Remember the example of the fusion
of exchanging things will

fix think of Wiki Leaks.

We soon had a tremendous.

You just classified information.

Which came basically.

The source but it was a transported
around the world very very rapidly

now stealing it from its was not moved
that's about it was human history.

To think of a spy taking out the briefcase
of documents or something like this.

With Wiki Leaks.

Basically.

We slowed the documents.

Base we are Lady Gaga desk and
they were able to distribute them.

Almost instantly Thanks Lou And
they created a new set of problems

finally on the Israel street you
know of the diffusion of think or

think of where a site would be in
the sky and that would pull the book

about cyber power projects because of this
is the extreme example of power diffusion.

You know what the non-state actor is.

Famous to have somebody made a film.

That was in your good decade or so
ago it has a picture to go sitting in

front of a computer and
when you have a dog this is already

on the Internet nobody knows
you're a dog the way that country

was prescient in a sense because if we
were to suffer a starship med type.

Bringing the electrical system.

Or the crowd control system.

We wouldn't know where.

It was a good.

It was a criminal group.

It was a set of psycho
terrorists it was another gun.

It might be true matters and

ways in which we did it may look
like it was one of the others but

mostly it's a tremendous amount
to a non-state or the government.

It's also difficult to reply
to if you don't know if you

do you attack what would
you send a cruise missile.

This is going to see it until you get
the power to accept what we're used to.

With this.

We're going to have to rethink how we.

Are and how we use power if we're
going to succeed in dealing with.

This issue.

Diffusion.

Transition we're going to think
about the relationship and

China in a way we sort of think
of two ways at the same time.

The worry that people have about
the transition to China is that

with China being the United States and
the US for

example the good side says it should
approach should twenty two he's

trying to exceed the economy
of the United States.

The projections like
that not only are they

just a linear extrapolation
of what's going on now.

In addition to the way China is in some
ways to the United States in terms of

G.D.P. forty one size which is a lot
of G.D.P. that the United States.

People in composition the composition
which you measure by per capita G.D.P..

Which is the bench.

The sophistication of the economy trying
to catch up with the United States.

Or.

Something like another two or
three decades of bed in Asia

was thinking about China
passing we were less.

Testy when Mitchell tends to
focus right much on economics.

The issues.

Are.

Seen as considerably ahead.

It's see China really passing the US
military in the next couple of decades and

it's shoot through with Red China
is making major efforts to

increase its soft power.

To deal with an authoritarian
political system I just saw.

Civil society ten China's
going to agree difficult

it's their controls on civil society so.

Trying to make major routes to peace it's

with be a big system they should go and
so forth.

They did a lot of you shall both are very
good going to the Nobel Peace Prize

ceremony and I'm going to come up
with soft power a good gauge of those

other activities research.

To see China we'll be.

Seeing the US Thanks a lot
because many people say this.

Country was dominated and
it was a country comes close to it or

passes it the banks leave us
of great conflicts this close

to the nation with our two
cities the famous historian

of the Peloponnesian War said that
this is the Greek city states system

was caused by the rise of the power
back on this and the period created

the sport and we will say that it was
the story of world well right which.

Point then ended your first
dominance of the world.

See it was caused by
the ice cube the power

of Germany in the field
that created the British.

And the sun again to my
friend John Mearsheimer

who say China cannot rise peacefully and

there's a concern that we'll see in
the twenty first century there's a rise in

the power of China we feel the United
States which will create a great conflict.

This is probably not good history the
reasons it's not good history is that it.

Had been asked by Germany by King Albert
in terms of its economic problems.

To fix I said a few minutes ago but
the patience for this is in the book.

China's not about asking us if then for
a couple of decades.

We would go to the Supreme Court
to try to manage this

relationship to shape the environment so
China has incentives for the.

Disincentives for behaving.

So little you find when they sit
in these pictures that we have

a traditional power transmission and
our diffusion.

Are going to require us to think about
the sentry particularly next few

days into this century in a more
subtle way than we thought.

The weakness or some nice of all this
to say that power today in the world

is like a three dimensional chess
game with the Lord of the game.

During most states.

The United States is the only superpower
where the only country project

military power.

And we stayed that way for
another couple decades which would.

Be economic relations among states and I.

Think as I mentioned is bigger than the.

It states what it can act as
an entity changes coming.

This coming.

Was about us and it makes sense to talk
about people it's sometimes turn news but

you order the economic relations for its
national relations rather not be cannot

transnational relations things because
it was outside the control of God and

this is where the diffusion of the month
state actors comes in and things like that

but say pandemics or
climate change or the site

is a war huge financial flows response.

Is chaotic reorganized
nobody is in control and

this makes no sense at all
about beautiful city or

making polarity the only way we can solve
a problem so this problem board which

many of our most important challenges
are coming from getting this century is to

ration and this is where song
comes in you've got to try and

persuade them to come to you with networks
and institutions to deal with the problems

that are created by this diffusion of
power and the increased risk of non-state.

Increases forcing the relationship and

China in a somewhat different
perspective sometimes the way we think

of the free world we have a good balance
Chinese military power I would say

in the South China Sea Japan Vietnam
South Korea India the last president

to make sure that China doesn't have all
the military capacity which will say so

that's the traditional rudders balancing
power to the we get to the bottom for

transnational relations we say
something like climate change for

China is the superpower C O
two putting into the app.

Speer than the rest.

I suppose it comes to the top order of
this three dimensional case a way we could

try to place to move fired
plants a week a week.

That C O two into the atmosphere
which is going to cause.

We could use plants Well it's
a liquid form you know not

likely you could call it a train going
to try to kill it stop building code

five plants already with the international
trading system would also be costly.

You could think of another dimension
which is you could try to help them to

do that all the capacity to reduce
the carbon intensity of the growth so

that actually it puts a less into
that C O two into the atmosphere

if you think of it that
way of thinking about.

Others think about putting
it in my original definition

is the way to get what we've lived
through the gutters in this case for.

Others to get what we want we can grow
by working with others by bombing or

by the way so much since we can change
as we go through this transition

by going to figure out ways where
we can work together and usually

when I'm in the lead up to contribute
which is it right the states and

both of us capacities of this area and
if we want to get.

We've tried to be.

A regime.

That's the place to be
with this fusion of power

base by transport that
we have been here for.

So many six in the upright Recently I
saw this we have to think about

it in a much more sophisticated way
that we have in the past it's not a.

The ability to.

Have a good case is really just
that the jury capacity the military

power the main support its
ability to work together with.

This WE ARE YOU are the fusion so
to speak for

the ships let's say with China which is
a better deal which all of the would carry

but the specs which have the quality if
we didn't get the albums that we thought.

Something we haven't been very
good about thinking in those terms

we tend to take a good rather
simple view those traditional views

about in terms of this broker
sense of how do we deal

with these new challenges that we
face in the twenty first century.

Yet it's true that we
clear the course about.

Using the tools of the two hours but
it's not always the voices we hear

on the media or in the Congress and one of
the most I have been writing a book like

this is to try to persuade want Americans
to bring their things as they think about.

And this is an area where perhaps we
could learn something from our European

colleagues so.

That's what.

It's are questions for which are.

Very much family mindset in
China being on that island

question some ways of
microphone to have that.

What do people get you questions and
I'll be on the SAT So far the stand.

A chance questions.

And some.

Semblance of action first
some of which we talk.

With want to try to.

Say some would say it sounds to.

Just to machines some say it's an answer
to those institutions and you can say.

So so.

It's a very interesting
question because one of the.

Important things about soft
power is the ability to attract.

Attraction in the Information Age
depends on credibility and

trust we are suffering from a surplus of
information the scarce resources attention

so we pay attention to you pay attention
to what's credible and what you trust.

Governments are not trusted because
they often tend to be twisting

the information or
the message of the narrative for.

Political purposes.

That means that if you look at these
efforts that China has made for

example about starting its new
international broadcasting.

Always very effective because they are
seen as somewhat brutal and propagandist.

It's also true though for some Americans.

Now it's for example we started
a station after nine eleven call

off in the Middle East the problem is not
many people in the Middle East listen

to it because they see it as American
propaganda so we thank goodness.

Trying to use institutions
broadcasting more so

society institutions really depends on
allowing it to create a part of me which

creates trust it makes sense the B.B.C.
is a good example the B.B.C.

has a fair amount of Christ because it's
the hand that feeds those the B.B.C.

is all critical of the British government
which then has a certain credibility to

its broadcasts in places like Africa or
beliefs.

And.

I don't think.

Yes and
such a problem accepting the stock.

Prices I'm talking about seven percent
since I talked about this book.

It's interesting I was talking to a.

Friend of mine.

For Congress.

Saying you know.

Buy this made the kind of like
I made this afternoon she said

you know you're absolutely right but

when I stand up and talk about soft
power I'm not going to get reelected.

A problem in American political discourse
I'm talking this way this summer

when you were it's much more
accepted it in the United States and

I think limits our capacity
because of that it's very easy

to stand up and say I want to increase
the budget of the Defense Department

it's very hard to stand up in Congress and
say I want to increase the budget of

the State Department this is
a program that I've a program but.

Quit the gates they should transfer.

The fence to state what it was
transferred it was kind of.

That's a problem for us we got it which
is wrong John had a lot of big things.

To point all she is going to
require us to rethink that.

And say that I'm not anti defense I
used to be an assistant defense but

that's what I'm talking about and it's.

True.

Sometimes saying something that can.

Be nice to say is a major shock to us.

And.

Same U.S.

government did was to try prosecute
the head of we keep extruding a sergeant.

Fifty I think it was something a mistake
if they could prove conspiracy they

said it was answer prosecution but
then take the next step and say you were

prosecuted because of possession of stolen
property guess who else own store property

papers and we have a right to go down that
path because essentially that might lead

some of our values about free press so
I think the right way to answer this is

something which is essentially a symptom
not a cause something like this would

happen because of the technology where
they've been the are not the one.

Means we have to leave classify less
maybe people have classification

to be more cautious in what you're writing
it's of these cables second is what we do

classify we have to handle it in a much
more careful manner the idea of taking

a half a million or taking two hundred
fifty thousand state bar tables and

putting a lot of defense before a network
that to which I have a million people

access for years for me to set up
problem banks are able to manage this

if it takes the rules working on
Mrs Smith's account then we start opening

Mrs Jones this account the screen goes
blank because somebody knocks on your

government hasn't yet quite figured
out how to do this but they better at.

Some of the facilities I'm trying.

To subject the group and said.

I don't have the.

Sort of connection.

To a story that I had seen
the sort of back and.

We should slow.

Down.

To the stage and speak to.

The students get this done
with the right answer.

It's Battle of the gods of the state.

Of mind of the Shining.

City on the right.

Balance that's.

Just if you'll notice that really
what I was basically arguing

in my talk is America should get so
worried about the rise of China.

This century we have.

To manage this relationship and
that makes a nice.

Big Daddy so for the world I think that's
also what I said the the steady hand

nation thing like to change our
financial stability acting alone or.

Operation with others so I think what is
true is that we're going to need to share.

Responsibility for this and
the interesting question is when will

China India is seeing
themselves not as poor states

the effect on the world to realize that
they're getting big enough for the world.

To share the responsibility of
what Robert Sellick head of a bank

being responsible stakeholders so
yeah be considered Europeans and.

The Chinese and the Indians have to
realise that they're now getting big

enough that they need
to share in the roads.

Which.

Tends to.

Be seen in the future for.

Instance.

And some of the some.

States.

Tend to think that Obama did
the right thing in Libya.

I think could.

Be the.

To limit the.

Damage you humanitarian interventions for
we start with good intentions but

they somewhat sometimes wind up with bed.

Foreseen consequences Somare would be
a good case of this member George H.W.

Bush putting troops in
December ninety two.

To help feed sore starving Somalians and

that wound up in a few months six
months later or so with quite a lot of.

I think Obama needed to make sure that
they would do if it was generated

out of Libya wasn't the answer for
us in Rwanda but

he also would need to make sure it wasn't
a unilateral military action by the US

that was now we're getting
there third Muslim country and

I think a by waiting for
the actions of the and we and

the UN Security Council to provide proof
of this is a responsible intervention.

We request risk protecting civilians
I think that would support

that it's also important to share this to
make sure that you played a major role for

the French were the first to
fly sorties over Benghazi and

then to make sure that the operations
into NATO that the lateral institution.

The lessons of Libya.

It's not easy to decide a policy here but

I think he would need to do these
kinds of occasions and I think when.

People criticize Obama for not you
know being more decisive tougher than

he was an arbitrary laterally more quickly
I think he actually got it right by what

he did through the democratic elections in
the Middle East I think it's going to very

different in different countries going to
be modestly optimistic about Tunisia and.

Egypt.

The right.

I would be optimistic
about let's say Libya and

Yemen which are still very
crowded lived societies.

Of the markings very trying to be
quite different probably autocrats

thank you very good sets of
different countries would be

fitting Europe in eight hundred
forty eight you had a set of the.

Democratic revolutions if you
were up with a lot of this so.

It didn't turn out that way we were able.

To push these new forces of nationalism.

That would have
the Middle East is going to

hold you because of the important
demonstration of the future.

We will be focusing a lot of
tension there's much we can

see if there's anything we
could do with the Russians

to help Egypt turn out
the more favorable direction.

But it might even be consensual
ventures I don't want to feast on in

stunning to the setting we set about
a social high panel I'm curious giving.

The government's position after two
thousand and seven which we continue to

maintain investment to preserve the most
restrained rather crude way cutting and

chasing spending that's
the way down which percent.

Of the middle.

Of the terminus consider wealthy states

a couple of major problems
who want to use that K.

twelve education and
the other is the budget deficit but

it's interesting with what we're doing and

I think it's about this are almost
irrelevant we're debating about.

What is it thirty billion or
sixty billion billion at

discretionary spending which is about
fourteen percent of the total budget

the only way you're going to deal with
the budget deficits is not by cutting.

Paper teachers get no record
answer the Department of Education

get this discretionary budget they
actually be counterproductive All right

could be he would sometimes go over
the baby food issues which is.

A medical costs.

Medicaid and Medicare and
medical costs Social Security it's.

Good news which pays taxes a bad word.

But if you look at the recommendations
by Senator Alan Simpson.

Better Schools of the presidential
commission on this

they may say that once recommendations or

how you could be were there were
things that might lead to some guy.

Over the next several years
to be serious budget.

Deficit reduction.

We're not there yet we're basically
now playing the small fix of this and

the danger of the small part six over
it is it cuts things like Head Start or

the trade your patients
which don't do much for

the deficit do a lot to undercut one
of the other two problems we have.

A mighty.

Fine.

System which the public
system that's just.

Happened which is kind of that's
not the question I would give

them such as the can we expect the sad
sad sad time should be one of the.

Rubes non-state actors playing We've
established I guess the word just

distribution of high power and Americans
kind of continue down that it's not that

we want to stay serious crisis
capabilities in the cyber bill make

way if you look at the states
that have the most capability.

It's generally regarded as
a speech by people who are experts

in this area there could be the U.S.
and Britain.

France Russia China Israel
maybe a couple of others but so

we have the capability but it's not the
same kind of capability we have let's say

in the oceans if you look at
the oceans and maple supremacy I think.

We have naval supremacy now but
we have a perception that you say will be

one state actors on the oceans the pirates
off of Somalia but they're small.

Noise if you think about it that
makes sense to talk about American.

Supremacy and they feel that way by.

Cyber I don't want to use to be supreme
but I have superiority as you can

say in the oceans because we're things was
that good well you depend upon cyber move

anywhere you are so that maybe some
countries which may be offensive

capabilities we have a site with but
the choice available and so are you.

And when you did get away from just

state to state interactions to
put in the non-state actors

it makes it a much more complex
thing to figure out so I think.

The term Sophie affects on a good.

Bit I don't think I can have much
more influence let's say in cyber

than they get in the oceans.

And I'm.

One of the continent's.

Wooden seems to be.

The only.

Chance to send something.

That is a symbol that will still.

Ask.

Me anything.

Nation.

Do you.

Mean society's not not the US

a nation of immigration nations of
immigration it's harder for Europeans so.

Maybe this be.

But if you look at what's happening in
politics right now many right wing parties

are increasing their strength going to
places like Switzerland and Sweden or

Denmark because of the feeling
that you're getting a force.

But usually not my buttons as much
as North Africa is a Middle Eastern.

It's.

Just imagine most of.

The force of it's moving to
a backlash in European politics

I was talking to a seat making
fewer people last Friday.

And he said you know it's not a question.

Of good this is a look at the door of.

Who is running a right wing party
France could come in second

Sarkozy in the next poll
it would be quite a shock.

What has happened is him since
the workings have less of a tradition of

immigration because just a mention of it

the racial dimension of
beads to this tension.

It has become very much a chick
issue of European politics and

that's why you have East peace efforts to

try to stop the efforts at
the good if you want for.

Exit.

So be it say yes ice to kill
the problem for for you I mean.

A question isin a.

Good immigration generally strengthens
countries but also it man.

Quickly the flow of immigration occurs so
it may be a net good but

it's to see the relevance the
institutional political structures that

may have a negative I think that's
what's behind this this all takes.

Its.

Own way.

She's a she was making specific and.

It states a very interesting question
because right now there's a lot

of concern about.

The euro survive.

The.

Greece.

Portugal Ireland maybe Spain.

Is creating a larger problem and the.

Germans for the average German are saying

why should I pay taxes to bail
out the Greeks who should get

their civil servants at age fifty
to what should be at age sixty two.

So called has a job which is you know

she has to read the actions of Bush she
has with the week as well as she'd like.

At the same time she knows the way.

That basically she wants
to keep the euro so

they sense the sort of the attractiveness
of the European ideal.

Still has a.

German public which is thinking about
why am I paying crew are drinks.

Irish or
whatever say you know take a top flight.

But one.

Cole and much of the German elite say
yes we have to be responsive to that but

let's not lose sight of the fact that
the rupee and ideal is still important

if we lose the we're going to
lose the European ideal so

we say we're still there but it's kept
from playing a completely demagogue

rule giving in to these people who
say I don't want to bail out Greeks.

Just that's just.

The sense of force you can.

Get on some developments he
said the Houston ship channel

the next couple of years of changes in
American foreign policy towards a region.

Of the US meaning of supporting
change their foreign policy quite.

Considerably Typee.

The situation of events and
said that the support for

Barak as a as a pillar of stability but
then they said well we

have to look ahead to the next generation
and the generation of Tyrus where.

We go to sleep between the.

Interests of the news.

But if you take the other extreme Saudi
Arabia the gap between Interesting values

and morals if this if you had a revolution
in Saudi Arabia which led to a loss of

Saudi oil production it would devastate
the world economy including the American

economy and that we install a much
greater difference between Interesting

values things on the Middle East countries
are already in between on that spectrum.

So I think you're going to see a in
American policy over a next couple years

which is going to have a hard time letting
it die room between it Christian values

would you want to see
democracy prevail but

just to get the Odyssey in a place
like Saudi Arabia you could go.

All the standard.

You know country by country
will see the tradeoffs so.

Easily the consistency of the decisions

it's not going to be an easy
foreign policy but X.

couple years.

I want to.

I wonder what you've done
to the old college not

selling the stuff that didn't blow up.

Our primary goal.

Was you know your.

Liberties seem to have this.

Problem they have no.

Power.

To place a significant dance off
our sleeve you're planning a strike

like three of the five so
you need to tell it just tell you the.

Expand the reason.

For the Sam battery sit in the middle
you need good intelligence to know we

set the missiles which of course so
we tell which is a service of our But

there's a little trick to
the intelligence which is.

When you share intelligence with others.

And a lot of what goes on in the oceans
which is what sometimes called beings on

your share of low intelligence agencies
when you share intelligence with others

particularly estimate of intelligence
that you're able to see the world and.

We try to persuade or.

Any of the pages focused.

But I give.

My use of intelligence in one nine hundred

seventy seven to change
the French position.

We're playing with our study
as an intelligence sharing

we approach change
the position to any threat.

Coercion not through a payment but
social intelligence think I.

Changed position.

And means for gold and silver.