And I just want to save you
the words very quickly and

then turn you over to the main attraction
in fact I'm going to shorten up those few

words I owe as as some of you know Georgia
Tech had a long standing right there.

He studies of him just because
you don't know my predecessor but

I thought was actually one of the first
professors to teach science fiction at

the university level in the seventy's and
then when but

retired in one thousand
nine hundred seven.

He joined me etc It was a life that
he looks here to Georgia Tech and

that's the nexus of our
science fiction collection.

So right now we're at about just about
nine thousand items were thinking and

you know it's because we haven't
even processed a lot of stuff but

this is one of the most substantial
actions in the United States and

across the globe in fact and
it's exciting as a part of that a really

good research resource for
students in Georgia Tech and

just now we're starting to open up to
Stalins across the globe today and

that's what brings us here to
the library where Rosen is with us.

So just say no offense to Rosa is
assistant professor of communications

Sciences at the new university of Lisbon
where he teaches courtship courses

on fiction and technology and

cyber culture his research interests
involve Literature Science and

digital culture and he's now visiting
tech as part of a larger research project

on on the fictional roots of cyber culture
and since Professor Rose's in the middle

of that project is not going to be able
to talk about it with you just yet.

So instead today he's here to talk with us
about the theme of space colonization and

everyone's favorite science
fiction that located yet

so that other you have it right.

THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU for
the kind words and thank you for

this wonderful weeks I've been having
at the Library of the archives.

Thank you.

OK I may start with an stablished fact

the trope of space exploration as
been a staple of John as have since

Not to mention pro-choice have classics
such a jewel for their problems.

Or as you well as
the first man on the moon.

Even today despite the John's evolution of
its fetish tropes it is not by mere chance

that the trophy for its called the better
known prize the Hugo is a spacecraft.

As stated by the late author and critic
Tom in the streams are the dreams our

stuff is made of and I quote There can
be no question that the rocket ship is

the just primary I can image of the rocket
preferably a few of these model kind with

pointy act tail fins
the image of preference.

It is in the identifier like the cross or
the hammer in the sequel where the single

passing meaning one that transcends
all distinctions of class taste or

even logic and quote still in there
something impossible in the late twenties

that saw the establishment of science
fiction as a publishing and unthinkable.

While the war effort became a priority.

The exploration of outer space started to
be taken seriously as the fifty's were

approaching geo strategic balance
polarizing the so-called civilized

there is more technically sophisticated
world between the American the Soviet

blocs into a Cold War climate practically
required that both governments invested

in all kinds of propaganda devices to
display both to their citizens and

abroad that technical improvement at
least as important in the collective

imagination as the comfort of citizens
was a direct function of the political

regime space programs and by
the adaptation of technologies developed

in wartime to a peaceful
context became one of the most

effective forms of that propaganda while
simultaneously allowing the conversion

of a significant number of jobs again
in the words of some of the quote.

Group of artillery professionals
this illusion by the prospect of

peace following the Civil War
organizes itself as the gun club.

Which sounds like a hybrid of
the National Rifle Association.

And that.

The gun club transforms their gigantic
cannons not into pushchairs but

into space ships and the story begins.

This is uncannily close to how NASA
got going in the wake of World War two

using the talents of
the German rocket scientists

were developed the V two rockets the space
program has always been in a functional

sense a work relief program for
the military during periods of peace and

quote Although other other applications
such as communications satellites

came to be the real shapers of the second
half of that century as we may see later

the space was something that could
involve the ordinary citizen

problem using the achievement even even
in a version more in line with reality

fantasies that science fiction began
to stimulate in the preceding years.

It is does not surprising that both the
engineering and the publishing fields were

benefiting from that coverage of the
popular imagination already in the early

publications sponsored by scientists
engineers and members of related

professions signed the journal each with a
particularly fitted to be fitted to them.

Among other reasons because it
dispensed with literary erudition and

the added incentive of serving as
a vehicle for difficult vulgarization of

science with the advent of the space
program the connection became even tighter

the field of half was intending with
the propaganda setting the tone for

a public acceptance of a huge governmental
investment in space engineering and hand.

After the famous speech by G. F.

Kennedy on May twenty fifth one thousand
nine hundred sixty one citizens

associations said interplanetary our
rocket societies whose key members

belonged almost invariably to one of the
two could take the bow of Engineers and

pulp writers even
the starting of enthusiastic.

Not to write and we did came
the tacit status of a pressure group

while the generation
that grew up reading my.

As in such as amazing
what using degrees and

later occupations that supposedly entailed
the fulfillment of their teenage dreams or

was becoming the new crop of science
fiction writers that is also confirmed by

the with the Astra Futurism science
race and visions of Utopia in space

and I quote Many of the key innovators and
preserve the ties are from themselves in

American soil becoming the scientists and
engineers who developed

the technology of spaceflight and
the American space program of the sixty's.

They also became the popular
science in science fiction writers

who presented the spaceflight
project to audiences.

By its potential the books and articles
they wrote and in the movies in television

programs that they made are inspired to
convince the public and the government

that space was the next great goal
of American civilization and quote

to avoid a long list of names testing that
potentially promiscuous relation between

science and science fiction especially in
the period immediately after World War two

I mentioned the case of Brown that in the
fifty's while working with the American

government in the army but
the agency became the technical advisor of

documentaries about space exploration and
also of man into space a T.V.

science fiction series and conference
Kilgore he was not alone in making

the connection between fiction and
technological development.

Again a Futurist who have served as
professional scientists and engineers

engineers boyhood reading of science
fiction as the initial motivation for

pursuing technical educations and
careers in science and engineering

as with any other field of literature
early exposure and continued affection.

Many of the US for a future used to try
their hand at writing science fiction and

quote among the many Astro futurist.

Apologetic writings could be examined to
see Clarke also deserves a short mention.

His relevance that relevance is enhanced
by the fact that he was one of the few Our

early Ostrow Futurists active in what
may be called the second generation

beginning the end of the sixty's
with a moan landing and

even outlived it a remarkable example
of that cross generational status.

He's report on planet three and other
speculations one of Clark's speculative

works in science popularization published
in one nine hundred seventy two but

gathering several pieces
written mostly for

mainstream magazines during
the two previous decades.

Regardless of its optimism
a few caveats may be noticed

in the into a specially written for
the compilation when it was fresh and

that's had all of that
suddenly more cautious terms.

May be found in the introduction to
vacation mean vacuum originally published

in one thousand nine hundred sixty three
in Clark's own words quote the original

inspiration of the space station sequence
two thousand and one A Space Odyssey and

I quote Clarke now at the time most
readers must have thought that orbiting

hotels were the wildest of fantasy but
now Barron Hilton firmly expects to

be running such as stablish moments before
the year two thousand and one dance.

I must confess that now I have my
doubts about the practicability and

stability of the spherical swimming pool.

But the whole is so
intricate one would certainly be built and

it would be just as much fun and
put Nevertheless if you look closely.

No questioning can be found about
the economic feasibility of the whole

enterprise as something achievable in
the near future a future that today

is already past also about the technical
ability to combine all variables

needed to implement such a project and
if at least Clarke is aware of the voices

of previous reboot bottle present in the
sixty eight in sixty eight in the fourth

international symposium by a Western
arctics and the exploration of space with

attack next to the planets almost looks
as if they reacted to the argument.

Attributed to the old man
from Cristiano Portuguese

and I quote CLARKE I call revolutionary
new ideas the subject has had

to pass through three stages which may
be summed up by these reactions run.

It's crazy.

Don't waste my time too.

It's possible but
it's not worth doing three.

I always said it was a good idea.

Now and the detachment that time has
allowed us we may say that if one.

It's crazy ever gave one
to one is crazy too.

It's possible.

Every gave rise to three.

That was for

a very short span of time more accurate
to say that instead of three The belief

is expressed in two it's possible was
the one that gained more relevance.

It was feasible.

It's already been done but

it's not worth to keep doing it
with a slightly different wording.

That's precisely what Gary West.

Asks in the introduction to space and
beyond volume collecting the papers

presented to the one thousand nine
hundred seven Eastern Conference and

I quote today almost forty years
since Kennedy's bold speech.

I can only ask what went wrong.

If the frontier was a crucial defining
aspect of the American character and

if space now offers the only genuine
front here available has pace become so

unappealing and quote that seemed to be
the generalized feeling during that for

conference one mark quote one can detect
in their responses the conference pretty

supplants among other things
occurring tensions between an ongoing

desire to fulfill Kennedy's vision
of space as a new frontier and

the growth that space may be
unable to play in a true court.

And if that was by then
the feeling of the public opinion.

What can be said about
that group that had so

much contributed to promote
the space program the science

fiction writers as they read Hartwell
claims in a chapter of Age of Wonders.

When it comes true.

It's no fun anymore.

Published still in the in.

In the eighty's and I quote speculative
fiction when it becomes real it's

merely technology real space travel almost
killed the science fiction field and quote

the explanation might be that quote again
the world didn't care that yes I feel that

been right all along and fewer people
were buying and reading as have books and

magazines during the years after
the film declined radically and

quote If we are at such
a significant events as the rise and

fall of the Strategic Defense
Initiative Program or

the Reagan administration that almost
divided the same fix you science

fiction writers field between
the supporters on the right and

the critical voices on the left side
of the pearly political spectrum or

maybe between hard and soft S.F.
and the tragic space shuttle accident

in one thousand nine hundred eighty six
the first flight of this is really in this

part of the crew we say that by
the time the sense of wonder had died.

Maybe not science fiction but not only

just space opera or hard S.F. meanwhile
found a few ways to renew itself.

Even if that meant getting closer to
the margins of the literary field.

One solution was what we
may call a flight forward.

That is some are less declared embrace of
fantasy and those of the impossible and

the improbable not infrequently
associated with a more baroque

form tropes such as the Congress of
space interplanetary empires or aliens.

When a Smith is the name that more easily
Yorkers as a precursor of the some of

the right with their idiosyncrasies
also took similar paths and

other almost opposed solution
tested more recently by the down

newer generation of hard S.F.
introduced with great greater caution.

Such as the colonize ation
of other planets for

their embracing scientific possibility and
the very similar to

closer to realism wherein even one
of the supporters of Reagan's.

Initiative did it with world
Stanley Robinson on the left side

of the political spectrum tried it
with a trilogy Red Mars Green Mars and

blue marks the recent manifesto
might be seen as the most radical or

ecological version of this approach so

radical as to abstain altogether from
space travel and colonize ation.

Or even the contact with alien species yet
another possibility

not excluding any of the above is a matter
fictive ironic and sometimes openly.

Arijit visitation of these themes
compelling the journey to look at

Easter a possible illustration.

Although it's long lived production and
covers covers the whole field of S.F.

is the case of Brian all this
among all these ways of renewal.

There is yet another that.

Maybe may be found as early as the Sixties
you speak of the one Philip K.

Dick has adopted in a very
significant handful of these titles

space in the physical
sense became a metaphor.

So more efficient due to being one of the
most implemented conventions of the jar

and a reflection on other
meanings of the word space.

Well a few authors this for defined space
is something real and technological and

others converted into
the mythical tried with the trope

of space increasingly virtualizing
get into something abstract and

the initial clue comes with the awareness
that the time when started to deconstruct

the trope coincides with the rise of the
West based programme that is ranging from

the outset in the fifty's where also
when they began his career until the mid

sixty's a few years before the moon
landing even in some minor works.

He said Things are far from reflecting the
euphoria of the Futurists already in so

a lottery the flame disk is portrayed as
a futile hope something whose discovery

quest with a bitter taste
that writers as Isaac.

Of our in the prominent by their absence
and even when there is a collage

of other planets clearly the characters
go beyond the solar system even worse

planetary colonies are patchy solutions to
social problems such as overpopulation and

should be no wonder if if we
remember that except for it's from.

And rarely came out of
California that Earth

is a haven that should not be abandoned.

Even when as in the men who
are in the end of the simulacra

only in another planet someone can
expect to find the living conditions and

freedom that were denied by
totally Terran regime but

such a psychological such a logical
explanation is not enough.

Christopher Palmer in
feeling exhilaration and

terror of the past modern argues that such
a future shows how much Niekro the against

the tide of common science fiction and
I quote S.F. is a strongly kinetic form.

It is very concerned with journeying
moving outwards opening out

traveling towards or in search of wonder
little of this is present in the excess of

weeks S.F. Not merely because we ask and
concerned with spaceflight.

It is thoroughly skeptical
of the idea that colonizing

other planets would be a positive
thing to do and quote.

Strangely enough but then again maybe
not fiction is populated with aliens.

However the most relevant regularity for
our purposes is the fact that

with very rare exceptions come to meet
the humans and not the other way around.

And even for those aliens making the home
planet towards Earth is a decision that

results from an option but
rather from a need that question is still

more pronounced when it comes to humans
the most obvious we would say tragic

illustration is the character field
in Dr blood money chosen along with

his wife to be part of the first couple
to emigrate to Mars the obvious departed

departure from Earth with a series of
nuclear explosions straits the subjective.

Dies and around the Earth is
condemned to remain inside.

Although escaping a perhaps worse fate
that of being a victim of a nuclear

holocaust and even if the limbo
that is that perpetual orbit

rather peculiar status as a radio host for
the survivors.

When the rage of the sheep turned
into a communication satellite

field has nothing to benefit from
the change nothing but solitude and

you were in a step is now
an inaccessible from fear

of the second half of the sixties
is almost an avatar of the world.

Your field depicted at
the beginning of that decade

events that led to the peak event that
was Apollo eleven mission to the.

May have motivated
the oscillation is renewed flirt.

He's on terms.

It seems that appear to have been pushed
to the drawer in the late fifty's and

we can build you a joint

planet earth in this case the place
the relevant role in the narrative.

After that in the mid sixties references
to places besides Earth become our common

Martian time sleep being one of
the few novels where all the interest

takes place go away from our
planet teleported man and

the short story we can remember it for
you.

Wholesale however to end the cycle
because shortly thereafter

the references begin to dry up or
become your devices to from the narrative.

Such is the case of two of
the most prominent Works Dream of

Electric Sheep and you big both
references to Mars as a colony.

There are of course a few cases
that make it as a maze of death but

the general trend suggests the opposite
precisely when the American

imagination have increasing fragile
factual evidence to become more attuned

with the space race take moves away
from the subject after the seventies and

until his death as if
anticipating by more than a.

The crisis of the space program that
with the rise in the eighty's and

scapes the divine invasion is
virtually the sole space settings and

even then it has in that these valleys.

The only references to Exeter
come from disturbed minds and

mystery remains though if it seems
related to space played at least for

a while an important role in the fiction
but even then mostly to allow or

cannot achieve reading where these at
hand and grounded to the earth stands for

what is safe and
what is far from what is threatening.

How can we interpret these progressive
avoidance from such a typical theme

and attempt to answer as we shall see
relevant enough so that we may understand

the work of Philip K. Dick in a broader
context can be found in his by the French.

Understanding of our country.

Rep or contemporary condition may be
covered by concepts such as implosion or

even crisis of the dimensions.

The relationship between space politics
and technology is crucial in any social

structure and therefore a closer look
at this relationship is also crucial to

understand the change the changes in
the first step toward globalization

with a revolution of transportation means
which lead thanks to the speeding up for

our pace and the mobility.

Whole new way of relating to space.

However the evolution of communications
which could have been thought

of as contributing to an even greater
acceleration had the opposite effect

the effect of short book titled.

That proposition is almost written in
stone and I quote Contrary to appearances.

It is the which has been thrusting
itself forward since the thirty's

radio television radio.

Sonar and
electronic optics first in the war and

then in the nuclear piece that has
seen the computer revolution and

dispensable from the running of
the various policies of military and

economic deterrence since the sixty's then
has no longer been the communication route

of a given geographical territory but
the electronic communication of

telecommunications now everything
arrives without any need to depart and

port but that in mind we cannot last
start to unravel our problem if there

is a connection between the decline of the
public interest in the space program and

the way some science fiction specifically.

Approached or rather dropped the theme
moving to what may be called borrowing

from a term coined by J.G. Ballard But
what is slightly different meaning

the inner space that connection
may be understood by the result

of acceleration that his work makes

barely no direct references to science
fiction that would allow that inference.

But extrapolated from the abundant
references to the space race

although his position regarding the and

the usefulness of the space
program is sometimes ambiguous.

It is at least clear instrumental
in the contemporary predicament.

It describes in another passage from.

The formerly proposed these returns.

But now illustration and I quote
the conquest of space in the end to

be only images of space it seem that
the end of the century still the.

Heralds a final shift with
the advent of the static or

the visual vehicle a substitute for bodily
movement and the next tension of domestic.

Which will mark the definite
triumph of sudden terror in us and

quote coming after
the transport revolution and

appearing as the ultimate means
of transportation the one

that would finally overcome the heart of
the stops to go Globe and the gravity.

Compels us towards it.

The stuff space ultimately disclosed
itself as an undercover agent

of a silent change that already
had the communications revolution.

It was however necessary
to achieve escape velocity.

It's a title of another of your previous
books to populate the stratosphere with

communications satellites lest we forget
one of the heroes of the meant was

the reclusive Arthur C.
Clarke geostationary satellites.

Telecommunications.

At the cost of another specter that
haunted the imagination of the previous

era of space the accomplishments
of the space program important.

After all.

Absolutely.

But their relevance to the current state
of the fair of affairs was the fact that

by overcoming this barrier beyond
which becomes just a planet that

very same become second rank when compared
to the ultimate the speed of light.

Of the electromagnetic waves are the very
essence of the information society

by the very same coupe of
the earth is contracted

not only by those almost instantaneous
communication devices but

also perhaps with a stronger symbolic
value image can be viewed from

space from the perspective of an astronaut
getting farther from the home planet

shrinks more and
more still remaining on the surface and

I quote again if he knew our
planet is slipping away.

Not as a cosmic express moving
at thirty kilometers per second.

But as it rapidly deflating ultimately

the only distances to be overcome were
the ones measured by the speed of light.

There are perhaps paradoxically fewer and
fewer reasons for

us to travel those distances distances
that once achieved human scale.

But now are even more meaning to rise
to be the moon wasn't after all truly

conquered it was merely a threshold
that after having been surmounted

became just another tragic allowing of
the tragic to be virtual last I must

remember that for you over overwhelming
majority of us who never had or

will have the opportunity to go into our
bit the trunk was thanks to live T.V.

purely vicarious indeed that was one
of the first vicarious experience

is FRESH AIR doing our contemporary
conditioning which has very argues that

evoking the time the term cocooning work
started to be replaced by telework and

shopping by telling shopping as
the virtual becomes triumphant the space

we previously had to travel is contracted
to the point of having barely no extension

and one last quote from vehicle
new dynamic land vehicle

most symptomatic of the sporting evolution
is the dragster whose motto might be

how to go nowhere or any way last and last
far four hundred meters two hundred but

faster and faster less intensive
competition perhaps stands at the extreme

to make finishing line and
starting line coincide.

If it's similar to that achieved by
the live televised interface and quote.

Perhaps without realizing it anticipated
this contraction of the globe for

which the feats of the space program
were nothing more than catalysts

accomplish the reaction that they helped
to bring about they became superfluous

seem to anticipate this fate was yet
to be visited by the Apollo eleven and

the already had put aside more traditional
traditional treatments of the island and

of space travel.

Surely these troops still appear.

Well habits are difficult to
abandon when they constitute

the hard core of the increasingly
as pure narrative conventions

serving other purposes as a formula.

Despite the negative connotation
that the term acquired.

Well the growth in the seventy's
exacerbates even more he's moved from

the concrete to the abstract or
if you will virtual surely the same spaces

remain a novel in which everything arrives
we arrives without any need to the part

in the one to say the least but

siding with the trend in the foot in
that if this place has become more and

more shrunk around themselves or
over these later face works.

Places and times some kind of virtual
universe that only the eye of God

can embrace that other divine entity and
that is the fiction writer.

Of the trend of virtualization that struck
the second half of the twentieth century

which leaked into being one of the key
aspects of this new century and

the evolution of the way Dick approached
the constant the concept of space

there is only a mismatch.

That must be of knowledge
rather than interruption and

in one thousand nine hundred two at
a time when the technologies that led

to the explosion of the virtual

outside universities the military
industrial complex and think tanks.

Were overcoming the first threshold that
would introduce to the general public.

For example the first microcomputer
appeared in seventy seven and

one nine hundred eighty.

Well Dick was still busy with his valise
trilogy crossed paths with a short

story called cyberpunk However its
publication as well as the rise of

the movement that would embrace that
name took place only after Dick's death.

The short story appeared in the November
eighty three issue of Amazing giving then

substance to new generation within
the field generation that partially but

inspired by Dick went even farther
than valuing physical space meatspace.

It's virtual version cyberspace and
analogue to virtual school.

That can already be in
the can novels such as and

a maze of them the time was now ripe for
that renovation.

Thank you thank

you for your heart

beat this.

Yeah.

Here I don't know

I think the feel that this is the field
and have field has become more

and more literary Perhaps but
that doesn't mean that

you cannot have also engineers writing for
science fiction.

You still have a few engineers and

scientists writing mostly from other
generations such as Gregory Benford and

so on but that doesn't mean
that the field is closed today.

I think there's

yeah that would be an interesting
project to do to make a social.

Picture of science fiction writers
know where they come from.

You know what do they do.

And yes perhaps computer scientists have

are there are more computer
scientists now and.

The field of science fiction than before
but I would no doubt have started to

make that the accountant to know

I mean like I said that one of
the reasons the jet stays right.

Is that it was so often years.

Right.

That here.

Let's All right.

And just that he's here and
he's a little sad if you think I'm right.

So I mean I think he's
never really big shot and

I think you also shot of
the idea that every year or

that virtually every
cycle would get off you

know the story of the call it starts out.

Basically they're saying well we're trying
to explore space turns out there's nothing

out as to just dismiss you but it turns

out that whatever he gets into you
is to develop technology create

miniature universes and then
the universe Stretton of the world and

in one of these He's always easy things
like her dial is you know not Earth or

state and they've got a heart
that's a scene in the best history

with all these you know counseling.

It's low and
at the end of the world created Earth or

sets rights national It's like
you know yes that's right.

And so did I mean to me that's
it's not I don't do that.

He said laying out states I thought
was that it's one thing that he wants

away from well something else.

The router.

It's just one more one markets they're all

Perhaps if you look at the first
story still in the fifty's he uses

more space exploration but
with a cynical tone with that.

Tone that my feet.

If we can't make it right here.

Why why bothering trying elsewhere and
need some kind

of a temporary

thing while we don't do not
return which happens a lot

about in his name is fiction but yeah I
think you're right he was so cynical.

That everything tried every Tropi
explored including the space.

Well it's also a way of
analyzing his cynical

as you

leave you with space sort
of regular size one or

more of the same side of where it's

really just because with respect.

It's certainly written that sort

of days with the sixty's but really.

Yeah really.

You need to be coming to the people in

the sixty's who are going out there and so

I think people that I don't know if
you if you're familiar with and the.

Frederick James I think it's
a chapter from the logic of

the logic that mentions precisely
the portrayed the fifty's

as Jameson argued the fifty's
already in the future

as if it was already in the image
of the fifty's of the of those

common places that we came
to know about the fifty's

concentrates mostly on
the relations between men and

women the perfect perfect not so perfect.

But perhaps we can extend that also
to that idea of space colonization

by being already ironic about what
other fiction writers were doing

this is why it's

fiction writing that all those
novels that are rejected but that

we can project a few of the characters
sometimes with the names of the characters

are just updated from non science
fiction science fiction novels so

perhaps he was making a revenge of.

I really don't know that's one of the
things that I would I'd like to to find

out in the new project which
is about the cyber culture.

I was tested for a while and

now I want to have to
expand the universe as

my horizons to go to other
writers including of course some

writers so
I wouldn't know how to answer right now.

Or perhaps in a year or so and

yeah yeah I guess all of

this.

Yeah.

Perhaps you have a counterexample
which is Time are out of

joint when you have only
three quarters of the novel

you find out that there is
a war between the Earth and

the former colony of the moon and

and that perhaps is one
of the counterexamples in

which another planet as close as the moon.

He's somewhere we can find another
kind of sociability perhaps

that would be a neat come for
example of this but

you were asking also about that.

I guess that.

You know it's hard to pinpoint

exactly where Dick starts to become
fascinated with this idea of the Worlds.

Because you can find it not
in cyber kind of way but

you can find it already
stories as the trouble is he's

already from the sixty's but a lot of
the stories in the fifty's some of

them some of them are near
to fantasy like the world.

She wanted for example in which you

don't know the world
a projection of someone's

imagination that story for

example that happens in a fantastic
way without any technology involved.

She just imagines the world and
the world to what she is imagining but

later technological devices to

protect that idea of
virtual worlds worlds and

so on and you can find it all
across you know production

comes

from just really very very

good yes.

Whether it's whether it's as a result
of this season is that it was

almost priced really
well over right here but

the circles around
the site while the story

is just being speculative.

It's a really you know to say this is

Patricia war because one of
the periods of feeling critics

writing that the late sixty's mostly
he's entropic period when they

when he started to write
to be more pessimistic and

to take more drugs and so on until try

suicide and once or twice but

I think if you look closely almost

always work has some entropy inside
maybe that part of the sixty's

is really the most pessimistic part
perhaps for personal psychological reasons

but I think entropy is all over the place.

However in spite of Ventry

you can find lots of OK.

You can find also some place for hope and

normally in the end of the novels you can
find in spite of entropy some place for

hope perhaps that more dark.

Part of his writing.

Not that much but I think most of the
times you can find a small place for hope.

But a place where hope can be found first

within yourself and
within which what is near you.

So I will write bother
trying another planet.

If you can find you have
to find it's right here.

You know that you know first.

No no no.

Mostly it is and
in the case of Mercer reason that there is

that big reading where in

spite of her nursery being a car
completely is still there.

So it works for him.

Yeah you find some he gets to be

some kind of Mercer without
the box without the black box.

You know perhaps

something and
never thought about that closely.

Thank you again.

Thank you.