Welcome everyone.

Thank you so much for being here to
say we have an exciting program and

we very much appreciate
your participation.

We had about one hundred fifty registered
we thought that if we got fifty

here we could declare total victory and
when the number went over eighty.

Most of us were saying
this is pretty cool and

and then we fifty we thought I don't
know how are going to feed everybody.

So we're in pretty good shape.

Actually I think we've got about one
twenty five that are physically here in

one way or another and where and
what I mean is either registered or

maybe not registered but hopefully
you've got your meal voucher by now.

Dean Jacki Royster please raise your hand.

Dean Royster is the dean of the I have
an Allen college the major sponsor for

this event.

I also want.

Jim Ogden to raise his hand.

Jim has been a special
friend to Georgia Tech.

He is the military historian from
the Chickamauga National Military Park and

if there's one person who probably knows
more about the civil war then him here.

You know he and
Charlie Crawford might duke it out but

it's Jim Ogden Sorry Charlie
the fire exits.

There's one back there.

I don't know if there's
a far exit sign here but I

can tell you it's a straight shot outside
so if anything happens go there or there.

The bathrooms there is one
directly across the hall.

There's also a set of larger bathrooms
down near the Piedmont room and

we've got some instructions on how to
get to and from the Piedmont room but

I think you can handle it.

Now most people have already
found that we have the schedule.

Hopefully everybody has a little
booklet it's got biographies and

abstracts in there and.

There's one minor change we've had so
many people.

Show up here.

Charlie's two or starts it three.

If you would rather stay here and
spend more time with the artifacts you're

welcome to do that we're going to
keep the artifact room are open.

We've got fifty copies
of Charlie's handout.

If the group gets much bigger
than about sixty five.

It's going to be a little unmanageable so

if you'll work with us on
that we would appreciate it.

But I would tell you a Charlie's
tour is breathtaking.

So we have some feedback forms for you.

And as you get a chance to fill those out
just put them in the trade that south

front.

I hope everybody got a food coupon
it looks like the parking valet

at yours are not an issue
because a mile mater has

seen fit to run a race today and
for some reason all of the park and

gate arms were never dreamed such
good fortune would become us.

And if we've not accommodated you
in whatever way you need us for

that we've done our best we're
on a very tight budget but

I hope we got it close some thank you's

The Ivan Allen College of Liberal Arts
the Civil War roundtable of Atlanta

the Georgia battlefields Association
Benetton Pless structural engineers and

for the food and so many of the
accommodations the colonel Leslie Callahan

memorial in down what I'd like to
thank the organizing committee.

Professor side
Goodman Mr Bruce Henson Mr Wesley her

professor Laura Holland
grain Mr Terry King Henri.

Ms Robin per year and Professor John ton
and we've also got a number of students

involved I'm going to list some but
I'm probably going to leave some out but

Richard Bryant one hundred CLARKE I
mean the younger is a professor an H.

ts and has done all of the web or for us.

Ca Gifford Jeremiah Grande and
Henry tell us.

And Don tell you.

Sanders and.

Especially the Student
Center Operations Manager.

Jonathan each trysts he's been
fantastic to work with I ask you

now to set your telephones to stun and

remember to settle however
you want him at four o'clock.

Now it's my pleasure to introduce
Professor side Goodman he's a professor

in the same non School of International
Affairs and in the College of computing at

Georgia Tech his bio
an abstract are in the booklet

they are John and
let me second all of the nice

things that John had to say about people
in the sponsors that we have had here.

What I'm going to do is provide a kind of
a technological overview of the civil war.

Now we're going to be concerned
with a wide range of technologies

which should include both products and
process process is a very important part

of at least my definition of technology
and we're not going to be terribly

interested in the invention or
the first use of a technology but

technologies that have gotten
to a point where they can be

deployed on a scale whereby they might
actually make some real difference

to this very very serious war the first
arguably major war of the industrial era

and let me start with steam
engines because they are so

fundamental to so much else.

What we're going to be talking about steam
had become a major source of power in

energy ride the time the Civil War started
this is not something that could be said.

Even fifty years before and
there was a long process and

steam engines turned out to be.

Really fundamental.

To manufacturing.

To mining and to publishing.

When able all of these things to
be done on a scale and in many

ways qualitatively and quantitatively
that were not possible before.

And in particular
manufacturing had by this

industrial revolution gotten to the point

where steam engines were fundamental
to manufacturing other machines.

Notably machine tools notably
lose steam engines and

of particular relevance to this
particular civil war cotton gins.

And so steam engines enable
that kind of like industrial

sized production to be so
important to this war.

Steam engines as they got smaller.

I mean the more you put into
the developing technology the more for

ID that you can have they got
smaller they got cheaper.

Smatter meant that they could be put on
moving things not just big factories or

mines and the moving things were in fact
at least partially defined by the steam

engines the railroad of course as it
existed by the time the civil war started

was essentially defined by the steam
engine and all kinds of ships.

I mean until the steam engine
unable that form a coalition for

ships you depend on galley crews and

sails in particular with
student ships among

other advantages for a large and
small ships you had a form of

control of the movement the ships
that made them particularly.

Valuable for coastal and river work and

when we hear from Ken Johnston about
the creation of a new Navy One

of the major if you like technological
developments of the civil war.

Sure this will be prominent.

And that is when we'll call critical
infrastructure current term obviously not

using the Civil War that was in
widespread use by the time the civil

war started was the electrical or
sometimes called the magnetic telegraph.

OK It's what everybody thinks of as
all those wires in civil war and

other pictures of the nineteenth
century with morse code keys and

all that sort of stuff.

And this.

In addition to the reverence.

Had become widespread networks throughout

the United States from
the Mississippi Valley eastward.

OK so the entire U.S.

and that geographic region both north and
south.

Well as a well network.

OK By the time the Civil War started.

Both of these technologies
in addition we had

the regional if you like national
network going back to colonial

days was a postal system something by the
way Ben Franklin had a fair amount to do

with the postal system was very
well established both North and

South By the time the war
started finances infrastructure

infrastructure and what is important
to bring out for our purposes.

At these infrastructures we're
becoming increasingly integrated play.

Telegraph how to run the way we'll provide

writes a raise and various means for
construction crews for the tele.

The Telegraph neighborhood all sorts
of business transactions to take place

in ways that were not possible when

things information could only
move at the speed of a horse.

Now they could move much faster along
the telegraph it made a big difference.

These.

Bedrock the infrastructure.

Violated the means by
which various kinds of

like business arrangements
could be facilitated

financial transactions sub
contracting this sort of thing.

These were all really quite rigorous
stablished ride the time the Civil War

started and
by the time the saloon row started and

I can't emphasize there's some enough
with regard to how the war was going

to be conducted by the time
the Civil War started.

We would had two or three decades.

In this country of practice if you'd
like Certainly experience in using

these highly networked infrastructures
to do a whole variety of the things that

I have just described and which were going
to prove to be critical to come back.

Being an industrial scale.

Well and the scale of this war was so

much dramatically greater than
anything that had come before for

this country and in many ways anything
that had come afterwards in fact a number

of the things that came
afterwards really showed if

you'd like some sort of appreciation for
how this particular war was

conducted what we did during this
war had a lot to do can be seen and

what we did ultimately in places in
conflicts like World War One and

World War two So all of these network
infrastructures that I've described and

there are others that can be described and
they were not.

So metric I mean the north.

Rez stenciling that worked then the South
went through with regard to road and

the telegraph and postal system and so

forth that was at least partly
because of the economies.

They were asymmetries the most notable for
the remaining conduct

of the war is that most of the where
with all that made these infrastructures

was made in the north the south
started with some networked

infrastructures along the lines of what
I described and much of that was had

some debt to Northern companies for
production of raw sorts

of things like locomotives and this was
going to tell you the course of the war.

And then the case these
infrastructures were necessary for

the mobilization of the two economies.

To greatly increase the manufacture
transport and deployment of all

kinds of things that made this program it
was a machine tools for making more stuff.

Metals.

OK I even became a big thing in
this war among other metals.

Ammunition.

Food clothing master goods and
more infrastructure.

And what we have described the
infrastructure can be get infrastructure.

And right we'll see where the question
is if you'd like a kind of a race or

a battle between the infrastructures.

OK And all of this was necessary when
you think in particular about arms and

ammunition.

You're talking about a lot of weight
you're talking about a lot of volume and

there was no way this stuff was going
to be carried long distances and

we had a big geography for
this war on horses and on rag and.

OK And in a timely way.

And the infrastructure as I've described
would prove to be absolutely critical for

the conduct of the war in this sense.

So it was necessary.

To really the first big industrialized
war on a large geographic

area came just take a look at
the eastern United States.

Well intense high consumption years and
by extension.

It was all necessary for
the betterment of the huge military and

naval forces over a large geographic area
for four intense high consumption years.

Who's going to be the nature of
modern industrialized were unfair

and the scarab took place very very
quickly to give you just a hint

of how quickly in eight hundred
sixty the United States Army.

We only had one army and eight hundred
sixty had sixteen thousand men in

it by the end of the road we were
going to have two armies and

three million men will have
served in those two armies.

We have never had a scale up like that.

And in addition to that very
basic form of scale up.

We had to essentially support those

people with those kinds of goods food or
clothing or master goods arms ammunition.

What have you.

And these critical infrastructures
which of course is a current term but

these network infrastructures were of
absolute necessity to make that happen.

And so

it became were are fairly quickly but
certainly after the first year.

It became a lot of building protecting and
maintain.

Eighty year infrastructures and destroying
or exhausting those of you enemy.

And you can see in most of
the campaigns that took place

that these infrastructures
had a very prominent place.

OK the manufacturing the network.

The Telegraph My point out locally
speaking here that the first combat.

I would contend that maybe someone
can think of something earlier but

it certainly didn't happen
in the Crimean War.

But it didn't happen earlier and
I wore but we had locally.

The first explicitly targeted combat

operation that was aimed
exclusively at modern critical

infrastructure namely the Telegraph and
the railroads.

OK.

It is called the Andrews raid number of

mostly soldiers from Ohio
a few civilians came down and

this thing is more frequently called
the great locomotive chase and

it has been made into three movies of
varying quality all to Midway it failed

and the leader who was
a civilian was hanged

just close by to the Fox Theater for those
of you who go along with Charlie later

today you can get a story
on the Andrews hanging

although I don't think his walk today is
going to go as far as the Fox Theater.

But in any case by eight hundred
sixty four Georgia had become

the focus of a great deal of attention for
both sides for all of these reasons

and the primary reason for
Sherman's visit it was late.

Yes OK from Chattanooga here from here to
Savannah from Savannah until he ended.

Up in the middle of North Carolina.

I had these infrastructures in mind

mostly as a target all sorts of other
reasons for him to come down here but

by eight hundred sixty four Georgia
had in many ways become the network

center of what remained of federal city
and the arsenal of the Confederacy.

But at least four centers
in this state but

were major parts in particular
the manufacturing and

railroad infrastructure of
the Confederacy as it exists by that time

I bottom line from the standpoint
of this presentation and our

symposium here today is that the Civil War
was substantially won by the attrition and

the exhaustion of the south
mainly by beating up

or exhausting all of
the infrastructures including if

you want aggregate you should include
agriculture as part of this which is also

strongly supported from the standpoint
of seeding the field armies out there

via the network infrastructure
that I've described.

OK And it was going to turn out to be
a harbinger of the industrial era wars of

the twentieth century and in fact a lot of
comparisons can be made for a critically.

Let me go through a spectrum
of other technologies

some of which are going to hear
about in suitably more detail but

I did at least want to
make you all aware of how

much additional technological innovation
took place during the Civil War era.

Again from our perspective the important
thing is the extent to which

these technologies were developed to
the point where they could be deployed

with effect during the war.

Then here is a sample.

There are other forms of telegraphy there
are arguably we can use this is a test

question afterwards or what have you there
are arguably five forms of to leg or

a fee only one of which I mentioned the
long distance electromagnetic Telegraph.

Five forms of to library and

they were called the lycra free that could
have been available for the civil war.

We actively both sides used.

Well one site used three
the other side use two.

If I have a chance before the johns
who comes out to get me off

the podium here I'll say
a little bit more about them.

The actual talk that I was first listed
to give the initial flyer in fact was all

about information technologies celebrity
being a form of information technology.

Next on THE LIST as weapons and
ammunition.

This is very much talked about
the written about by people

dealing with the Civil War We will
be saying very little about this.

I think Ken in the next talk will probably
say more about it than any of our other

speakers there was an enormous amount of
innovation and of course deeply human.

The vast quantities of arms of in and

munitions should not underestimate
the ammunition part of this.

This is stuff that was used
up in enormous quantities.

It had.

It had volume.

And it had to be produced on both sides by

a whole lot of people who had never
done anything like this anything like

the scale that was necessary for a war
that involves three million soldiers.

OK In a population base of thirty
million by the way of which

From million were slaves who by the way

made up a significant fraction of the
southern population and a problem there.

Of course it was that most of them
were rooting for the other side.

So some of the demographics that in fact
can be folded into this discussion of

infrastructure that
takes some interesting.

Has some interesting aspects with
those kinds of demographics.

But in any case there were
vast improvements vast changes

some of which work some of
which did not particularly with

regard to ammunition during the course
of this war crimes of ships

leave that to Ken to discuss
medical practices an organization's

you went from virtually
a history of no mass casualties.

To years of devastating casualty

battlefield casualties and
disease related casualties.

We had over the course of the three
million soldiers who fought during the war

we had a twenty five percent
mortality rate for the United States

that battles the imagination that
actually adds up on an absolute scale

not just the relative scale of a tenth of
the population that we currently have.

But on an absolute scale

that is more a dead soldiers than
all of our other wars put together

a particular aspect that we're going
to highlight in this a symposium.

Is that not only the three million
men serving these two armies.

But three million horses and
mules served in these two armies

they were still the primary
form of land transportation.

Once you get any distance.

Once you get ten feet
away from a rail head and

they had a fifty percent mortality rate.

Larry was about to tell us more about.

That the this is a subject that has not
gotten very much attention not nearly as

much attention as it deserves
in the histories and

discussions of the civil war.

This was a first.

Well for
Tiger if it was really extensively used.

There was a little bit of it in
the Crimean War but nothing like this war.

It made possible for

example the during the series among
whole all sorts of other things during

the course of the war photography was
very very extensively it was it had

some serious limitations a number of the
things that some people might speculate

could have been done during the war
actually could not really have been done.

There's a big difference between
having a technology available and

making it affectively usable for

acts of war time field operations and
then lastly expanding the battlefield

domain tax exchange this is
technology as well by the way and

more than any preceding
war the battlefield

domain was expanded one by going to ground
and I won't go into details on that.

But we went underground and

we got troops by the end of
the war people and the earth.

Really got to know each other very very
well OK this is these were not Napoleonic

kinds of battles by the end of the war and
we tried to rise above it and

the most obvious way of doing that and
all and on this one doing.

Someone had how about that.

OK John had John by
the way before he retired

from the Navy was facilities manager for
the Green Zone.

OK And he is the Green Zone in Baghdad for
those of you who don't make

that connection and we really are afraid
of John I mean he runs a very very tight.

Ship here.

And so baby I actually over
compensated by going too fast but

in any case this is one of my favorite
pictures from the Civil War or

the kinds of drawing that
were made during the war and

afterwards photography was pretty good for

a bunch of things but it wasn't
very good for live field kinds of.

Photography and
most of you can imagine why.

And I suspect David will explain some of
the reasons why when he gives his talk but

this particular drawing which comes

from the Peninsular Campaign
in eight hundred sixty two.

Battle which was very very
important to the continuation

of the Confederacy by the early
summer of eight hundred sixty two.

It looked like the war was going
to be over for the Confederacy for

a number of reasons including the loss
of New Orleans and Shiloh and

what Hampton and Hampton Roads between
the monitor and the Merrimac Virginia

which were very very
substantial technologically

supported effort and it looked like
McClellan was going to basically take

Virginia with a massive army
coming in from the Atlanta coast.

But this drawing actually deep picks this
is another quiz question for anybody who

cares for I actually have copies of this
if anybody wants to take this little quiz.

I like it because it shows six
different information technologies

in the field only one of which
by the way was extensively

used during the in the poli onic wars just
as an observation technologically and

chronologically our Civil War
falls almost exactly between

end of the poli onic wars and
the start of World War one.

OK.

And it was in fact very much a transition
war from a technological standpoint

and in any case the quiz
is what can you identify

the six field applicant field information

technologies here but to get back to the
point that I was making just before this

there were attempts to add a third
dimension to the battlefield

reach as you can see from this
picture was via balloons.

There was actually another
occasion to try to

add a third dimension to the battlefield
at the Battle of Antietam which could

have made a much bigger difference
than it actually did and

that is getting above the battlefield
with your signal corner in

various ways that have never
really been adequately discussed.

And in both cases.

OK but particularly with the balloons
where there could have been an enormous

northern advantage with South use some
balloons at the beginning of the war but

they quickly ran out of the where with all
to both build balloons and get them along.

Of the essentially the weak
manufacturing infrastructure and

the if you like human resource
base the South had the North could

have in my opinion actually gotten to the
point where they could have used balloons

which again add a third dimension
to the battlefield at certainly

the field army level and possibly at
the core level this never happened.

Brooms have an interesting history and

I'll sort of end on this room's
basically were the first machines

to take people off the ground they date
back to the seven hundred eighty S..

OK in France and
almost immediately people saw

the military potential of adding
a third dimension to the battlefield.

And all sorts of people including
Ben Franklin who was over there as

in fact our State Department
during the War of Independence.

Ben Franklin observed some of these
things he was a scientist of the highest

caliber he's actually the only person I
could have gone to France who would have

any credibility in the French monarchy at
the time of our war of independence and

much of his credibility came from the fact
that he was a world class scientist and

he among other people his favorite
immediate application of balloons was

going to be to carry troops other
people thought of bombing of

jobs being leaflets of being observation
platforms and so on and so forth.

After that initial Florrie of thinking
about it virtually nothing happened in

the military use of balloons
until our Civil War there were

a few little things but
not frankly worth mentioning.

And then they got serious and Lincoln
by the way got involved in setting up

these people called aeronauts and
that guy in the middle of that was a guy

by the name of that is slow
who was our chief errand on.

OK And we were going to I mean
there was this rush to take

not just the developed infrastructural
technologies I mentioned earlier but

new technology at least technologies that
had not been extensively used before

where we didn't have much experience and
bring them on to the battlefield or

in other ways help to pursue the war.

And this failed.

Basically this is close
to the last we will

see you know bones there were
some use in Fredericksburg.

And there are basic technological
reasons both process and product and

also the problems that we.

I still have today and there's a lot of
what can be discussed in the you know

vacation and absorption of technology
that had problems back then

that continue to this day we there are a
lot of lessons that we frankly can learn

from from the civil war in this regard
a subject matter that is very very topical

at this this conference at
this university I'm sorry.

In any case let me conclude.

First of all by showing you where this
picture comes from giving proper credit

there but
to restate that there are six distinct

information technologies
shown in this illustration.

OK.

Only one was widely used
during the Napoleonic wars

really afterwards anybody wants
to guess which one you can

get I have copies of those things of
anybody wants to play with it and

then there's a question that
I could ask leave you there.

Not exactly a class or what have you
with something to think about and

that is how many of the six
that you see in that

showing were used by Sherman and
his march to the sea.

One hundred fiftieth anniversary we
are well commemorate some people

may come emirate there are some people
down here by not commemorated although he

really wasn't as bad as is often portrayed
down here but in any case of those six

Information Technologies showing how

many did he use in what technically but

even from a command control and
communications standpoint in the field.

How many did he use in
that march to the sea and

the answer may be surprising and

what that I will end even
without the five minute buzzer.

How about that then give
Rachel something to do

it will be somebody wants is a few
people want to know the answer.

The answer is one.

And the answer is the same
one that Napoleon used

if effect you want to put that back up.

And the one of the six year in
one is an answer but you probably

want to know which one and then which
one is the Corey or absolutely right.

OK and the others that were used
extensively during the war was

all way over to your left.

OK you'll see a an officer from
the Signal Corps the Signal Corps for

both sides were established
during this war.

The officer from
the Signal Corps is using what

binoculars which although
in principle understood.

Or at least speculated about since
Galileo's time in the sixteen hundreds

actually were not available for practical
use until at least the eighteen twenties

Feynman Polian up to you know that you
would use monocular field glasses.

OK binoculars which had
enormous advantages over

monocular you know to telescope kinds
of things to take it for field work

like this really use extensively for
the first time in our civil war.

In fact they became very very they had no

trouble being adopted didn't take doctrine
it didn't take anything they had so

much value on the battlefield
that they immediately became use.

Well and from the highest field
commanders down to Battery commanders you

can imagine all the value.

The other Telegraph which is called the
aerial telegram where those signal flags

that go a signal corps over torches for
nights and foggy weather and

such things and
field use of semaphores flag or

torch semaphores was really first
used during our civil war and

really quite extensively by both sides
especially the northern side and

the French from seven
hundred ninety two on

developed a national very
complicated semaphores system.

OK a pretty electrical Telegraph but
it was a nationwide system.

Ultimately they had something
like five hundred stations.

OK but the French did not
have a tech the tactical

aerial Telegraph the other telegraph
form that you see there is

a field telegraph this was a first for
our civil war.

The guy with the telegraph key in
the middle is actually using that key

on a sport of wire and
we figured out how to put batteries and

wagons and
about five miles of wire and poles and

all sorts of other things and you had
a travelling field Telegraph during

the Civil War Its use was the Confederates
never use that at all they really

didn't have the capability to manufacture
and deploy something like this.

It had mixed value out there.

The other two telegraphs that we
didn't use all my give you all this

these answers and perhaps use up too
much time where the flying Telegraph

anybody know what the flying
Telegraph is carrier pigeons.

OK which had been used elsewhere
were not used by either army during

the Civil War and the last form of tell.

Grabs the heliograph OK using the sun for

signalling right and that was not
used in this country until later

in the nineteenth century during the
Indian wars where you had a lot of sun and

a whole lot of distance from mountain to
mountain but not during our civil war.

Thank you John thank you.

I would like to introduce Mr Kidd Johnston
Mr Johnston is the executive director

of the National Civil War and they will
museum in Columbus Georgia today for

the hard part of the course and
debate company by one of his archivist

Mr Genesee more so
I give you Mr excused dunce.

If you will at the National Civil War
neighbor Museum of our mission is to tell

the stories of sailors soldiers and
civilians of the free and

slave as affected by the Navy's of
North and South during the civil war.

So we typically focus on
personal stories the human story.

So this morning's programs
a bit of a departure in that

we're going to focus on the thing
Knology but because the technology or

heart attack is sterile or useless unless
you do include the human component.

I'm going to try to live in
a few human stories as well.

The previous speaker Mr Seymour

made a very valid point about
applicability of Technology

who hears this the birth of something
if it doesn't develop into something.

It's not even the you on a wide scale.

It's all well and good at least Ericson
discovered America before Columbus.

What good did it do you know large picture
well a gave us the movie the Norseman

really majors so many of you
young people have no idea that.

How bad that movie was and but it's but
it is a question of how you go.

Just in a city you have to propagate.

So what we're going to deal with here
is an overview of technologies that

successfully propagated and that in many
instances are very much part of a U.S.

Navy as well when we can go with
the christening of the U.S.S.

Cole and
out we'll take a look at that a minute.

One of the first things you
want to talk about is a popular

buzzword these days hybrid
technology multiple power systems.

What we've got here is the U.S.S.

water which water which was a good
boat built in mid eight hundred fifty.

Practice a little bit of gunboat diplomacy
by sailing up a river an air of why and

getting fired on by a war and then coming
back the next year with a flotilla

demanding recompense How dare you
fire of us for violating your gritty.

But a long running US
tradition at any rate

the water which is a hybrid
it has both Mass for

sales and it has a steam engine sail and

steam technology working
together in the same vessel

multiple power sources are called
hybrid technology today and

that is exactly what it was called
then as well you're going to use

a power source that is most efficient for
the situation a ship what

the water which perhaps hundreds that
open sea uses its wind power it sails.

But when it is say on blockade duty
as this ship was only Georgia coast.

It's going to use its coal.

So it can move independently
of the tide in the wind

which is what you want the blockade ship
to be able to do if you're dependent or

wind power to take down a blockade
runner you're going to lose

the use of the steam
power the mode of steam.

Engine power for
specific purpose use the wind power for

specific person purpose so
hybrid technology is alive and

well in the Civil War The next thing
we're going to come to this is probably

the most famous innovation for civil war
navies the widespread construction and

deployment of iron clad
iron clad vessels existed

before the Civil War not to large
scale and never proved in combat.

So what we have in the American Civil War
are two types of ironclads being developed

what we could call the monitor
type war turreted tie and

what we call the case may tie the north.

The United States Navy uses both
directed encasement ironclads the case

Vegas kind of the the signature iron
clad design of the South now horse.

This is the cutaway of the U.S.S. Monitor
the first directed article in the world

and of course the turret is this
big rotating cylinder gun platform.

Instead of a massive broadside of
goes around and thought of the ship.

You just got to that can point.

Anywhere you need them without
having to move the entire ship.

You can see that's probably
an advantage you combine that

with the steam engine motive plant and

now you have unparalleled maneuverability
with on parallel field of fire.

These are very good things.

Now we want to talk about technological
ability as Seymour mentioned earlier

from this existing only on paper

to sliding down the slip way
into the water one hundred days.

I warship of a type that had never been
seen in the world one hundred day.

Now you compare that with.

The case made ironclads that
are the specialty of the South

the case made aren't quite
of the Great Design.

Now this is not the first case made
ironclad this is the C.S.S. Atlanta.

Having been captured and
is now the U.S.S. Atlanta.

There's a lot of that in a civil war but

the on the southwest case they are in
cloud was of course the famous merriment.

Transfer into the Virginia.

It takes months to build that as
opposed to the one hundred days

to build a monitor and
that starting with an existing hole

that they're building
the case made on top off so

you can see the manufacturing capabilities
are right off the bat tilted massively

in the north as they are now when we
say case may define our terms here.

That is this sloping Bost structure
that is on the deck of the ship

polygonal four sides thirty five degree
angle generally four inches of iron

plating cross laid back by two
feet of open pine cross late.

This is a design that is well within the
stylus capability to produce and he works.

So it's one they're going to go with now
by the end of the war in Columbus Georgia

at the Naval our yard their water and loft
when the two guys in charge are actually

drawing up plans for Southern iron clad
with turrets that never get to the actual

building phase but they are getting
to that point so turreted and

case make those are the two
huge innovations and design

submarines what we've got here is
a computer animation of the one line

the Hamleys claim to fame is of
course it is the first submarine and

history of the world to
sink an enemy in combat.

It's motive power human muscles that
is a rough way to move a submarine.

And homely is kind of a hard luck thing
it has sunk three times in its trials

three different crews died the fact that
people were still when we get aboard it

is amazing but
it has a lot of modern H. or

common calm snorkels which you don't see
again until the Germans in World War two

dive planes eight battle system to
reduce bubbles which is basically

stealth technology some pretty
amazing things and the old legend

used to be that the Humvee was built
out of an old boiler and it's not true.

It was a purpose built and designed
watercraft and it took our next flight.

Here it is tax using this
car torpedo right here now

in Civil War parlance nineteenth
century parlance any thing that

exploded in the water by
design was a torpedo Now

this obviously is not a modern torpedo it
is not a self-propelled underwater rocket.

This is basically a bomb on a stick and
what you have to do is

this pointed part of the stick here the
barb you have to physically make contact

with who you are attacking get in there
and now here's the key part backed up.

And then you detonate the explosive device
by either pulling a lanyard manically

tripped the fuse or singing an electric
charge electricity has been used to

detonate the the torpedo just this past

winter or we see the late fall
early winter the folks in charge

of the homily in Charleston were they
doing the restoration they did the last

year they did put the sum up right for
the first time since it's signed and

they've been doing
cleaning restoration and

they found a portion of the bar
still bolted to the submarine.

This was a huge fine because for years it
has been debated why this thing obviously.

When they know it
successfully attacked and

in the things very well
the fact that the P.T.O. so

far was doing that instead of released
means that they were perhaps only

of third of the distance away from it that
they should have been when it detonated.

Which means the shock wave very
easily could have loosened

the fittings causing water to come in
could have knocked them in unconscious.

So they didn't know
water was coming in and

it could have sunk like that we know for
a fact the concussion stopped

Lieutenant Dixon the commander's watch
because that artifact was recovered and

it stopped at the exact time that the
WHO Satanic the ship that attacks a lot

of books said the attack happened so very
interesting things going on now that is

a Southern submarine a northern
submarine is this is the alligator.

Now you will notice the alligator
does not have a sparkle.

You know coming off the front.

So how is the alligator going to
attack an external diving hatch.

There is a diving chamber and
here you're all familiar.

Well maybe not because
I'm incredibly old but

the movie twenty thousand
Leagues Under the sea.

You remember you kids on
the front row in your Internet.

Here we go.

The old grass out of the canvas
suit this sort of diving suit.

This is it many of
the eight hundred fifty S.

It is in use mainly in South which
operations from the time of the civil war.

So what the alligator propose
doing is a diver will come out

of this chamber carrying a torpedo

screw it and to the bottom of the ship
they're attacking once again the key Fort

go back to back the submarine up and then
detonate it or have a timer detonate it.

Now this seems like a very unwieldly way
to attack but these are all cutting edge

technologies coming together in one
vessel and this method of attack

was used by the British Navy in World War
two using B.G. submarines to attack

the bow ship Tirpitz they used a method
where divers came out and Tash mines.

So it was actually applied
successfully in World War two.

Another thing the alligator had was a what
we today call a scrubber system they had

a chemical means of removing carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere board

the submarine that it was also human.

That's the that's the big thing with this
submarine technology they're grasping

things like ballast tanks dive planes
snorkels all of that stuff but

as long as your motive power for
underwater is still human power.

It's going to be limited.

Which brings us to our next craft.

This looks like a submarine but it is not
because as you can see the steam engine.

This is a torpedo boat.

These guys for you don't know what it's
designed so that it's running just a wash

here but it's got the steam power so

that it's quicker and more dependable than
human power and I say more dependable very

loosely because it is a Southern ship and
engines are notoriously unreliable.

They were this represents attacked

the new Ironsides one of the North
new sailing iron clad now on.

Charleston Harbor and the engine
cut out three separate times and

was less than twenty feet
from the Ironsides and so

matter of fact the the commander of the
David leapt overboard and tried to escape

while the fireman restarted the fire
casually talking to the century who was

shooting at him so interesting stuff but
that but this was a torpedo boat.

Small maneuverable high speed.

Depending on speed to be your style and

deliver your knockout punch this
is the direct ancestor of the P.T.

boats of World War two So
this is a Confederate vessel.

Let's look at a United States Navy
torpedo boat.

Now this is basically a picket steamboat
maybe twenty five feet long with a steam

engine and this depicts Lieutenant William
because shing known today

as Lincoln's commando even though the term
commander walking around there but

this is their version of the repeat of
operating completely on the surface.

Unlike the partially submerged
David using this question sails

up the Roanoke River and
sink the iron clad Albemarle in a daring

nighttime raid cautioning is an amazing
guy to get a chance read about and

use constantly operating behind in your
life doing reconnaissance capturing

blockade runners kidnapping Confederate
generals he's base the Navy SEAL

and when they need to sink the Albemarle
he volunteers to go up river with

a torpedo boat and it's the spark
torpedo he's got to jam it and

then detonate with the crucial
back up section as well

which as you can see from this
illustration which is pretty accurate.

He was not able to do
the six point four X.

rifle fired at him and his vessel
just before he detonated his land

the torpedo his crew docked so
they survived.

Then he blew a hole in the side of
the Albemarle big enough to drive

a wagon through.

He also sank his own vessel.

But he managed to escape swim down
river and report mission accomplished

with justification unlike
some people who recorded.

OK And now artillery what we've
got here is the book arrived.

This is the best name and gun for north or
south during the war it is a Southern guy.

Lieutenant broke Confederate States Navy
former U.S. Navy.

This is his design the chamber
of these muzzle loading cannons.

If you if you make them too big or

are trying to put too much power and
they can fail they can burst.

So the big innovation was wrapping
this band of reinforcement around it

broke happened to develop a technique that
was superb for doing that now the U.S.

Navy had the parrot why which is this
band Good God it was nowhere near as

good as the broke because
they blew up some times

where if the brew up had
an outstanding safety record.

We have to Brook rifle shells and
bolt the actually munition for

it on the plane of the lot
room please go check it out.

They are absolutely mazing Jeff
the maximum range five miles.

And but and accurate dead on
accurate to at least two miles.

They would go so a very very well

designed gun but see here and

now we have the keg torpedo once again
anything to explode in the water was

called a torpedo we would call this
the mine incredibly simple concept keg

of gunpowder or Taishan of I actually
there and precaution caps all over it.

Ship comes in contact boom thirty eight

United States warships are small by mines

placed in water by the Confederate navy
the converter Navy sinks more U.S.

warships with mine then any other
way they are standard successful and

they are a very good example of
asymmetrical warfare the Confederate navy

cannot hope to compete with the U.S.
Navy and surface vessels.

But mines they can so
plentiful and cheap labor.

So they do.

Here we have this is a cross-section of
the compile of the armor of a case made

this is this is actually from the C.S.S.

JACKSON That's the ship
down in our museum.

I want to talk about this
because this is ladies and

gentlemen we talk about twenty
first century composite armor.

This is the nineteenth century version.

It is the exact same principle thirty
five degree slope angle tends to deflect

incoming shot fired tends to

arrest kinetic energy would find the hook.

So you loz tends to
disperse kinetic energy.

Those are the three things twenty
first century composite armor does

with ceramic technology and
all that they're doing it with iron and

wood advanced concept simple
technology that is able

to be mass produced so very cool stuff
you should come down to our museum and

see it in person and visit our gift shop.

No really.

The other technologies developed during
the Civil War blockade runners now

in its largest thermal blockade runner is
anything trying to get you to what they

could be a garbage can be a rowboat
is doing boat a sailboat.

So technically anything trying to break
the blockade is a blockade runner but

they are safe type of ship that
are purpose built to do nothing but

run the walkway and
we have an example here.

The layered company.

It was Scotland right.

I thought OK OK OK.

Liverpool you're right.

OK So also they are making these purpose
built blockade runners they burn and

for kite coal which is clean
burning no smoke versus Bijan with

coal they have low profile.

Song bat are often painted
colors to match the horizon and

a maximum speed nineteen to twenty knots.

This is least double in the other ship
these are the fastest ships in the world.

Their problem though because they're
supposed to be bringing cargo in is that

they carry only one and one fifth in the
amount of or go over regular cargo ship.

So it's great that you can elude and
get N..

But you're only carrying a fraction
of the cargo that's needed and

because you want to raise most of
the cargoes luxury goods not food stuffs

the munition So a mixed bag there for
the blockade runners but

technologically the fastest
ships on the planet at the time

and now here we have the line.

Why the calcium oxide projecting like
projector we were grouping that with

the blockade runner because we're talking
about style and anti stealth the Civil War

is the first time that they're using
projected light to take away the advantage

of night operations from the enemy
specifically in Charleston battery Wagner

when the Confederates are trying to repair
damage at night done by the my apartment

the US Navy trains five or
six of these limelight.

Scuse me I went the wrong way there trains
a few of these line lights on the fourth

cations God dang it I censored
myself from that curse.

So they're able to illuminates
the battlefield at night and

in the Confederates in
the infringement in the case of or

you know they write letters
dying Yankees while you know

which is a trend throughout the war
any time you a new technology.

It is the interviews so
many of the side roundly curses it and

then adopt it as the news they can.

The mines and torpedoes were called
infernal machines nor when they turned

around began using them as they did figure
out how to welcome to the arms race.

What was once hateful is now necessary.

So they were and
now we come to this is the natural through

photograph of the C.S.S. JACKSON That's
the ship was built in Columbus and

we have the remains are in our museum

the sloping our case really
the main engines the the Jackson

is probably the last Confederate iron
clad bill and it never sees service.

If captured among the city of Columbus
people sixteen days and sixty five.

However all the contemporary
descriptions of the Jackson point

to the likelihood was probably the single
best bill Confederate iron clad

the two newspapers and
one was that investigated it.

Both of them say it leaks not a parcel
the only that it leaks not to

have not leaking is actually a big
deal for him but it are why I

didn't hide you read some of the accounts
of the guys on the Atlanta though or

the Georgia down to one guy says that if
taken below death to the one in full.

You think you were a tropical
swamp because of the Soviet and

water is constantly dripping so
the fact you think doesn't leak.

It's got purpose built twin steam
engines twin screw propellers

stated the or arm case made
the state in your book rifles for

seventy eight years to six point four
inches this thing completed weight.

Four million pounds but only drew six and
a half to seven feet of water a standing

displacement engineering on this vessel
would have easily been a match for

the block in Cleveland that let's call
it never got the chance to get there.

We don't know what the crew sizes going
to be that the the guys who are supposed

to be his crew have been called
to Atlanta to fight Sherman and

then go to the Vanna to fight Sherman and
have not coalesced back into Columbus.

But generally the size of a crew depends
on how many guns it has brought takes

what Jeff fourteen to sixteen guys to
serve twenty twenty twenty search so

if you fucking about one
two three four five six

least two to three hundred guys sort of on
the ship with going crews and engineers

if it had a full complement you can
compare that with the monitor forty seven.

You know it's its this size
the guns the drive the crew

something else and the throw out this is
tangentally technologically related but

it's a human story.

If you want to talk about the work force
some of the people that are working in

the arsenals and Columbus and
making ammunition and

that sort of thing women and here in
Atlanta as well you know an arsenal

women make up over fifty
percent of the workforce

in the military industrial complex
is in Atlanta and Columbus.

We usually don't think of that as
something that happens until one or

two but it happens in the civil war.

There's no huge social change
like it happens after all.

And we're too because of that
because these women want to

go back to their traditional roles there's
not the overall weight of the entire

nation population go into
the workforce this is the Southerners.

So it doesn't have the same long
term sociological implications but

it is happening women and children
working in great numbers in the south in

the factories the North has more men
the women aren't mobilized in the same way

also women are serving as nurses
aboard U.S. Navy ships the U.S.

Navy is first hospital showed us this red
rover is commissioned during this is.

The war and the first women
actually on the Navy payroll or

these nurses serving
on the western rivers.

So pretty good stuff.

I'm going to end with
a little look here but

when withing photography was mentioned
earlier something you may not know though

is that photo copying of maps
occurred during the civil war

once again the Confederacy had a lack of
skilled cartographers so they would take

pictures of maps and reproduce them
both for the Navy and the army so

photocopying is happening during
the Civil War and now here we go there.

We have the U.S.S. corps not And
here we have the U.S.S. Zim Walt.

These are the two most recently
commissioned vessels in the U.S.

Navy and they have a modern version
of virtually every technology

I've talked about in
this presentation today

rotating gun turrets sloping
superstructure composite armor

away boats that are capable
of carrying out

torpedo boat type missions anti-submarine
technology submarine technology and

of course the Walt is going
to be one of the class

is going to be one of the ones that gets
that brand new electromagnetic rail gun

the Navy system that
shoots a supersonic shell.

So in keeping with the nice
Brooke rifle tradition so

a lot of very cool technologies.

There was exactly which
harkens to the U.S.S.

George Washington Park Custis the U.S.S.
teaser and the C.S.S.

Mannie which carry
balloons on the James and

York rivers during one of the major
campaign about four to get and by the way

with think about McCloud and he said and
he was going to it was no stopping him.

It looked like there's no stopping him
taking region of the mass Norman The only

thing with loans going to was this.

Thank you.

Now I did want to let you all know that

you too far are vast supporters
of the Civil War Room.

I have been over in the joint
battlefields Association.

We have some literature on these two
organizations over the feedlot room sort

of half of the speakers this morning and
we're going to have an opportunity to

not only go through a number of artifacts
in the in the room but also I'd like for

you to take some of their literature
on the battlefields Association and

civil room when we're going to have Q.

and A after David this morning and
it'll last for about fifteen minutes so

I think there's plenty of time for
you all to enjoy some dialogue here

it is now my pleasure to enter this
Mr Damon on he's a past president

of the Civil War roundtable of Atlanta and
he's the owner and

operator of on the state sales and
appraisals in Atlanta.

He displays his work all over the nation

at the Metropolitan is where
you can have a Koenigsegg and

he has a heavy lifter when it comes
to nineteenth century talker.

You know we're very fortunate
to have him here today.

David Von thank you thank you John.

I'd also like to thank side
Goodman law hollerin and

Terry King ready for this imitation.

And I'm still amazed that they
give the microphone to U.G.A.

graduate at that Georgia Tech but
I promise not to tell in a joke.

So let's move forward we have got
a lot of material to cover for

thirty minutes it's tough to do to talk
to fan the Civil War In that time frame.

So I'd like to Haskett to fasten your
seat belts because we're going to

move through very quickly and.

I thought it would be a good idea before
I began to just kind of give you a little

overview of where we're going and how I'm
going to present some of the facts today.

First of all collected Confederate
photographic specially for over twenty

five years although I do have examples
of a few Yankees in my collection.

I'm going to tell the story of photography
and we're going to explore the role of

the camera at this watershed moment in
American history will discuss the birth

and evolution of photography as well
as the images that were captured during

the war or discuss the processes that
were used before during the war.

And I can't really talk about civil war
photography without sharing personal

stories about the photographs
that were taken of the common

soldier and some of the scenery and

as well as share some of
the insight into those sitters and

also share some of
the stories as a collector

some of these photographs I chase for
fifteen years and as a collector.

We all share a lot of common stories but
it's really the pursuit and

the experience of handling these for

a while we just curators of these I
don't feel like they're really mine and

I like to share those with others but
the photographs.

That we're going to look at will
explore about fifty of those

in today's presentation.

I had mentioned the civil war is
the check the box on many first it was

the first war in which photography
was extensively used in many ways to

document the war and also to take pictures
of a common soldier it was the first time

in history that a common soldier could
have their likeness made the American.

Mexican American War Crimean War
also were documented by photography

for about a thousand photographers
at the outbreak of the Civil War and

that changed dramatically during
the war expression for the South

with the union blockades and
the scarcity of supplies but

they photographs have left us
with a very rare artifacts and

Guy a glimpse into the visual connection
that they have with the past for

me seeing a photograph of his
just popped outside the family

is is hard to explain it it makes
the hair on the back of my neck

raise up and it is a thrill for
me to see fresh material.

I do believe that there's more photographs
still in families than we've ever seen.

So as a collector.

There's a lot of hope and excitement.

That's that's on the horizon civil war

photography photography before
the Civil War together types

really grew out of the American
portraiture artists that were painting for

hundreds of years before
photography had been invented.

And this is a portrait a miniature
portrait of a naval lieutenant from

the war of eighteen twelve the back of
this photograph the back of this painting

actually has a label from a nineteen
fourteen frame are in Philadelphia.

But you can see that there's a American
ship behind him flying an American flag

and he's actually standing in a ship.

It's a very rare portrait photographers

many times were on the cutting edge but

the photography was different then
people their mindsets were different

Most photographers were entrepreneurs
they were interested in making money.

They weren't necessarily
interested in documenting

they wanted to sell photographs and

that's where a lot of these outdoor
photographs from a later in the war.

There's such a trans transition between
the images you can almost see these

are mirror images of one
another with a painted portrait

of an eight hundred fifty five
cadet from West Point and a Georgia

military institute cadet and about eight
hundred sixty eight hundred sixty one.

G M I was in Marietta Georgia was a
stablish in one nine hundred fifty one and

it burned in one thousand nine
hundred five when Sherman troops

burned it when they evacuated Marietta.

But these are almost mirror images of
one another so portrait photographers

even though they were on the cutting
edge with the technology they really

followed a lot of trends that
had been established before and

this is a eight hundred forty six
image of a Mexican American war.

Sergeant he's on may have
been a state militia.

But the photography process was different
before the war the Garrett types were very

popular was invented by Louis de guerre
in France in one nine hundred thirty

nine patented meat at least spread
to America expression be along

the Eastern Seaboard So
Boston New York Philadelphia Charleston

to Garrett type studios
popped up immediately and

eight hundred thirty nine eight
hundred forty eight hundred forty one.

Was very common spread like wildfire
like our technology spreads today

so that a thing fifty five
image of John D. Wade he

later became a captain in the night and
then the fifth South Carolina infantry.

This was taken during his senior year
at the Citadel most positive this

image was made by George Cooke a prominent
figure a typist in the Charleston area.

The be airtight process was very different
from the processes that were used during

the Civil War was a brass plate
that was coated with silver

exposed to bromide and
Iodine through the fuming process

exposed to light in the back of a camera
and then developed with mercury and

gold chloride very hazardous many of
the early big era type is went crazy.

We've all heard of the Mad Hatter.

The Mad Hatter in steaming the for
hats and

the seventeenth and eighteenth century
would inhale the mercury for fumes and

eventually it's a heavy metal
body cannot get rid of it.

These individuals would go
crazy many early to get

a Type A succession of ones that were
very successful and prolific and

were exposed to the mercury
would go crazy.

So when the less expensive processes came
along they were really embraced and.

And surpass the types in a very
short period of time a Georgian

military institute could at this is
made about eight hundred fifty five.

We know this by the style of mat and
Preserver of these things changed over

the course of time every three or
four years new designs would come out and

now these leave a physical artifact for
us to date.

So it's very easy sometimes to go back and
date these photographs.

We know it's a Garrett type.

We know it was made during that
twenty year timetable we know that

the Georgia Military Institute
was basically in existence for

about thirteen years so the style of man
preserve we can really nail this within

about two years of when it was may be the
Garrett type captured incredible amount of

information and we can go back in and
large these photographs and

have done just that I've actually
just enlarged the photo as opposed to

taking enlargement of the photograph
which would be able to weed.

Then be able to even if it
enlarge that exponentially.

But if we look at this button
third button from the top

we see without really a lot of trouble.

Giamatti in the crown of
the Georgia state seal and

I just pulled one off line of the Georgia
military institute button but

you see the detail there
is just incredible.

You can also see the light
source in his eye.

So the light source if we follow it
would have been a skylight in the studio

credible amounts of information
something also that's interesting.

I was notice putting these together made
around eight hundred fifty five made

around eight hundred fifty five.

We also see styles in clothing and
attire and

we noticed the style of shirt collar and

bow tie is almost identical from
the South Carolina to talk of for

and the Georgia military institute
photographer the outbreak of the war.

The war was going to be very fast
it was going to be fast paced and

soldiers hurried to have their photographs
made to capture this watermark lands

marked incident three to six
months with projected and

many of these soldiers were
photographed in camps and

the local studios before they left for

service this photograph was one
that I didn't even know existed.

This was in Miller's nineteen eleven
photograph history of the Civil War and

I thought I belong to
the US Carlisle Barracks the U.S.

Army Museum in Carlisle Pennsylvania and
I found this out to show.

Civil War military show took me one year
to the date to trade for this photograph

and I had to give up three incredible
Confederate photographs to acquire just

this one but in the world of collecting
it's never good to go from three.

Or from one to three better to go
from three to one saw felt like I

had really was the winner in this try

this shows the officers of the Clint
trifles of Clint rifles were military.

Scuse me a militia group
that were founded in the NE

belum time in Augusta Georgia and
in eighteen fifty nine.

They were becoming very
increasingly popular and

they knew that the war was looming.

And so they were swelling their rights
were swelling Captain Platt is third

from the right in the picture and

he also was the very aristocratic and

the captain he was not captain for
very long he was sick for

from the very beginning of the war and
he was soon replaced.

You can see the reverse image C.R.
for clench rifles up at the top of their

tent there you can also
see in the tent and

you can see a lot of their personal
belongings and and all hanging there.

This image was always thought to have
been made in Pensacola after they

were mustered into service and
they were deployed.

I actually acquired this image

an unpublished view showing the clenched
rifles in camp taken the very same day.

These are large half plate ten types and

the technology that we
have today is incredible.

I typed in a few Google search words and I
found an eight hundred sixty one article.

And the daily constitutionalist
from Augusta Georgia.

And I like to just read a little
section of this the snow

white tents arranged in line and
with military procession marquees at

the head of the Ave from whence the story
standards they just received their.

Standards are their flag their company
flag floating proudly kissing the breezes

that pass by softly here in their squads
of soldierly practice the manual and

going through the various evolutions of
the drill scattered through the camp.

Maybe seeing artists copping by the aid of
the sun groups of soldier in every variety

of postures around their tent securing
the Mentos to be left for dear ones

at home while they are far away contending
the rights for their native land.

So this appeared in The Daily
constitutionalist in eighteen sixty one

the article was written May
sixteenth the day before they were

actually three days after they
were mustered into service and

a day before they were
deployed to Pensacola Florida.

This was made at Camp old before which
was the union officers prison the can

of course the one with the enlisted
soldiers went to was Andersonville.

And this was just outside of Macon You

can also see the C.R. on the kepe it's
in reverse and I didn't mention but

the glass plate Ambra types and
the ten types are actually reverse images.

There's no negative in the process.

So these are reverse images of what
the camera lens sees actually changes like

your eye sees it actually changes
in the back of the camera

the patella brothers.

I think if I were at a bar
in the patella brothers were

drinking a beer across from me.

I think I might might leave but

I'm sure they were nice people but

we have Benjamin George James and

John and
these four brothers really exemplify.

The research that comes out
of civil war photography and

individuals that served in
the photographs that we study later

almost every one of these soldiers
either was killed wounded

contract a disease or
died of disease it's almost uncommon.

It's a very low percentage but
someone served four years four and

a half years unscathed.

The first individual here Benjamin
holds a confederate hangar and

if you notice if you start looking very
closely at the guards on the DE guard

bowie knives you see
that two of them match.

So those are made by different
blacksmith this one matches this one

this card matches this card.

These were made from files that
blacksmith commonly would would wear the.

Where the file down in these were hammered
out into into between arms these are very

popular they were probably short lived
most of these were very heavy knives

they didn't serve a purpose that was
very little hand to hand fighting and

these were discarded I think after
the first year or two of the war.

A lot of more use for
photo problems they wearing Corsican caps.

These were red and white caps in this case
and I think that the send a vigil here.

I think he's not wearing his you also see
the brim of his Kepi these are actually

Corsican cap covers as opposed to Corsican
cap hats and I think the photographer

Gooden get light in on his face and just
simply said can you take your hat off.

We can't sometimes tend to
overanalyze these photographs today

we're trying to look into hidden
meaning some of these things were

simple as we take photographs today.

You can't get the light and
you ask a soldier or

your sitter to raise the bill on
their Cappy or to take their hat off

to remove the plate the Maton preserver.

So we can see that side lie.

You can also see the shadowing
we are a little dark in here.

A little dark here.

There's also a light source here again
if you look at the pupil in the eye.

You see the light sources
coming from both sides.

This is probably made in
the back of a travelling wagon.

So photographer was set
up following the troops.

What better place to take
photographs then of the men in camp

hundreds of patrons would line up out
the door of these travelling studios.

This is a quarter played
ambrotype on Ruby glass Ruby

glass is considered to be really one
of the best medians for Amber types.

I did one of the repro some.

Federal officers some union officers and
to give you a cross mix this is also

made early in the war probably
around eight hundred sixty two.

We know that these gentlemen served in the
infantry with the infantry horns on there.

Kept these there on a den of five and
we know that their second lieutenants and

I cannot tell here because the gilding
if he has a captain or it's Or or

a lieutenant a captain will have
a couple of bars Lieutenant one bar

one of

my favorite images image of
Nathaniel Edward Gardner from New Jersey

thirty five slaves five hundred acres

in the city of Atlanta has planted
had his homestead down around

five points in the city beginning
of the war at forty three.

He and list and the full to Indra
goons and if you look on is Harvey

hat you see F D in reverse with
the cross sabers which is the signature

designation for the calvary.

He served in comps Legion for
about six months was sick.

Most of the time was released

went back to Atlanta came back to
Atlanta and continued making buggies.

Throughout the war.

I did learn from a presidential pardon.

Because again he own so much land.

He wanted to be exonerated of any war
crimes he filled out a can patent or

excuse me a presidential pardon and
then also in the.

Questionnaire had mentioned that he served
an additional six months at the end of

the war when Sherman's troops threaten the
city served with the Georgia militia no

records out there exist to support this
but he served for about a year six months

at the beginning and the end of
the war all time favorite image one of

the best images of ever seeing of a tented
Braff this was to him during the day

just after the photograph was
made it was varnished and

B. artist many of these artists these
portraits that I had mentioned earlier

were an employee and they were employed by
photographers many became photographers.

But there was a incredible amount
of workmanship that would go

into a photograph like this and why did
they do it with a photographer more money.

This is a half plate ambrotype of
James a home in company Iraq or

a grey North Carolina infantry
he was wounded a couple of times

he walked home from juries bluff.

I was given walked home after juries and
after he was released from prison and

went to the front door of his house while
back during the day at the end of the war

it was ordinary Lee accepted that you
could go to the back door you weren't

supposed to go to the front door and
his mother came out and

she scolded him for knocking at the front
door she said go around the back.

There's food there and there's some
more around the farm that you can do and

he said Mom I'm your son he didn't reckon

I'll also like to say that he's
got a bad case of had hair.

If you wear a ball cap you
know what I'm talking about

this is brother about these
two photographs together was.

One of the best purchases I've
ever made these two photographs

were slated to go to the North Carolina
archives and apparently they had made

the great great granddaughter of
James Holmes mad and aggravated.

And when I was not supposed to buy
these and I was in the US and and

I had to promise and I say I'm
not going to bomb I just came for

the uniform and I told her that these were
two of the finest images I've ever seen in

a private or public institution and
she looked at me and she goes I'm glad you

said that because they're yours and
I said presents a problem

when I can't buy them out promised my
buddy Greg I wouldn't buy them too.

I don't have enough money.

She said how much money did you bring
today and I opened up a shoe box

that had mostly twenty's in it but a large
stack of them and she grabbed it and

said That will be enough and
I left with a stew photographs but

with the promise that I would have these
published at every opportunity that

I COULD THIS IS brother Thomas Holeman
he was living in Memphis and

he served in the thirteenth Tennessee and
disappears after the Battle of

Shiloh disappears from all the roster
rolls I don't believe he served anymore.

This is also a trend.

I've seen several soldiers that
after about eight hundred sixty two

beginning at sixty three that
are in western Tennessee.

They just disappear recently acquired
this from an antique dealer.

Stephen Home Guard this
individuals from college for

county over here a con near
Washington Georgia near Crawford Hill

where Alexander Stevens home was
located and they were named after

Alexander Stevens and Stevens home gardens
where they took their local name fifteen.

George Army of Northern Virginia
the Confederate States of America and

you can also see on his
hat that he has sh T.

in reverse the acronym for
Stephen Home Guard.

You also see that he has one
button on the crown of his

hat that is meant to button the brim up.

You need that for two reasons.

If you're wearing a hat
when you're citing it.

The brim gets in the way of the sights.

When you're marching with your weapon and

you have your show your rifle on the side
here it's going to knock your hat off so

a lot of the military had
buttoned up on one side.

Also there was a local gun manufacturer
in Tal Afar a county murder

in remerge and he made rifles for
this particular company.

I haven't had time to research there's
only one known example that exist in

the Alexander Steven state park museum and
I haven't had an opportunity to go

to see if the banding on the rifle
matches that murder and rifle.

Most of the rifles many times are made
in local shops across the south.

It was more of a cottage industry than the
weapons that were being mass produced in

the north also recently acquired this
image of a couple of years ago came out of

Winder Georgia of William House and House
and his brother served in company sixteen

ga Calvary battalion triple Army has
a big actually has a clip point.

A rifle and you can see that
he's got a belt with his sheath

off to the side just
from this we can surmise

that the rifle and
the revolver are photographer process.

You cannot shoot a rifle like this on
horseback you would have to dismount shoot

this rifle and the pistol has no holster.

So apparently it was one of these props
that was used to dress up the photograph.

He also is wearing a Corsican cover on
top of his kepe these are very popular

among southern troops they were
adopted from here of all the and

the fighting that was
happening around North Africa.

Prior to the civil war.

This is Brother James house.

I don't know how he was killed he was
killed in West in eastern Tennessee and

eight hundred sixty two in some type of
Calvary radio also could have died of

disease and again this is why I love
collecting Confederate photography.

I have no explanation of
this type of uniform.

It is a military uniform
has got a short color here.

And by the way this is fastened together.

It is a military jacket without military
buttons however only thing these tabs

on another couple of uniforms I have no
idea what the purpose of these pants were

if it was to allow him to wear
a smaller jacket or possibly being in

the calvary riding on a hot summer day it
might provide some type of ventilation and

he has some type of eagle to
piece buckle again triple arm.

However he has the holster and
the scabbard for his sword.

I don't believe these are for talk of
course you can also see his she feared for

his point knife

an interesting photograph of James Smith
alums from the Columbus Georgia area.

He served in Company G. thirty for Georgia

in the Army of Northern Virginia the army
reorganizes an eight hundred sixty two.

Many of these officers were not reelected
these were prominent men from their

local communities they had no military
experience at all the men knew it.

They didn't want to fight with them
they may have a adorn these men they

may have looked up to them but they didn't
want to fight when they had no military

experience and
many of these men were not re-elected.

Some of the officers
that were below them or

some of the other men in the groups
would have put their name forward and

been elected as their as officers
after the reorganization.

So he's without a job he goes
back home and he volunteers for

service as a captain in
the fifth State Guard

infantry and it's interesting
because he has on a button for.

Rock here.

A Georgia state seal on
his two piece buckle and

he has his arms crossed this
is a very comfortable pose.

But one that I went back later and
looked through thousands of Confederate

photographs and
didn't see this pose on any of them.

The reason I was looking was because of
this photograph that was taken of his cat.

Scuse me his colonel Colonel William
Lewis Solsbury of Columbus and

he has a G.G. on his Kepi for
Georgia grays he too was in the Army of

Northern Virginia was not reelected he was
in the fifth Georgia regiment infantry and

he was not reorganized re-elected at
the real innovation came home describe.

And then raise the fifth
Georgia State Guard and

they served the local area around
the Columbus Georgia area but

I think it's interesting that both men are
posed identical their uniforms are very

similar they're kind of a buff gray
blue and I think my my summation

is that the same photographer took these
this is actually a salt print salt

print is a little different from a now be
human print assault print is developed

within the fibers of the paper so
it has a little bit of a grainy texture.

The closer that you get to it.

The fuzzier it gets and
under magnification you really get a lot

of blur around all your edges versus the
now human print that can be very sharp.

It's a silver nitrate
print a little different.

This is a wall frying these courts here.

I didn't do a very good job of
photographing and those are actually how

suspend those from my picture
railing that runs around my study

when William Lewis Solsbury
own the Columbus news paper

he had published an inflammatory
article about a local citizen.

This person sued him and
he won the judge fined

William Lewis Solsbury a penny this
further aggravated this individua.

Well and he shot.

William Lewis Solsbury coming off
the train over in Phoenix City which

Phoenix City at that time and you all
know the history of it was a lawless town

and there was a largest eight.

I think in funeral in the Columbus history

an interesting photograph of
William Private James Malcolm Hart.

Magellan Prince Charles battery Virginia
wearing a wrangler I bought this it

auction and I never was one hundred
percent sure about this because there were

several items that came out
of this particular estate and

I wasn't ever one hundred percent
sure that the auctioneer was able to

ID the correct individual.

So I was never one hundred
percent sure on this photograph.

However I was contacted recently
by his great great granddaughter.

And she told me that it was indeed
him that his great great grand

son actually had the identical picture
that had been made back in the sixty's So

somehow this image was you know was

somehow made it out of
the estate as they often do and

we started talking and she said that
she had found some letters that were in

the University of Virginia library and she
said she wanted to write an article and

said well you're more than welcome
to publish the photograph.

And and I ask.

ROSS It is that just the craziest
uniform you've ever seen.

I have no explanation of why
he's wearing a rain jacket.

Why would you ever today where
rain jacket for a portrait.

So I was you know again
putting too much thought into

a photograph started thinking that
hey what is this individual doing.

And why is he wearing this rain jacket and
she said well he wrote home about that and

I was speechless.

I said Would you please share that letter
with me and here's an excerpt of it Mr.

Thompson a member of our
company goes up tomorrow

opera post to send him my uniform overcoat
for mother to make some improvements.

I wish the Cape taken off and
the undersigned line with oil cloth and

then button holes worked into even
distance around the collar so

that the cape can be taken off and
turned over.

So as to have the oil cloth above or
below.

If the button holes are not
exactly the same distance apart.

They will not hit right in
the cape when the cape is turned.

Mr Thompson returns Tuesday and
he will bring the jacket back to me.

Can you imagine marionette these two
pieces of information that were lost

one hundred fifty years for a collector.

That's as good as it gets a little
Tommy wood from social circle Georgia

this image was found in Monroe Georgia and
he has his

initials on the underside of his brim of
his Kepi again the kept he's turned up to

let light in on his face and just a sweet
young innocent boy seventeen years old.

He goes to Richmond with his company.

And he contracts pneumonia and
dies six months later.

Wherever and crumbly from the Methodist
church down town which sits over by

the state capitol today was in Richmond
and wrote this obituary about Tommy would.

I may making my rounds this morning
through one of the hospitals.

I find one of the wards of use
more than ordinary beautiful and

intelligent His name is wood.

But drummer boy from social circle young
wood was the pet an idol of the regiment.

And he was struggling with pneumonia
that terrible scourge of camp and

hospital when asked if
he was afraid to die.

He calmly answered No I joined the church
when I was eight years old my father and

mother were both in heaven and

I would rather be with them than
to suffer here in this state.

He was beautiful in death as law.

Lovely as a fresh cut roast but
dripping with the morning dew.

Taking his post in the center of a long
line of dead at Oakwood Cemetery.

No sound of his drum shell ever away.

The sleepers there.

This is an image it was an unidentified
prior to a little research and

the sharing of information
among collectors and

academics to bring this back together
is a real a real win for May and

it's a it's great to be able to save
a piece of American history in that way.

Zooming in again we see
the information that's collected

here we see the light two side
lights would have been here.

We also see this black massing
that's the photographer in reverse.

If we were to zoom in on that we could
actually see the photographer's camera and

sometimes even you can see the legs of
the photographer standing there incredible

amounts of information and we see little
Tommy woods here breaking a sweat

the freckles an innocent
face of this young man.

This is a last story I'm going to move
through the information pretty quick.

This is an incredible story gives
me goosebumps every time I tell it.

This is just some council SAP
he was wounded at Gettysburg.

He lost his arm.

And he died in Martinsburg West Virginia.

Is took me forever to find out
why he died Martinsburg and

finally I called a professor
a friend of mine.

Keith will have done a West Georgia
College museum West Georgia University and

he said I actually have his obituary.

And I couldn't believe I said
please share it with me and

he said that the bit to a read
that he was wounded at Gettysburg

was too weak to travel with Lee's army
when they evacuated and left for Richmond.

He was left at Martinsburg West Virginia
with his brother George

upon the Union Army season control

of the town the two were separated
George was imprisoned and.

James Judson was put into a hospital

he was then nursed by a local
girl young sixteen year old girl.

Harriet crat Krantz and
she fell in love with him.

Apparently I was contacted later by
an individual doing family research and

they said that.

They fell in love and she never
recover from this love affair and

he dies about a week later
she doesn't recover and

her father is worried about her many
years later he arranges a marriage

to an older man a captain simple diver.

They move away.

She's not happy.

They have a couple of kids she divorces
them and moves home which is unheard of in

that time and this gentleman that was
researching his family he said You

won't believe what I found I said he went
I went back to Martin's but West Virginia

to find my great great grandmother's
grave and when I did I found it and

found Harriet Kratz and
he said I was stuck in my tracks and

speechless when I saw him next to her
the Jets and council sap was buried.

These are just little
stories that were lost for

one hundred fifty years see Davey's were
another form of photography the show's

ratio crying died down an inner civilian
was captured at the Battle of wilderness

bury their photograph of Abrams
reading twenty first Mississippi.

He dies after the battle of
savage Station in Virginia.

His father and his uncle own the reading

armory in Brother foundry they made about
forty cannon tubes during the war and

on it in a FIDE Confederate all Tillery
captain again I love the tents of

photographs for me I love the portraiture
that was taken during the civil war.

This was made probably as a as
a confederate prisoner and.

I think that this was May last part
of the war eight hundred sixty four.

You can write a book
about this photograph.

It's an incredibly rare photo it's one of
only eight photographs known of a of a man

servant slave wearing a Confederate
uniform and when I found this image.

I didn't realize how rare
it was the anaconda plan

was a way that the North really
choked off supplies to the south and

in doing so the South had to create and
make a lot of their new cases and parts

and this is an example of a Confederate
case they just picked up the name.

This is the Taylor Breyer from
the sixteenth Ga the manufactor

cases in the north and see how Finally
polish those were and how detailed they

were two cases that were made one
in the south one in the Genya And

again this is an example of the
photographers really not thinking outside

the box they were really still copy in
what was accepted during the day and

this wild example of a case that was
made from scavenge pieces and parts.

I love this.

We conquer or die shows the first national
flag on the case this was described to me

over the phone and told the person is just
can't exist it's too good to be true.

These are of a these are shown
over at the display area.

The doors down there are a zoo and
a California one hundred these individuals

actually came across the Panama isthmus
and sailed to Boston to fight for

the union and they served with
the Boston Red Boston all to

the Boston Calvary Regiment There
is also a Confederate soldiers to

show that the Confederacy in the southern
photographers were part in artwork and

photography that was right on line
with that being produced in the north

of Salt print Cecil has later
became mayor of Atlanta.

Seventy three through six they
served about six months terms

as mayor back during that time he
was a detail for procuring hides for

general Harding's Corps photography
was used for a variety of things.

This is showing the recuperation of this
Confederate soldier that was wounded.

He is from the thirty ninth
North Carolina at Sidney Ballard and

the medical corps took hundreds
of photographs of soldiers and

then documented their recovery made a lot
of advances in medicine photography helped

chronicle these photographers
It was also used in propaganda.

What it is and
what it is what it is what it what is it.

It shows King eight hundred sixty
one the skull and crossbones and

you also see it used for political satire.

I don't think that Jefferson Davis was
ever wearing a dress I think he was caught

wearing his white shawl.

But the story spread like wildfire and

were reproduced in Northern newspapers one
of my favorite images of an unidentified

South Carolina couple and he's wearing
a South Carolina riding helmet.

Too bad that it's gilded it probably had
his company letter on the on the front of

it has horse hair coming out from the top
of the helmet riding gauntlets as evolve.

That could be.

Yes absolutely.

A Collins who offer one
hundred fourteen Pennsylvania

typical soldier from the north
wearing a nine but this

is a standard issue one of the reasons
why I don't collect northern images.

Many of the photographs look just like
this there's not as much research that can

be done from these photos just very
quickly as the war progressed.

Everyone had friends and
family that died during the war

the photographers reflected this and
some of these.

Two were made the middle
the end of the war.

This is done by Timothy all Solomon and

worked under Brady showing the dead
the harvest of dead Gettysburg and

these were just these were horrors of war
and these were images that were made.

This is eight hundred sixty four by A.J.
riddle in Andersonville burying the dead

one lined up right after the other just
begin to trough and and put in the men in

this is as put tombstones on these later
and those are in the cemetery today.

George Barnard took photographs
after Sherman's march to the city.

This is Atlanta.

Shortly after Sherman's
evacuation He then went back and

retouch the clouds in the sky.

You can see he did he came

back in sixty six some of his slides were
damaged shipping them back north and

he came back to reshoot some
of these photographs and

it's confusing sometimes
some are made in sixty four.

Some are made in sixty six and
it's interesting to show some of these

photographs that there's a such an
artistic flair expression with Barnard and

then yeah you'll have the ruins of.

Fortifications and also it's kind of
these two things that are just pushed

together and
ended with this photograph because

I thought when I saw this this is
one of my collection that it really

reminded me of Gone With The Wind when the
Confederate service Accu waiting Atlanta.

I think this was probably
an image that was referenced

during the making of that movie.

I want to thank you all for

your attention I'll be around the scepter
new chance of some questions for

you to

just leave this image out there so
I would say

you know it is you know that we are still

all of which is.

Well there are things are not yet.

Yes very you know why.

Well there's a couple
things that come to mind.

Very quickly.

First of all the talk of it grew out
of your page where you had to sit for

extended periods of time
because you are a little and

it was that I think was
true with the hard part

we also had a long exposure time during
this period where from a few seconds ten

seconds all the way up to forty five
seconds to many many on the blackness

of the sun cloudy day February vs did
all of these things will calculate.

But again it wasn't until after the Civil
War that you saw people really smiling

a little and again part of hers were just

simply reflecting the times they
were out there pushing the envelope

more like we do that they simply followed
friends and the trade was not as one

of the friends was a lot less as
you still sometimes do see both

smiling we've got the rest of
the maybe the I'm with you Joe.

The more the group of us touched by and
they're like who are individual this is

like seventy guys in the foot of the list
for all who have died this month and

you're going to vote for the league and
resign but they are running for one but

sometimes do you see with an interesting
thing about the photography as well.

How many photographs of white did
you think were made during the most

photographed man and night he says
remember one from beginning to.

Many soldiers only had half a dozen
photographs of the cardholder entire life

and so today.

It's hard for us to imagine these so
few photographs and

the way we remember the bodies photographs
some cases are so few photographs.

We think the person who looked
like the photos may have looked

really conjures up the way that we
think about the world today video.

How we really remembering
it as if we were there

no we're not we're remembering
it is a photo right.

But we are very expensive because you
were doing a one size photograph you had

made a couple three dollars because you
were the Lord especially in the south

they were very fit to consider
inflation and other things

that you don't have like big and dollars
and then you had to did it the more that

there were the getting of
the world were absolutely right.

Specially in the south.

Most of the car the food that we see made
during the war which were made the first

two years especially the south the north
have supplies all the way through the war

partisan before really just getting
favor when the war started and

we only have a handful of examples
that were made in the south.

We have thousands tens of thousands
that were made in the world because of

the door of the photographic suppliers
that they just continue making these

photographs all the way to them so
there is a better

balance from beginning to end in
the north versus south it in the south.

Most of the you know what I
say are not great photographs.

Most of them are blue and

what they were like a lot of
the wish of the regiment that they.

No no.

Jeff I just hope that without question.

It is to come even while
the former basement

design developed with the Brotherhood or
with the president before the war.

I think the couple of the iron.

Loading batteries were being worn
at that home but it really forward.

Broke in the service
of that very thing and

that painted a really lot
of it is just orders rigs

all they really get

right.

Coming out of it like a young mission
with Crimea was a foreshadowing both but

border really perfected it
pretty much just his design.

Mary where the right way.

They will develop or
will actually work that you know

that when they go into I don't go

along with the move.

We're going to we're going to be there

with the people in the back row
raising their hand with the orders

on the front will work.

I'm ready to move toward the work

place that I don't like the war.

Yes I have absolutely no role for
him not just that and

also what I'd like to hear a word love and

some people really really go away here for
breakfast the coffee.

It's OK with you all.

We will continue to do and
we will reach the shore with the oil for

the five years ago go live below

the wall of water that

was it was the operators and

that was that was
the thousands of miles long.

His father was in the United States
from the Mississippi Valley eastward.

But during the course of the war nor
the gasoline was not yet

a strong thousands of miles
more including those those

are also been bringing some of
the looted when people are on

the other side of
the narrow resort field in

the serial resources Southern
alike are pretty strong and

it became very heavily guarded
each of them in particular but

more generally very heavily
guarded by northern forces but

there was something like really
going on in the south of the area.

I mean basically where we gave up the Shia
religious telegram with the Germans and

it was sort of their

theories.

Well I

mean US is a funny point
hindsight state right.

In some ways the most dramatic case would

be with what could have been done with
get in there with the engine of the devil

with the wind blows by the way we never
were still visibly deploy the world.

War won the war but
the potential for Google.

I mean they did strange holographic
wires of the solos danced with their

communications to be very very
quick they could have worked

out ways to control
the technology was eventually

there you can think of all kinds of
things that were done in World War one

then why did the guns the world but there
are lots of good reasons why the world.

There were of it but one technology.

If I was going to push and
why there couldn't have been exploited far

more extensively far earlier
that I will raise it was

one that really could help you
if you want to reach the right

technology existed for

help with her and

the North Lawn with the extended edition
in Greece loaded rifles early and

they have the production capacity of
the very beginning of the beginning.

Everybody will buy you a piece of
crap right there was last year it was

manufactured anyplace on this planet but
by labeling the system to the river

on would fix the issue
right there with you.

You could never fully know

this bridge flowing all over here with
a short rifle with the count with

us covering the longest was more easily
there would be a short rifle for

the rate of fire the way the days along
with the repeal of the breech loading

was really really really did
you get the repeating wall.

But there's a huge difference even just
with a one shot reach doing right now.

You know how quickly you can fire and
also says a lot of love with her

physician you've been dealing
with well OK you have enormous

lab to do with how you shoot at
the other side when you hear restored.

And you don't have to go through this so

that you know if you want a quick glance
or do I think you're right there.

But I'm a big difference in where
technologically not only feasible but

seriously the boy goes
away the backs of it.

Well the technology was the same
whether you developed in your studio or

whether it was harder for
writing with deal.

And so they had traveling wagons
a load of all of their supplies and

they could pretty darn So they were they
were mobile the technology was designed

but they just had their
great these traveling studio

where you need of a fair
amount of space and

you also would need to have
a room that was completely door.

I mean I'm just thinking about how they
would couple sat in the basket of a living

out of these very very difficult
very difficult be cameras.

Generally speaking or taking pics up
to the photographs of fixed objects.

You're a balloon you're moving slower
everything's blurred by the time

the photograph is developed you can with
a five second exposure with a very quick

everything on the bottom floor.

So it really does.

Create several awful but
that you have to overcome

with rushing from one way just to bring up
something that relates to something that

can say we are living in history soon
are we there is a first load of marvelous

really well this white
collection context for

a civil war or
the book one of the recreated.

There was going in the issue manufacturing

that this is worthy of
shows with the get go.

Working on this but
during the course of this war we were

before the war we had a sixty thousand
man one on the very record and

they hardly shot anything for it.

Brings the poor Two Souls worse loses
fifty of Americans but during this war.

Hundreds of millions were out
of school on their mission and

you can see how it was done in that
scene that is really really well.

Take care to have we're here later.

But I reckon if you haven't
visited the civil war.

They're wrong.

The highest here for you on a horse or
a woman but fifty dollars a mile and

a little while they always have a boat
would go up in those days in severe mind.

No more than this that
God was hiding here and

hard helium could not be
made in any quantity and so

they would have a chemical
process whereby hired to do or

some compound was mostly hired you would
be led for the door they actually had

a field you could do that the southeast
that you have to make what you do is they

head back to Richmond really the only
place where they could generate type.

Do that and that's a look one
way to go to go out there and

go I mean that you could have
a good position on thousand feet.

OK given the force given the pharmacy and
walk out of your house.

That's a huge observational advantage for

all sorts of reasons was not
never sure when it was right.

So for your own good.

You know I mean the whole

idea is to make large quantities of the
lighter than air gas and that is your way.

Yes there was going to be really look at
one more just the batteries the power

of the room with a view to recharge
the families with three You look like

I'm not really sure of the answer
that on those are big and

heavy there's one big battery
where you're there with the field.

No grid.

I do not know who was there was a story or
replenishable and so on.

So we'll hear from you.

OK let's thank you guys.