be just the 1st there and between does make a huge economic There we can introduce this is make it it's an injunction.

[00:40:49]
Which at the scene after the NDAA. And. Potentially the crisis. What they're working on right now is we are trying to use this street 3 dimensional materials we are you working up to ours creating this kind of. Them we are planning to use the 2 dimensional materials which are not only able to create this kind of.

[00:41:20]
This kind of deep need a letter out on the traditional sense but all that can be easily covered into that place of all I have 2 devices to create that competition to keep the competition local to those devices are not there were some smart devices this summer as my talk today and I have shown today is that design of the and lot Fishel in devices and also I have shown that the d.c. has freshen up as.

[00:41:47]
The shelling devices the magnetic talent and I have shown in Amin Yet social impact on devices which is not possible with the me of a novel of how option non-plussed a nym reactions and also show you that I did share the. Implementation of those devices in the system.

[00:42:07]
I'd like to thank you so this work I have shown you today it's down at my. That school at mit So I'd like to thank all my pianist specially Mark Kelly and shall I really supporting the dream of doing this work and also having to make past that also like to thank my all of my colleagues and at the end I like to thank my doctor and eyes are who he is.

[00:42:34]
Who is supporting me through this was Dr you know it's us and we and our we team working on this implementation of this 2 dimensional materials into these devices d. how they how they how well they can perform over the 3 dimensional devices. With that I like to think you far.

[00:42:57]
Of the things at the cave I think you dislike least the my and you froze a little bit there so this last couple of seconds of what you said but I think you're ready for questions Yes Ok great so we do have a question of a chat and feel free to add others if people want to so this question is from Hosseini who asks What is the typical size of the domain wall and how does it affect the size of a unit cell you can make especially for the case where you are counting on having a little but split domain under the reference magnet.

[00:43:40]
And that's a very I think you say for asking so that to mean well size the material it depends on that and isotropic of the materials you know depending on the and as such happy that meanwhile science can be as narrow as 5 men I meet there. We're going and talking about our 20 you had an inside it's asking enemy terribly.

[00:44:07]
And to have. Them come back to the town's actions and assume that they're separate Also I think you've got to be eligible. But I think down too many I'll commit. Cool far I have to create a. Long time junction rather than the fence control even well there is illusion of this resistance will be even.

[00:44:34]
Higher. So that we can't even create multiple steps in that country town law. Thank you. Just never questions yes this is a great talker passivity so I have a couple of questions 1st thing that comes to my mind is that right now as. I said I'm a city and I'm right there probably the new non-selection devices that may be to the industry right now right so for example Intel times.

[00:45:14]
Says that they're all offering a city and I'm sensitive to that region already. In fact from a perspective great that actually means that volunteers will actually be open to introducing new materials a new kind of devices like you are doing on a little way what with these devices right.

[00:45:33]
So if you have any talk to to introduce these kind of structure what might be the hardest are like how realistic it might be are. How realistic it might be that the new kind of creature has been divisive how easy it will be to introduce in the. Industry in the seed technology.

[00:45:56]
Right and that's that's a very very interesting question though and if you yes I will start with the hard look out what like what are the challenges that Joe Meanwhile defiance if you look into that that he made the slide this one. And when I'm moving this Meanwhile And these are the measurements from chance and 15 cycles.

[00:46:24]
And I applaud it this average of those steps right. Is not that the French. Between who want cycle to the other cycle but if you look into the Arab along the x. axis which is that how much current a media view time to the 2 meanwhile they are kind of not very you know biased and a baby so sometimes if you particularly if you look into this pond this one looks like this sometimes I see instead of Milan movement that you don't Meanwhile the same time so it's there are there are some strictest in this kind of devices and that's that I believe this was a hack challenge to our calm and this is talk us to is it is mainly coming from this the domain welcome movement are mainly coming from.

[00:47:12]
You so when you apply that kind they have to come a leak site is to me was then they start moving. So we need to get rid of this kind of family. So it's and it's very well studied for the holders who are. Multiple years that's what how the demeanor almost you know in the fair minded to Michel's It's not that easy then we can introduce some new other materials state theory magnates r.n. Peter Magnus Israel's where this kind of movement should not be excited by this I'm all excited so maybe that's that's one way to go but then then then they have not coming as we we saw challenge then there is the challenge of how you can detect.

[00:47:58]
The magnetic state and if there are magnet how we differentiate between to defend your means and then the signal getting the signal between this to defend your mains and then there are magnet is the real solution is even more so there are some challenges in both ways that I believe that's the main challenge this took us to see in this devices are a day in the writing that cemented in that scene that in the technology to my.

[00:48:29]
Class. Materials was right so materials wise one of the materials that you're using like all the different kind of materials that you're using or you're doing all devices are magnetic direction devices what are all the different kind of materials that are using the credit that we're using the.

[00:48:50]
Chair. So the device I shown you here the data stack I was using where there are about Braun and also the call was normal to have to create a scene to t.n.t. Paramatman So since there is actually this did you actually deposit like make this device in your lab Yes Yes All right so this is how this is like and.

[00:49:29]
Like all this material that already introduced in the factory. And yes I believe. There are a so that means that to make your devices you don't need to introduce a new device and so that's that's great so that's where you basically rely on him that's you know half of the 2nd is are you have any comments on the scale ability because it seems like your devices are like my crossed a lot.

[00:49:53]
Of empty g.o.p. news lately I'm going to not only does the probably. The size of this be resurrected not only to repeat it out of it having to just that they have those of the year for printing is on the order of micro dough for my device yes that these are the prototype devices we did not see a chance of so that we did not take chances to have the.

[00:50:16]
Airline many shoes in the. E.b.m. or anything so we reject His started with Ok we have to start with the size of the meaning to say we're very comfortable so that's why the size of them today is actually a 100 animator but even even in the academic and that is I mean if you not every day in 2 days it's not not possible.

[00:50:41]
Doubt it's possible to make these devices so say after I have shown 8 steps so it's like t.v. device if I want to create this g.p.s. device it can definitely be possible just kill to be in 100 enemy varies. Or it sounds goods door Yup so and so you mention about the rest of plasticity but the thing is that in many of you can use our stuff aspect right solves the vast Is it easy.

[00:51:12]
Of course from any perspective we do want to. Get rid of the suggested city but again we can use this to pass to forget the competition of our population are used as a competition of. Law or something as well so. That as a as a like our proper problem is to computing definitely then have to but that will not be part didn't need a letter that would be something else.

[00:51:41]
As a survey that a question from the same again so. Sure only to. Can you also comment on the deposition of these players some of them are only a few extra ones like that Chancellor Yeah. Yeah yeah so so I use a Saturday position and we control our power and with the control of.

[00:52:07]
The house where you have people sitting in your sample it's possible to control that sickness so ideally 1st say who is you have something less than 25 nanometer like that and so on there the call down for example of the I think that in the in the in this part it's probably not a very continuously have asked without this tense love the act you do not have the appeal and isotopic about that and so although he has stopped that immediate because this is very important to get the right and I suppose the different material.

[00:52:42]
I think I'm going to say our time is up. So it said thank you again we very much appreciate you spending the time with us at little attacked and thanks again.