It

was

well thank you for the introduction.

And I just wanted to take a brief moment
at the beginning here to thank Dr Sun ho

Troy and Dr Chris Jones for giving me the
opportunity to come here and talk about

my research to such a broad audience it's
not very frequent that you know graduate

students get this opportunity so I was
very excited when this opportunity arose.

So the title of my talk today is
molecular design of liquid sorbent for

C O two capture shown here is a coal
fired power plant located in Wyoming

son who so that's where I'm from and so
C O two capture literally hits home for

me it's a big problem where I come from or
it will be soon.

And when I start I want to
define the C O two problem.

For everyone because I'm going to
use that term frequently throughout

the presentation and for the context of
this talk today the C O two problem as I

define it is the problem industry is going
to face when Congress passes regulations

that are going to enforce
separation that are going to

force regulations to limit C O two and
that's happening as we speak.

Congress is literally burning
the midnight oil to see that you know.

They're talking about twenty twenty.

We're going to have regulations in place
that are going to cause industry to you

know either go to innovative technologies
where lower amounts of C O two are emitted

or simply capture that C O two and they're
talking about doing that by establishing

a cap and trade system and what is
that cap and trade system going to do.

It's basically going to put a dollar
sign on C O two and it's not an easy

problem for or an easy number for Congress
to come up with if the numbers too low.

Well then companies.

It's just cheaper for them to you know
pay the penalty and continue to continue

with business as usual and then just
pass it off to the consumer which is us.

And if the numbers too high
that could be devastating.

So they're trying to find that happy
medium until they do find that

happy medium really any technology is
on the table because we don't know

what C O two is going to cost so anything
is economically viable at this point.

But I do want to emphasize that they
are looking at targeting you know

not just the industrial sector but also
agriculture in pulp and paper as well.

So this is going to be you know a broad
problem that a lot of different sectors

are going to have to deal with.

And soon the first number that they're
given is to Earth the first day is two

thousand and twenty which means we have to
have a viable solution within the next you

know five to ten years and that's not
too far away and in my mind the sea.

To problem as I defined it is like
a snowball rolling down a hill.

It's just getting bigger.

It's a fact that there will be more
C O two tomorrow than there is today.

And so you know it's just going to
continue to grow until we do something

about it and this graph shows
metric tons of C O two for

the entire world over time and you know.

It's increasing sharply after the turn
of the millennium it's shooting up like

a rocket and
this has to do with several factors.

The biggest being countries like China and
India are developing at a very fast

rate China just passed the United States
for the leading C O two emitter

in the entire world and although they're C
O two emissions per capita is about twenty

five percent of what the United States
is their population makes up for that.

So as you know populations
continue to grow and

the standard of living continues to grow
across the world this problem is really

only going to become pounded so we've got
to deal with it today because tomorrow

it's just going to be a big bigger
headache and how can we deal with the C O

two problem well there are some strategies
to reduce the amount of C O two one

obviously is consume less which you know
is easier said than done because nobody

wants to turn off their air conditioner in
the middle of the summer and not only that

like I had mentioned population
is exploding and those countries.

You know the people in those countries
they want the same standard of living

as everyone else.

So we can consume less and we should
consume less but that alone is not going

to you know solve the problem and then I'm
going to jump down here to innovation.

We need innovative technologies
we need technologies that will

emit lower amounts of C O two.

But that takes time.

That's completely dependent on markets and

cost right now there is no market for
C O two.

So it's cheap.

You know it's free for companies just
to dump it into the atmosphere and

that puts us here at C O two capture.

I define soon to capture
as a bridging technology

it's going to allow us to get
to the innovative solutions for

the C O two problem because it's
not going to happen overnight.

We need to have some way to capture
the C O two until we hit the point where

you know emitting C O two is so expensive
the these innovative technologies

which you know could be gasification or
you know co-gen and

those types of things when they
become economically feasible.

So this is where I focus my talk on
today is C O two capture this bridging

technology and when we talk about C O
two capture you really have to start

with an application a lot of different
industries release C O two and their

feed stocks their flu gas could all be
different and the conditions of the flue

gas the compositions really dictate what
type of technology is going to be applied.

And I want to start talking about
power plant flue gas because this

is really the heart of the problem we can
see here that you know in two thousand and

three a third of all our our C O two
emissions in the United States came from

the combustion of coal and
that's primarily for

you know power generation and
this is a picture of a power plant.

I took it about two miles down
the road from where my parents live.

There's six hundred of these
in place in the United States.

So if Congress says tomorrow we
need to start capturing C O two.

Well this is the industry that's
going to be hit the hardest and

not only that we need to have
the capability to retrofit

some sort of capture technology on to
this power plant so that it can continue

to produce electricity the way it has in
the past in the way it will tomorrow.

And that's where we're really at.

But you know power plant flue gas is not
an easy problem it's quite challenging

actually and
that's due to several reasons one.

I showed the.

Characteristics for just the flu
gas from a typical power plant.

You know they come out of
the high temperatures.

You would expect there's a lot of it.

That's a big problem seventy
eight million cubic feet an hour.

And it's really really dilute in C O two.

So the techniques separation
techniques that use you know

partial pressure as a driving force
are going to be tough to apply to this

feedstock simply based on the fact
that carbon dioxide is in such low

concentrations couple that with
you know the amount of C O two.

That's being released.

We're talking about six thousand tons
a day from just one power plant.

Multiply that by six hundred.

So whatever we do to capture C O two.

We have to be able to reuse it.

If we're going to react C O two is
something and then just dispose of it.

Well you know we're going to
run out a place to put that.

So whatever we come up with that
has to be regenerated oil and

it has to be effective for
this type of composition and the kicker.

It's got to produce a high purity
product stream without that

you can't really do anything with it if
it's not high purity then transportation

costs are going to be enormous.

And you know whatever we decide to
do the C O two has to be pure so

this is really the problem as I see it.

How are we going to separate that C O two.

Well here in Georgia Tech.

We're looking at a bunch of
different technologies and

like I said because there's no
dollar sign on C O two yet.

Everything's on the table.

Dr chorus and company they're looking
at membranes for the separation.

Dr Jones and company they're
looking adsorb and and well as

my advisor always says start with what you
know and we do solvents So that's where

we're going to focus our C O two capture
process is on utilizing liquid solvents.

Well how do liquid
solvents capture C O two.

There's two main mechanisms
the first being chemical absorption

which is the most popular especially for
flu gas from a power plant.

Chemical absorption works as the name
suggests through a chemical reaction.

So the C O two.

You react with some sort of absorbent.

And it's because of that it's highly
selective nitrogen doesn't so

you get a really selective separation.

It's really efficient.

It's very fast and it's capable of
reacting you know a lot of C O two.

The problem with that is it's thermally
driven and as will show later.

It costs a lot of money to get
yourself back because Right.

We have to get our solvent back
otherwise it's just not going to work.

However you know it has been thoroughly
research and it's proven so you know this

is where we'd like to start on the other
side we have physical absorption Now

this is where things like ionic liquids
generally fall into it's basically

Vander walls forces that are giving
you a separation and you know people

have reported high capacities and they
have reported high selective eighty's and

it's generally the separation
is generally pressure driven.

So for a flu gas stream that's
really dilute in C O two.

You can't really you know it's
not going to be economic to

pressurize to the partial pressures
you need to get these separations

they do have the benefit of
the low heat for a generation but

again they're just simply not economic
based on the proof on the pressure.

And I like to say in here not effective
alone as you'll see later on so on.

How does a typical absorption system work.

Well it's quite simple really.

The flu gas comes into an absorber
a big tall tower where the solvent

comes in through the top it reacts with
the flue gas in the scrub scrub gas

which is mostly nitrogen at this point
goes out the top then we send the C O two

rich solve it through a heat exchanger
where we try to recover some of the sea

to a stripper where we heated
up that releases the C O two and

then we can recycle the solvent again.

So you see flue gas coming in the two
products being C O two in the scrub gas

and typically the absorbers run it like.

Forty to sixty degrees
centigrade stripper's run

round one hundred to one hundred thirty
degrees centigrade somewhere in there.

And this as I'll show later on is
where the real energy sink is for

this process so what if we had
to separate C O two tomorrow.

You know one of Congress said OK.

Tomorrow's the day.

C O two.

It's just getting out of control.

Let's just start doing it tomorrow.

Well this is what we're going to do.

It's a chemical absorption process using
mono ethanol mean as the solve it and

why are we going to do that.

Well because it's been thoroughly
researched it's been proven.

It's been applied.

So for a power plant standpoint
it's a low risk technology.

They know it's going to work it.

They know it's going to
cost a lot of money but

it's not going to disrupt
their power generation cycle.

So this is where we want to
to make you know an impact.

We want to take the process
that would be used tomorrow and

make a significant improvement on it.

And like I said this is well
researched and proven so

if we can develop a unique solvent
system utilizing the same processing

technology the same pilot plants.

It could be implemented in a short
amount of time which would help

us meet the goal of twenty twenty as
a start date for the C O two regulations.

Additionally as engineers of course
we have to do simulations and

come up with dollar figures for
our processes and so

this is a good start point for
us because it's going to be similar to how

we operate our process so
it can help us validate our simulation and

it also helps us evaluate efficiency and
economic targets for

our compound so this is really
what we're trying to improve upon.

I ran a simulation myself on an Emmy
a process for C O two capture

using the flu gas from that typical three
hundred fifty megawatt power plant.

I assume ninety percent recovery and

ninety five percent C O
two products STREAM and

these are numbers that that deal we
has put out there for targets for the.

Type process and the bottom line
is yeah cost a lot of money.

Two thirds of the total operating costs
come from regenerating the solve it.

So I'm a big picture kind of guy.

This is where I want to
make an improvement.

If I can get this number down right here.

Well then suddenly if I can cut it in
half will now suddenly the process

cost thirty three percent more to operate.

So this is really where our approach comes
from identifying the biggest problem for

this process and trying to make
an improvement and I don't do this alone.

I'm a member of the Ecker Liotta group and
we are chemists and

chemical engineers working together to
solve real world practical problems and

like I said you know them a pretty
a process it works but you know that

the problem comes from engineers
are really limited to what's available.

You know when we design a C O two
capture process we kind of have to

work with the materials that are available
and then chemists are on the other side.

Usually you know developing the separate
or the solvents themselves so

we need to combine forces here so

that we can come up with an efficient
solution in a short period of time and

that's really what our group is set
up to do and like I had said you know

energy is the real problem and the M.E.
a process and I forgot to mention this.

The real problem behind that is
that it's dilute they run thirty

thirty percent M E A and
the rest is water.

So in that stripper when you have to heat
it up to one hundred to one hundred twenty

degrees C.

seventy percent of that energy roughly
is going into basically boiling water.

It does nothing to regenerate yourselves.

It's just added energy and that a lot of
that has to do with the corrosion of Amy.

So if we can eliminate that need for

that added solvent will we just made a
huge impact on the operating costs of this

you know already proven process and
that takes us to our approach

reversible ionic liquids before I start
talking about reversible and click woods.

I felt it appropriate to.

Discussed briefly traditional ionic
liquids traditional ironically quids have

been getting a lot of interest in academia
as of late comes from a couple main

reasons one is you can come up with almost
a limitless number of combinations that

will give you an ionic liquid and each one
has their own unique properties so people

are looking at using them for catalysts or
solvents and and things of that nature.

So it's no surprise to see that people
are actually looking at using them for

C O two capture.

People also tout them as green and
this mainly has to do with the fact

that they have zero vapor pressure and
that means you have no solvent losses you

know you don't have any VO Cs now
that are contributing to pollution.

However they can be very toxic.

This is a very common on a click which
shone down here it's based on and

the image is only a Marine.

And it's beam in P.F. six.

It's found at high temperatures it
will actually release H F which as you

can imagine is problematic for a process
using this as a solvent in operating at

high temperatures so you can come up with
a lot of different ironically quids but

they certainly have their drawbacks.

As I said a lot a lot of researchers
are looking at using them for

C O two capture and why not.

You can come up with
a bunch of different ones.

And this is work done by JOHN BRANNOCK
at Notre Dame and on the Y.

axis we have C O two more fraction and
on the X. axis is pressure of C O

two partial pressure of C O two and we
do see that we get very high absorption.

But if you look at the pressures
associated with that.

That's extremely high.

So for a flue gas stream that's you
know fifteen percent C O two to get

that up to eighty bar partial pressure of
C O two is out of the out of the picture.

We can't do that but
you know they do show promise.

So we want.

To take the idea that you know ironically
quids can give you high absorption

capacity but really you need chemical
absorption to give you high selective ity

and that's where our reversible and
a click would come in.

So this is the reaction that gives us
our reversible and quick woods and

we start with a cycle amine and
we can alter the substitutions

on the group and basically when you
just bubble C O two through a mixture it

can be atmospheric C O two you get
full reaction to this ionic liquid.

And if you add heat or

you sparge with an inner gas you go
back to the molecular liquid again.

So it's completely regenerate
will which is what we need and

not only that we have the freedom to tune
our own I click was you know just like

traditional an eclipse can be tuned by
changing the cat I honor and pairs.

So I'm going to focus on the four main
reversible one a click woods where our

equals and
I thought See I thought see Ethel and

pro ball and as I had mentioned I
work in a group with chemists and

chemical engineers we
started with meth oxy and

I thought the silo propylene because
it was commercially available.

And you know we needed somewhere
to start and sure enough you know

we form the on a click when they should
good properties however the S.I. Obama.

Is known to cleave in the presence
of water which is problematic for

flu gas because it's got a lot of water so
we knew we needed something different and

then we went to the chemists and said You
know I need to get rid of that S.-I Obama

and what can you do for me and that's
where the Ethel in the purple came from

and sure enough I ran stability studies
for the Ethel and pro ball doesn't matter

how much water is there over two months
there was no degradation at all.

So they have a long shelf
life which is also good.

And sure enough the mythos
enough doxie degraded.

So these are the reversible and click
woods and what makes some really cool is

that there are tuneable if we change those
are groups on the SRI we actually chain.

The properties of not just the starting
molecular liquid shown here in gray but

also the ionic liquid in black.

So this graph shows you lambda
Max here on the Y. axis and

just think of it as plenty lambda Max
is an indication of the player D.

of the solvents and it's determined by.

Looking at the spectra of
the Nile red probe in these

solutions and it shifts according
to the plenty of the solvent.

There's a database of like five hundred
solvents were Nile red has been run in and

the lambda Max has been reported so
it allows for

easy comparison it's a quick way to
evaluate the plenty of solvents and

I showed just three reference lines
here but it's really quite interesting.

Take for example C.M.'s say where we
have trouble trying to thaw propylene.

If we start out with the molecular liquid
it has a player he about like acetone and

then we just bubble through C O two and
form the Scion liquid

we shoot up to something that's about
like methanol and that's a pretty big

property change just by you know switching
from this molecular time cliquish But

what I really want to point out is that it
changes both the magnitude of the switch.

And then the magnitude of the starting and
molecular or the molecular and

ironically quids also changes
as you change that our group.

So the point I want to get across is that
we can tune these compounds we can have we

can have them perform how we want by
changing the substitution on that S I.

Group.
Well another

important factor is you know
the sustainability I said it's got to

be reusable if we want to have a liquid
solvent for C O two capture has

to behave the exact same every single time
you use it and it has to do that over and

over and over again and on this graph
we have conduct to video on the Y.

axis versus time and
we can see that when we bubble C O two.

Sure enough we get
an increase in conductivity.

And then when we add he it goes back down
again and this was just repeated for

three cycles but it can be done over and
over and over again.

So so far so good.

I mean these reversible look like
they have favorable properties for

use as chemical absorbance and
C O two capture.

And one more slide here is a D.S.C.

differential scanning calorimetry so Y.
axis we have heat flow and on the X.

axis is temperature what happens is
we had heat to a an ionic liquid and

then we see right here around one hundred
ten degrees the C O two comes off.

So now we're back to the molecular liquid
and then at two hundred forty degrees.

We see that the molecular liquid boils.

Which is great.

That's one hundred forty degree C.
difference.

What does that mean that means
we get a very clean separation.

That also means that we're going to
minimize the solvent loss in the stripper

and avoid problematic processing
by trying to recover this solvent.

So so far so good it looks like they
they could work as chemical torments

But how are we going to decide
which ones the best one.

Well you know we can do the shot going to
approach we can just stick a whole bunch

of our groups on here and look and
see how well they capture C O two.

I prefer to take a more
calculated approach

rather than trying a thousand
different compounds.

So the idea is that
ultimately the thermodynamics

are going to dominate the cost.

It's not really the capture of C O two.

That's the problem it's the release for
chemical absorbance and that

is given by the heat of reaction which is
the same for the forward as the reverse.

And if we want to determine
the heat of reaction for

this equilibrium based reaction.

We need to understand the equilibrium
constant you know the equilibrium

constant is a function of activities
of the products over the reactance.

You can think of these activities
basically like concentration so now for

the you know the experimental part I want
to know you know what is this equilibrium

constant at a bunch of different operating
conditions temperatures pressures and

ideally for a bunch of compounds so
we need a technique that can do that.

Can give us a quick equilibrium time
allow us to change the temperature

from you know low which would be forty
degrees seats a very high temperatures

one fifty two hundred high pressure and
it's got to be high throughput we need to

do these quickly because I
want to graduate some time.

So the technique we're using is
spectroscopy actually it's A.T.R. F.D.R.

spectroscopy and we have a custom made
reactor and I don't want to spend a lot of

time into the experimental set up but if
anyone's really interested into it in it.

I'd love to talk to you about it.

So just send me an e-mail.

Basically this is an F.B.I.
our spectra of tri Ethel

silo propylene the red curve here
is just the molecular liquid.

No C O two present at all.

And I've always been intrigued by F.D.R.

I think it's a very powerful
tool we can see right here.

These are C.H. bonds and when we bubble
through C O two through the mixture.

We see a couple interesting things happen.

One is you know we see the appearance of
this carbon you know Carbondale comes from

the formation of the I click wood so
if we can understand if we can quantify

this carbon you know peak relative
to conversion will then we know what

the conversion is additionally in
this was kind of a added bonus to

this measurement technique this big giant
peak this shows up here is C O two.

That's physically absorbed
into our ironically quids So

ironically quids were you
know we're marketing them as

utilizing this dual capture mechanism
chemical reaction to give you

nine a liquid physical absorption in the
liquid to give you further capacity so.

I.
I can collect both those sets of data with

this one measurement technique I say here
we do see some interesting behavior.

Typically it's assumed that for car bomb
information you have a one to two more

ratio of C O two to mean in those
situations you see a very sharp Carbondale

peak which is typical of carbon eels and I
are we do see some interesting behavior in

here which may suggest that we do increase
the capacity beyond that one to two ratio.

So her you know currently were
investigating that to see

if we can increase that capacity.

So what are the results.

These are just initial results on
the four ironically quids reversible

liquids that I had mentioned.

And I still hear the grey is C O
two captured through reaction.

And that was calculated based on
the what were the one to two more ratio.

Like I said if we can go beyond that that
ratio will see even increased capacities

and I should mention that i Report
capacity in terms of more of C O two

particular gram of solvent which
is very useful for the next slide

that I'm getting to and then we look at
the black lines here which is the C O two.

That's physically absorbed into the eye
a click would show here beam in P.F.

six right.

It's a very common ionic liquid will
how well does it do sixty bar and

thirty five degrees C. It's got a capacity
just over five hours as well be of

that above that and then premie
a this line here was calculated for

a thirty way percent solution of M E A.

And we can see that you know
our solvent do better than that

as well when they're run neat.

So when you combine the two you see in

even a substantial increase in the C O
two capacity so so far these ionic

liquids do show very promising
capacities in terms of C O two loading.

But what does that really mean and

I kind of hinted to earlier on in
the presentation but let's revisit.

The flow diagram.

This is the energy sink rate two thirds
of our operating costs are going here

into the stripper.

And how much heat is that how do we
calculate that he well it's basically mass

times the heat capacity the configuration
times the the change in temperature.

Let's just make for comparison sake the
assumptions that the heater reaction is

the same for a means where we have a means
M.E.'s And I mean it's about the same.

Let's also say that.

OK that C C P is the same he capacity of
our configurations about the same as their

swell if we can double
the capacity of our C. R.

capture a molecules compared to N.B.A.

that results in a fifty percent
reduction in cost and that's huge.

The bottom line is less
solvent equals less energy.

If you get a five percent
increase in capacity that's huge.

If we can tune the molecules so that they
deserve or about a lower temperature or

abs or before actively at a higher
temperature that also has huge

ramifications so
we're really trying to attack the problem

at the you know at the heart and
I think we're there we're getting there.

We still need some more research
that needs to be done but for

an immediate solution.

I think we're really on to something and

I have to mention you know ironically
quids reversible they're not perfect.

If anyone's ever worked with
ironically quids they know that

they're extremely biscuits and
that can be problematic for processing.

Shown here is again light gray from
molecular liquid dark gray for

Ironically quid.

We get a three order of magnitude
jump in viscosity when we change from

molecular liquid to ionic liquid.

That's a problem but.

Observations in the laboratory have
suggested that it's not a linear

change in viscosity it increases
sharply at higher conversions.

We have some theories on on why.

But we're working in collaboration with
Dr breed veld to try to understand our.

What conversion does the viscosity
start to increase drastically and

then it becomes more of
an optimization problem.

Well we may only run to eighty percent
conversion if we can keep the viscosity

down and so there's a lot of different
parameters that go into this and

you know we're still
doing research every day

I'll probably go back to
research after this is done.

So we're not there yet but
we have some very interesting results and

I'd just like to conclude that
say you know real world problems

are interdisciplinary and
Georgia Tech you know is one of the I

think it's a it's a great university for
encouraging interdisciplinary

research collaborative research
because you know real world

problems require that you know real world
problems need real world solutions.

We all need to work together.

So I encourage everybody to go out
work with other people see what

they're doing and
see if you can't work together to come up

with solutions that have a bigger
impact than you could ever do alone.

We need to retrofit solution now
that's a fact we need some sort

of solution to capture C O two from
power plants within Ideally the next

five years because it's going to
take a couple years to build that.

Test it out and
then get it up and running.

So I want to emphasize again that C O two
capture is really a bridging technology.

I want to also encourage everyone to
go out and pursue those innovative

technologies that are going to get
us away from emitting C O two and

having to worry about how
we're going to capture it.

But those are going to take time.

And then you know I have to sum up by
saying that the reverse of one o'clock

Woods have shown phenomenal results so
far in terms of C O two capacity and

I think they could be the next generation
of liquid solvents for C O two capture and

I just have to acknowledge now my my
funding sources which is deal we N.S.F.

Professor surrogate because they're in
from Imperial College London who help me

design a high pressure high
temperature reactor for the A.T.R.

after our experiments.

The entire accurately OTA group
without any of them I could've done

this you know we work as a team and
so we share the credit as a team and

I think you know the support staff here
at Georgia Tech doesn't get enough credit

from the machine shop to the stock
room to the administrators

without them we all wouldn't be here
right now doing what we're doing so

a big shout out to the support
staff at Georgia Tech and question.

Thanks very.

Now we're looking at water absorption now.

We're going to get by carbonate formation.

It's a little more stable so

we have to determine what effect that
has on the thermodynamics of reversal.

So that's what we're currently in right
now everything's been done with just pure

C O two up to this point

Jeff I don't know.

So we prefer formed the Ironically quids

they're actually you can preform the on
a click would stick them on a shelf and

they'll stay like that for
a week or so before they.

Well it's a mass transfer problem at
that point they're so viscous that.

Yeah they start to reverse
back a little bit but

that C O two stays in
train in the solution.

So the reversal at ambient conditions
takes a really really long time.

So no we just preform and
run the Imation and

so on and then we saw a nice clean
straight lines versus share stress and

we reversed it so
we're confident in those numbers.

You.
Joe your yard there by see is the real

ride made by

Lee Yeah we have to do
the measurements at a as a function of

temperature because equilibrium
constants as a function temperature so

we're working our way up right now we're
at seventy five degrees C. right now.

Yeah of course Yeah we're looking at.

I'm actually coupling the experiment so
we have low pressure experiments which

is about zero to fifty P.S. I just to get
a handle on you know the conversion and

then we're looking at the high pressure
experiments to look at physical absorption

once the on a liquid fully formed and
we're doing that as a function

of temperature and right now like I
said we're at seventy five degrees C. So

the end would probably be around one fifty
depending on what we see around one twenty

one twenty five and
we need to look at mix gas as well.

I mean I did.

Yeah but

you need pure C O two for that fact and

that's that any separation
technique you use has to be

capable of producing a high
purity product stream and

I base that solely on the fact that
transportation of the C O two.

Whatever you do with it and
it's probably made

it to do that and
that's what I was trying to me.

I think he live.

Well I'm looking at here.

And that's a very good point I'm
trying to look at the therms for

physical absorption in our in a quick
woods not for the application of you know

post combustion flue gas treatment and
it came because I can I can get

that measurement using the same sample the
same set up that I aready I'm using speed.

But that's using the same problem
that I would like to see.

So that's kind of like

you know looking for something

to go right.

Really.

In general and conventional in

ours so.

You know we just don't have that
that's going to probably stop

yours.

So if you look at the big picture and.

There's a problem.

Three.

Already.

That

you're talking about say.

Well you know yeah.

Actually that doesn't.

Because that's really what
the problems of them just

that's why.

This property is free.

Are you talking about missions that go to.

Three.

Each.