[00:00:05.17] So it's a pleasure to welcome Sally in with us today. [00:00:08.06] [00:00:09.07] She got her bachelor's degree in chemical and environmental engineering from [00:00:13.13] [00:00:13.13] Hong Kong University of Science and Technology before getting her master's and [00:00:18.02] [00:00:18.02] Ph d. in chemical engineering at Cal Tech she then did a post [00:00:22.23] [00:00:22.23] stock at aerodynamics search before coming to Georgia Tech about 8 or [00:00:27.22] [00:00:27.22] 9 years ago she can't quite remember it's been so [00:00:30.11] [00:00:30.11] long where she is currently an associate professor in chemical biological or [00:00:35.00] [00:00:35.00] engineering with a joint appointment in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences she's. [00:00:40.05] [00:00:41.18] One of the top one percent cited in the geosciences and is also an s.f. [00:00:46.15] [00:00:46.15] career Ward recipient but most recently was honored by Georgia Tech this [00:00:50.23] [00:00:50.23] past year for outstanding achievement in early career research and so [00:00:55.18] [00:00:55.18] it is a pleasure to have her with us. [00:00:57.14] [00:01:14.03] So thanks for the introduction and the opportunity to speak today the pretty big [00:01:19.07] [00:01:19.07] 7 so I was told I need to mention the word nano and I will so [00:01:24.15] [00:01:24.15] today I'm going to tell you all about her an error sauce which of particles and [00:01:28.23] [00:01:28.23] as you were sitting there maybe eating a piece and listening to me you know [00:01:32.15] [00:01:32.15] breathing in these particles continuously and the a very small nano particles so [00:01:37.02] [00:01:37.02] you cannot see them so this photo is taken from Stone Mountain and looking far away [00:01:41.16] [00:01:41.16] from in all the the background to look at Atlanta and you can see an ocean of trees [00:01:46.16] [00:01:46.16] and you can also see a haze and there are plenty of organic particles in this photo. [00:01:52.15] [00:01:52.15] So whatever sauce so people refer them to as particularly matter o.p.m. [00:01:57.22] [00:01:57.22] you probably read about them in newspapers or just in our sauce or [00:02:01.18] [00:02:01.18] atmospheric nanoparticles So technically aerosols is defined [00:02:05.20] [00:02:05.20] as a system of suspension of solid or liquid particles in the gas but [00:02:10.12] [00:02:10.12] right now it's mostly come in used to refer to the particle component only so [00:02:14.19] [00:02:14.19] when I mention air or soft I'm talking about a suspended particle in the air so [00:02:19.22] [00:02:19.22] when you think of aerosol it's one of the pictures that might come to mind so [00:02:23.13] [00:02:23.13] maybe you've got to tell pay admission. [00:02:25.04] [00:02:26.06] So this one is taken from the quote out there so into students of barbecuing So [00:02:30.15] [00:02:30.15] these are cooking ourselves dust while fire admission ourselves and [00:02:35.07] [00:02:35.07] Will Cain and Seaspray ourselves and many others and you can see them some of these [00:02:39.16] [00:02:39.16] a bigger than the others so you can actually see that with your naked eyes but [00:02:42.18] [00:02:42.18] many of the particles like the particles in this room they are too small so [00:02:46.04] [00:02:46.04] you can actually see them so when we think of all these particles What is [00:02:50.18] [00:02:50.18] the size range that we have thinking about so this diagram shows the typical and or [00:02:55.17] [00:02:55.17] saw number and volume size distributions so you can look at the scale is [00:03:00.10] [00:03:00.10] 1.01 micro meter to about 10 micro meter and this is the number distribution [00:03:05.06] [00:03:05.06] this is the volume disputations and because of the different emissions [00:03:08.19] [00:03:08.19] chemistry you end up with this is a natural distribution of air or sauce and [00:03:12.19] [00:03:12.19] you can group the aerosols depend on the size so the ultra fine particle refers to [00:03:17.06] [00:03:17.06] the nano particles which is less than $100.00 nanometers in diameter and [00:03:21.20] [00:03:21.20] the fine particle is of less than 2.5 micron and the course [00:03:25.05] [00:03:25.05] particle is a bigger than 2.5 micron and when you read you know newspapers articles [00:03:29.23] [00:03:29.23] about aerosols you might come across this terms pm 1 pm 2.5 and [00:03:34.09] [00:03:34.09] pm 10 so this numbers signifies the size of the particles below that range so [00:03:39.12] [00:03:39.12] pm $2.00 correspond to these particles smaller than $2.00 micron in diameter and [00:03:45.07] [00:03:45.07] pm $2.00 in the what e.p.a. regulates so e.p.a. [00:03:48.16] [00:03:48.16] regulates pm 2.5 mass for you know impacts on human health. [00:03:52.12] [00:03:53.17] So why do we care about our sauce and why do I and many of my colleagues spend [00:03:57.09] [00:03:57.09] a lifetime studying these particles in our sauce place very important role in [00:04:01.13] [00:04:01.13] climate and human health and you could probably argue climate change and [00:04:05.16] [00:04:05.16] quality of the 2 major environmental issues confronting each one of us [00:04:10.01] [00:04:10.01] every day so this figure is from i.p.c.c. which is the in the governmental panel on [00:04:14.22] [00:04:14.22] climate change and it shows the different radioactive forcing factors you can see [00:04:19.13] [00:04:19.13] all these greenhouse gases so the positive ones to earth negative cruised to earth so [00:04:24.09] [00:04:24.09] I'm not going to go through each one of them but [00:04:26.08] [00:04:26.08] I want to kind of draw your attention to the air or saw effect on climate So [00:04:30.14] [00:04:30.14] how does a minnow particle affect climate an aerosol can absorb radiation and [00:04:35.08] [00:04:35.08] warms to earth and aerosol can also reflect radiation back to space and [00:04:39.13] [00:04:39.13] coos to earth what they do depends on what they are made of and their size and [00:04:44.22] [00:04:44.22] aerosols also form the seat to make Klaus So when the ever saw is that we know class [00:04:49.18] [00:04:49.18] and clouds with that radiation back to the space and [00:04:52.06] [00:04:52.06] that also cruised the earth so there are many different types of error sauce [00:04:55.21] [00:04:55.21] around the world and each of them have very different chemical composition and [00:04:59.12] [00:04:59.12] properties but overall you can see the actually aerosols has a cooling effect [00:05:04.13] [00:05:04.13] it helps actually mitigate the warming effect but [00:05:07.19] [00:05:07.19] you can also see that there's a huge uncertainty bar so that's why [00:05:10.23] [00:05:10.23] the a lot more research is needed to understand the ever saw impact on climate. [00:05:15.06] [00:05:16.12] And what about the health impacts so according to this paper that was published [00:05:20.15] [00:05:20.15] last year alone 9000000 people could Stead's can be attributed to fine particle [00:05:25.13] [00:05:25.13] pollution that is a staggering number so I always refer to air assaults almost [00:05:29.23] [00:05:29.23] as a silent killer you can think of other diseases and the sounds really scary but [00:05:34.08] [00:05:34.08] when it is polluted outside you will immediately link that to death but [00:05:38.14] [00:05:38.14] it is what these numbers show up and this picture shows the global burden of disease [00:05:42.22] [00:05:42.22] basically kind of what we die from and you can think of the x. [00:05:46.06] [00:05:46.06] axis at the sum of mortality and morbidity and you can go down to the charts and [00:05:51.03] [00:05:51.03] find that pollution is ranked really high in this global burden of deceased so [00:05:55.19] [00:05:55.19] the thing is that these particles are everywhere you can excuse them I guess [00:05:59.04] [00:05:59.04] unless you go into a clean room but even we are sitting here we're breathing in all [00:06:02.15] [00:06:02.15] these particles and so it is really important to try to understand how [00:06:07.03] [00:06:07.03] particle composition and properties and then they help impact and [00:06:11.22] [00:06:11.22] that's been on these aerosols also into air quality and visibility so [00:06:16.02] [00:06:16.02] this is a pair of pictures for a lens of between a clear day and a hasty they and [00:06:20.02] [00:06:20.02] I grew up in Hong Kong originally and this is the Victoria Harbor and [00:06:23.12] [00:06:23.12] you can also easily find a pair of photos between the clear they and their hazy [00:06:27.13] [00:06:27.13] day and you can do this for every you know favorite cities that you like and [00:06:31.06] [00:06:31.06] it's very easy to find as you know comparison. [00:06:33.09] [00:06:34.18] So today I'm going to focus on one particular type of ever sauce [00:06:38.09] [00:06:38.09] called organic or sauce and these pie charts [00:06:41.17] [00:06:41.17] corresponds to some Micron non refractory pm composition around the world so [00:06:46.16] [00:06:46.16] if you can see from where you are you can pick your favorite cities and [00:06:50.11] [00:06:50.11] the cut color of the pie chart corresponds to different composition of the r. [00:06:53.22] [00:06:53.22] sauce the green part of the pie is organic so hence the organic ever saw the red is [00:06:58.13] [00:06:58.13] cell faint blue is orange is ammonia so you can think of some Micron [00:07:04.05] [00:07:04.05] reflector aerosols of mainly made of these $4.00 to $5.00 different components and [00:07:08.13] [00:07:08.13] their total concentration measure in micrograms per cubic meter in the air [00:07:13.06] [00:07:13.06] varies from different places and this is already data for [00:07:16.12] [00:07:16.12] more than a decade ago and there are many more measurements around the world but [00:07:20.08] [00:07:20.08] wherever you go what we find is that organic or [00:07:23.01] [00:07:23.01] solid is always one of the major components in these and beyond particles. [00:07:27.08] [00:07:28.08] So just a little bit of introduction of where these particles you know come from [00:07:32.15] [00:07:32.15] so you've got there's an emissions they've got train cars industry and [00:07:36.05] [00:07:36.05] I have to act this fire because when I started giving this talk over a decade ago [00:07:40.08] [00:07:40.08] there was not many fi emissions but now you know if you open up the newspaper [00:07:43.22] [00:07:43.22] you will see that wildfire is becoming important source of your sauce so [00:07:47.11] [00:07:47.11] all of these sources can emit particles directly so if you emit it as a particle [00:07:52.01] [00:07:52.01] we call you primary particles because you emitted at the particle but [00:07:56.04] [00:07:56.04] however these different sources can emit a lot of gas phase components we call them [00:08:01.03] [00:08:01.03] well as how organic compounds So remember these I guess not particles but once these [00:08:06.03] [00:08:06.03] part guesses emitted into the atmosphere what happened to them I mean embassy is [00:08:10.07] [00:08:10.07] really oxidizing they're not going to stay as they have parent come down very long so [00:08:15.18] [00:08:15.18] what happened is that in the embassy or they are a lot of accidents so [00:08:19.12] [00:08:19.12] one of the major accident is this hydroxyl radical which is a very important oxygen [00:08:23.06] [00:08:23.06] during the day Osun is an important accident during the day and [00:08:26.12] [00:08:26.12] night nature a radical is an important oxygen and [00:08:29.05] [00:08:29.05] next to depending on when you emitted in my reacting each one of these radicals [00:08:34.21] [00:08:34.21] in once you react you're going to want different products so [00:08:38.08] [00:08:38.08] imagine your company a company a react with different accidents than most here [00:08:42.13] [00:08:42.13] and eventually you're going to form a company b. and maybe compound b. [00:08:46.16] [00:08:46.16] has a much higher volatility the news they will stay in the get space for [00:08:50.20] [00:08:50.20] what is company has a low of volatility so [00:08:53.19] [00:08:53.19] so more than a mix require you to be in the particle phase because it [00:08:57.18] [00:08:57.18] was semi volatile you're nonvolatile So imagine you feel gas phase compact and [00:09:02.12] [00:09:02.12] you want to be a particle How can you be a particle so if there are no particles [00:09:06.13] [00:09:06.13] around you you're going to nucleate into a nanoparticle So [00:09:10.13] [00:09:10.13] that is the birth of a new particle but if there are many particles around to [00:09:15.13] [00:09:15.13] the less you know energy to methods is to actually condense [00:09:18.20] [00:09:18.20] onto these existing particles so this is the gas particle positioning [00:09:23.00] [00:09:23.00] of these semi volatile gets these products on to existing particles to make a 2nd. [00:09:28.02] [00:09:28.02] The organic so primary aerosols that emitted directly as a particle [00:09:32.22] [00:09:32.22] secondary particles a form in the Was fear as a result of these very complex you know [00:09:38.05] [00:09:38.05] chemistry and if you look around the world most of the air assaults are actually [00:09:42.06] [00:09:42.06] secondary Unfortunately they are complex and not as you know easy as just directly [00:09:46.18] [00:09:46.18] emitted and once these particles are formed that's not the end of the world you [00:09:50.12] [00:09:50.12] know like aerosols generally you live for about 7 days to 10 days in the world so [00:09:54.18] [00:09:54.18] they can undergo many different chemistry yes face aging head through genus face [00:09:59.06] [00:09:59.06] aging or multi-phase aging so all of this will continue to change the properties and [00:10:03.15] [00:10:03.15] composition of aerosols impacting the impacts on climate and [00:10:07.07] [00:10:07.07] health so we're going to focus a lot on these biogenic b.o.c. as today so these [00:10:12.06] [00:10:12.06] are v.o.c. is emitted by vegetation mostly from trees so if you go to a forest and [00:10:16.17] [00:10:16.17] smell nice forests chances are you are smelling some of these compounds so [00:10:21.05] [00:10:21.05] the small those and simplest one is iso Prain which is a c 5 compound and [00:10:25.00] [00:10:25.00] you got monitor penes which is c 10 come out says could [00:10:27.21] [00:10:27.21] Turpin's which is c 15 compounds and so these are always emitted by vegetations [00:10:32.16] [00:10:32.16] throughout different times of the year and when they get emitted they can be reacted [00:10:37.05] [00:10:37.05] with those accidents they also had lots of radical in nature radical depending on [00:10:42.01] [00:10:42.01] whether it's a day or night so in my group we take this systematic [00:10:46.13] [00:10:46.13] approach to understand how aerosols a form and what are they made of so [00:10:50.04] [00:10:50.04] we have left or a choice studies which I'll show a video in a diagram of it so [00:10:54.08] [00:10:54.08] this is special basically a batch reactor is an endless for [00:10:57.01] [00:10:57.01] it simulator to allow us to look at the kinetics and [00:10:59.22] [00:10:59.22] mechanisms of aerosol formation we also do a lot of m.b.m. measurements so [00:11:04.03] [00:11:04.03] we sometimes go to all the instruments to the field and do measurements in or [00:11:07.10] [00:11:07.10] at that particular city or location to try to understand aerosol from nation in [00:11:11.11] [00:11:11.11] the n.b.a. and the tools that we use in my group a mostly mass spectrometers So [00:11:15.20] [00:11:15.20] we have mass spectrometers to look at the gas face composition and [00:11:18.23] [00:11:18.23] aerosol face composition and kind of try to piece together [00:11:21.19] [00:11:21.19] you know the pictures of how these aerosols are being formed. [00:11:24.10] [00:11:25.12] So I'll give you a cricket or [00:11:26.19] [00:11:26.19] rundown of some of the current projects that we have so this is what I going to [00:11:30.09] [00:11:30.09] spend my time mostly today is talk about how emissions from human activities [00:11:35.15] [00:11:35.15] can effect how the emissions from trees in them making aerosols processes and [00:11:41.13] [00:11:41.13] we also have some projects to look at aerosol formation from wildfires and [00:11:44.21] [00:11:44.21] by burning as I've mentioned this is increasingly becoming an important source [00:11:48.23] [00:11:48.23] of ambient air or sauce we also have some projects on aerosol health effects [00:11:53.16] [00:11:53.16] I my own might not have time to go through that at the end of the top of the sea and [00:11:57.15] [00:11:57.15] we also do instrument development so I work at the instrument company before I [00:12:01.17] [00:12:01.17] started at Georgia Tech so I do have a number of collaboration with them so [00:12:07.00] [00:12:07.00] let's think about what happens when things get emitted so [00:12:10.00] [00:12:10.00] this is kind of the beginning of our stories today so you have all these [00:12:13.14] [00:12:13.14] different sources you've got power plants emitting sulfur dioxide you've got [00:12:17.08] [00:12:17.08] cars speed goes emitting nitrogen oxides and like stocks emitting ammonia so [00:12:21.21] [00:12:21.21] all of these get minute in the atmosphere they might form these inorganic [00:12:25.09] [00:12:25.09] aerosol self a nitrate and the Mia but remember today we're going to tell organic [00:12:29.15] [00:12:29.15] or sauce so once these different sources get the middle they will interact with [00:12:34.14] [00:12:34.14] these emissions from trees because they are all you know in the same [00:12:37.18] [00:12:37.18] vicinity of each other because I still printed got them on the turf so that's why [00:12:41.21] [00:12:41.21] today I'm going to tell you how this emissions from human activities interact [00:12:46.04] [00:12:46.04] with this emissions from trees and affect how this tree emissions form aerosol. [00:12:51.00] [00:12:52.02] So this and from would generate biogenic story started over a decade ago so [00:12:56.07] [00:12:56.07] it actually started in the selfish us if you remember the photo I show at [00:13:00.05] [00:13:00.05] the beginning of my talk we are in city bathing in an ocean of trees so [00:13:04.10] [00:13:04.10] the self is us is actually the most ideal cake I do place in the country to study [00:13:08.22] [00:13:08.22] you know just interaction so over a decade ago one of my colleagues Ronnie Weber [00:13:13.14] [00:13:13.14] he does the measurements here in Atlanta and you find that a lot of the organic [00:13:17.08] [00:13:17.08] aerosols organic carbon is is actually so [00:13:22.03] [00:13:22.03] it's from trees but as the same time this inner saw has a nice correlation with [00:13:26.23] [00:13:26.23] carbon monoxide couple more not so it's a tracer fire and wood genic pollutant So [00:13:32.06] [00:13:32.06] then you start scratching your head you know like why are the emissions and [00:13:36.03] [00:13:36.03] aerosols from trees have anything to do with human activities you know what [00:13:40.10] [00:13:40.10] is their interaction so the hypothesis is that these aerosols probably [00:13:45.07] [00:13:45.07] start their life from some sort of trees but somehow there's a mediation from [00:13:50.04] [00:13:50.04] anthropogenic sources the question is what is the mechanism of this [00:13:54.16] [00:13:54.16] interaction between this and with genic and biogenic reactions. [00:14:00.05] [00:14:00.05] So we start addressing to this question by going around sampling in the southeast us [00:14:05.04] [00:14:05.04] as I mentioned this is one of the the best place to actually address the scientific [00:14:08.23] [00:14:08.23] question so in 2013 there's a huge m.b. a measurement study cost so s. [00:14:13.22] [00:14:13.22] and it takes place in Centerville in Alabama so my whole group move there for [00:14:17.22] [00:14:17.22] a month and a half with many other researchers from around the world and [00:14:21.03] [00:14:21.03] country this is like a $40000000.00 measurement funded by multiple agencies so [00:14:26.02] [00:14:26.02] it is in the middle of a forest so we sample they are 4 months and [00:14:28.18] [00:14:28.18] a half we also do a post so as measurement and at that time we also have an e.p.a. [00:14:33.17] [00:14:33.17] health center between Georgia Tech and [00:14:35.14] [00:14:35.14] Emory University to look at airport quality and health effects so we also do [00:14:39.08] [00:14:39.08] a lot of measurements in different places in Atlanta so I came from the 4 e.s.n. [00:14:43.19] [00:14:43.19] team building so on top of that building we also have a sampling site and [00:14:47.10] [00:14:47.10] there's a row site side that's next to the $75.85 highway and there's also assembling [00:14:52.12] [00:14:52.12] site at Jefferson Street which is just about 10 minutes west of the campus so [00:14:57.16] [00:14:57.16] the instrument that we carry all moved to all these sampling sites is called aerosol [00:15:01.19] [00:15:01.19] mass spectrometer this is kind of like a workhorse while lap so you can see [00:15:05.22] [00:15:05.22] the puff of our Saw go through this aerodynamic lens you go through a chopper [00:15:09.21] [00:15:09.21] and if you have good eyes you can see that the little particle fly faster right so [00:15:13.23] [00:15:13.23] this is the time of flight so you can actually get some size information and [00:15:17.16] [00:15:17.16] once it hit this it evaporates a 600 degree Celsius and [00:15:21.04] [00:15:21.04] it was analyzed by the mass spectrometer so [00:15:23.12] [00:15:23.12] this instrument allows you to get a continuous measurement of some Micron [00:15:27.17] [00:15:27.17] non-reflective spaces organic sulfate nitrate ammonia in Chloride so [00:15:32.05] [00:15:32.05] the color is the 1st thing I learned once I learned about this instrument [00:15:35.00] [00:15:35.00] organics is always great. [00:15:36.15] [00:15:37.18] So we take this instrument around to fun places that I mentioned earlier [00:15:40.23] [00:15:40.23] to do the measurement and the top part of the pie from summer data the bottom [00:15:45.23] [00:15:45.23] part of the pie from winter to data but you can see the weather window summer or [00:15:49.11] [00:15:49.11] winter you can actually see that the green part of the pie is always very large [00:15:53.14] [00:15:53.14] supreme part of the pie is organic and you can pick your favorite places [00:15:58.04] [00:15:58.04] Georgia Tech campus we have a lot of organic ever saw So [00:16:01.15] [00:16:01.15] the question is What are these organic or saw when I say sulphate or [00:16:06.14] [00:16:06.14] saw is just made of sulphate when I say organic aerosol what you actually mean [00:16:11.06] [00:16:11.06] Ok there are cells actually made up of hundreds thousands and [00:16:14.20] [00:16:14.20] many thousands of different components it is very difficult and [00:16:18.08] [00:16:18.08] challenging and at this moment we cannot even understand every single component [00:16:22.08] [00:16:22.08] of this organic in our salt mixture. [00:16:25.03] [00:16:25.03] So what kind of data do we get I thought I'll show the slides of this is one of [00:16:28.06] [00:16:28.06] the slides I show my undergrads you know during my class so [00:16:30.22] [00:16:30.22] using the aerosol must be traumatic at the time series of different components you [00:16:34.09] [00:16:34.09] see the organic going up and down a trace self-hate you've got a composition So [00:16:38.06] [00:16:38.06] this is a mass spectrometer and you got size we solve information so [00:16:41.11] [00:16:41.11] we can see that most of these particles and nano particles and [00:16:44.06] [00:16:44.06] they're less than one micron in diameter so you might raise your hand and [00:16:48.06] [00:16:48.06] asked us like Sally one of these big peaks and I always encourage my undergrads to [00:16:52.07] [00:16:52.07] guess and after a couple questions they will always get to the right answer so [00:16:56.12] [00:16:56.12] this is right next to the Marquis's site and right next to our football stadium so [00:17:01.06] [00:17:01.06] if I go and look at the foot boss schedule [00:17:04.04] [00:17:04.04] these are actually the days when we have a football game and [00:17:06.23] [00:17:06.23] the aerosols increases during the football game time because of tell parties and [00:17:12.05] [00:17:12.05] because of cooking or of sauce so actually if I don't look at the 4 pos gadget by [00:17:17.02] [00:17:17.02] looking at my own data I could actually give you the full schedule so [00:17:20.01] [00:17:20.01] this is always you know the try to get under price interested in this research so [00:17:24.23] [00:17:24.23] the question is that this must measures all the organic in our sauce but [00:17:28.20] [00:17:28.20] because it uses electron impact so a lot of these components get pregnant and [00:17:33.08] [00:17:33.08] we lost information of what they are of the holes they carbon needles [00:17:38.09] [00:17:38.09] a couple silly exits so how do we actually look from all these fragments and [00:17:42.15] [00:17:42.15] try to get a sense of what are the source of these error sauce so [00:17:46.06] [00:17:46.06] to do that we turn to a mathematical tool called the positive matrix factor [00:17:50.02] [00:17:50.02] isolation Basically we take is human and you do measurements of this is like a mass [00:17:53.23] [00:17:53.23] but try to acquire mass but for every 5 minutes so after a long time you've got [00:17:57.14] [00:17:57.14] this gigantic matrix and with p.m.s. you can actually get different factors and [00:18:02.09] [00:18:02.09] this factors can be different sources of a are so all and each vector has their [00:18:06.08] [00:18:06.08] unique time serious and unique spectra So based on the mass spectral [00:18:11.14] [00:18:11.14] features correlation with external factors that you know trends residuals we can [00:18:15.22] [00:18:15.22] actually get different types of error sot That's why I got the cooking ever saw so [00:18:19.07] [00:18:19.07] you can see the cooking aerosol is one types of aerosol and [00:18:22.02] [00:18:22.02] the cooking air of such a very nice star no cycle it. [00:18:24.22] [00:18:24.22] Pizza lunch time and dinner time so it's pretty clear and the bow must Berninger [00:18:28.21] [00:18:28.21] saw has its own signatures hydrocarbon like aerosol is mostly from combustion you [00:18:33.11] [00:18:33.11] know primary particles and then we got this different types of s. so way which is [00:18:37.09] [00:18:37.09] remember as a way of the particles that not emit those particles but they are from [00:18:41.16] [00:18:41.16] the chemistry in the atmosphere so today we're going to focus on some of these. [00:18:45.10] [00:18:46.23] So I'm going to tell you 2 types of as so a the 1st type is the use of print as [00:18:51.00] [00:18:51.00] a way remember I so plain This is the c. 5 compound that is emitted in all from [00:18:55.05] [00:18:55.05] Trieste and remember these are when some are data and these are winter data so [00:18:59.17] [00:18:59.17] the 1st thing you notice is that I so print always the blue and there's no I [00:19:03.13] [00:19:03.13] simply know it in winter because the trees they do not admit i support in winter so [00:19:08.04] [00:19:08.04] this makes sense and I simply no way is actually a major component in Summers [00:19:12.14] [00:19:12.14] about you know 20 to 40 percent and when we look at the time serious the remember [00:19:18.01] [00:19:18.01] the blue here is that is simply no way the red is the sulfate when I so [00:19:21.20] [00:19:21.20] print comes from I simply comes from trees where just so if it comes from so [00:19:25.16] [00:19:25.16] if it comes from somewhere outside or into somebody's house I come from a pulp plants [00:19:30.01] [00:19:30.01] so why do aerosol form from trees has anything to do with power plant emissions [00:19:35.18] [00:19:35.18] that is the question which set out to answer what is the root of sulfate and [00:19:40.03] [00:19:40.03] forbid genic human activity pollutants affect the emission and [00:19:43.21] [00:19:43.21] formation of aerosols from my supreme which is from trees so [00:19:47.19] [00:19:47.19] think about the sulfate aerosol if you have a particle and [00:19:50.15] [00:19:50.15] you have sulphate inside this particle sulphate loafs water so [00:19:54.17] [00:19:54.17] self a can take of water vapor in the n.p.n. and make the particle more. [00:19:58.11] [00:19:59.23] Sophie and in this case it will increase the volume of the surface area of [00:20:03.03] [00:20:03.03] that nanoparticle and sulfate is a major source of infinity so [00:20:07.12] [00:20:07.12] when you have more self-hate You can also have highly more acidic ever saw and [00:20:11.07] [00:20:11.07] that can affect the chemistry in these particles. [00:20:13.11] [00:20:14.15] So we are interested in seeing how particle ph particle water and [00:20:20.03] [00:20:20.03] sulphate effect never saw formation so in this faker the y. [00:20:24.03] [00:20:24.03] axis is the acidity h. plus and the x. axis is the water and [00:20:29.02] [00:20:29.02] this different grits is just sulfate with different concentrations and [00:20:33.09] [00:20:33.09] the size of this different dot is a month of ice a plane and so a so [00:20:37.09] [00:20:37.09] that's a lot of information so let's just focus on this plot here the y. [00:20:41.03] [00:20:41.03] axis is the exit 80 x. axis is the water the size of the particles [00:20:45.16] [00:20:45.16] the size of the data points that I simply never saw so you don't really see much [00:20:50.01] [00:20:50.01] trend here since the dots are pretty much the same size no matter what ph and [00:20:53.21] [00:20:53.21] particle water is so it seems that the ph and particle water are not controlling or [00:20:58.18] [00:20:58.18] mediating I suppose an inner self of nation but if you look at this direction [00:21:04.01] [00:21:04.01] you can obviously see that the size of the data point to getting bigger right so [00:21:07.23] [00:21:07.23] the size of the data point referred to I simply never saw [00:21:10.14] [00:21:10.14] they getting bigger because some of it is increasing so it shows that So [00:21:14.13] [00:21:14.13] we actually has a direct wrote in controlling how much I support as always [00:21:18.07] [00:21:18.07] being meat and I simply no way is formed from this pretty complex chemistry but it [00:21:23.15] [00:21:23.15] involves 2 different steps 1st you need to form this product into media product and [00:21:28.01] [00:21:28.01] used to be up to under the particles and then you got a Korea's face reaction and [00:21:32.10] [00:21:32.10] you can actually parameterized this with a head through genius reaction probably try [00:21:36.03] [00:21:36.03] station model in which you can look at the up to coefficient and [00:21:39.06] [00:21:39.06] sort of serve as accommodation coefficients so we don't have enough time [00:21:42.19] [00:21:42.19] to go through all the details but what we learned is that Sophie actually and [00:21:46.22] [00:21:46.22] his I support ever saw formation by 2 doing 2 different things [00:21:50.20] [00:21:50.20] it increased the surface area and volume of the particle so [00:21:53.12] [00:21:53.12] even hence the uptake of these in the media products onto the particle and [00:21:56.23] [00:21:56.23] that it also enhanced a Kris phase reaction in these particles. [00:22:00.11] [00:22:01.19] So sulfate from power plants I so print from trees so [00:22:06.00] [00:22:06.00] what we show here is that over the last several decades the good news is that [00:22:10.08] [00:22:10.08] there are salt concentration in this region is going down so [00:22:13.19] [00:22:13.19] you can see that it's been you know constantly decreasing with self and [00:22:16.21] [00:22:16.21] organic carbon So now you learn that there is a mechanism for sulfate [00:22:21.05] [00:22:21.05] to inference aerosol formation from treats so this is very good news because selfie [00:22:25.18] [00:22:25.18] has been decreasing in the southeast us due to title pollution control so [00:22:29.15] [00:22:29.15] that means a selfie goes down the amount of the printer saw it's going to go down [00:22:34.08] [00:22:34.08] so this is really a win win situation in terms of pollution control [00:22:37.22] [00:22:37.22] is that you reduce the sulfate aerosol from power plants at the same time [00:22:42.18] [00:22:42.18] this also reduce the aerosol form from trees and that's why total as a reduction [00:22:47.15] [00:22:47.15] of aerosols we've got twice the impact by just reducing our sulphate our sauce. [00:22:51.12] [00:22:52.13] So that's the story of self it so now let's move on to look at the story of [00:22:56.11] [00:22:56.11] nitric or not not so now let's change gears and look at this [00:23:01.10] [00:23:01.10] part of the pie that part of the pie and so one of the 1st difference come on [00:23:06.21] [00:23:06.21] blue is like green part of the pie one of the 1st difference between the green and [00:23:10.16] [00:23:10.16] the blue is that the blue is only on the top right charts right because those and [00:23:14.10] [00:23:14.10] some are data but the light green is everywhere even in winter so [00:23:19.07] [00:23:19.07] when my colleagues from the Northeast look at these data they are like winter just no [00:23:23.05] [00:23:23.05] but I would say then you've got to come to the south use us in winter we still have [00:23:26.09] [00:23:26.09] a lot of trees here right so the Elway actually accounts for [00:23:30.04] [00:23:30.04] quite a large fraction of the aerosols in the south is us so [00:23:34.15] [00:23:34.15] this is a time serious or temporal variation of the Elway this is midnight. [00:23:40.08] [00:23:40.08] You can see that it peaks that night so [00:23:42.10] [00:23:42.10] when you think of yourself I'm asian a lot of the time people think of [00:23:45.15] [00:23:45.15] you know photo chemistry is very strong during the day right now right so [00:23:48.18] [00:23:48.18] you think of yourself a nation during the day why does it peak at night and [00:23:52.13] [00:23:52.13] then you look at I so pretty nicely piece during the day so maybe they have nothing [00:23:55.14] [00:23:55.14] to do with each other but then you look closer you find a bunch of compounds [00:23:59.12] [00:23:59.12] that also peak at night and remember these Amano Turpin's these are the c 10 [00:24:04.06] [00:24:04.06] compounds that show at the beginning of the talk these are also from trees so [00:24:08.01] [00:24:08.01] the question is that maybe these compounds are reacting with something and [00:24:11.17] [00:24:11.17] night to me airsoft and one of the most important radical and [00:24:16.05] [00:24:16.05] night is the nature a radical which is the product of Knox and ozone So this is where [00:24:20.23] [00:24:20.23] your knocks can potentially interact so nothis from cars can potentially interact [00:24:26.04] [00:24:26.04] with this emissions from trees to change how aerosol is formed so one thing we [00:24:30.23] [00:24:30.23] learn is that the l o actually correlated really well with organic nitrate So [00:24:35.04] [00:24:35.04] what is an organic nitrate is a compound with n o n o 2 like a nitrate group [00:24:39.15] [00:24:39.15] attached to it so the question is why they are related because [00:24:43.23] [00:24:43.23] perhaps this comes chemistry forms a lot of nitrate aerosols and then the question [00:24:48.19] [00:24:48.19] is Is this like something strange or unique about the self use us and [00:24:52.16] [00:24:52.16] we decided to do a math analysis of all the datasets in the world and so [00:24:57.09] [00:24:57.09] now all these pie charts the whole pie chart is organic or [00:25:00.00] [00:25:00.00] saw the blue part of the pie is nitrate organic nitrate and [00:25:03.18] [00:25:03.18] you can see that it's not just in the southeast u.s. [00:25:06.08] [00:25:06.08] but everywhere around the world getting nitrates is a very important part of [00:25:10.12] [00:25:10.12] the in Ghana ever saw us and in some places in Europe it can even account for [00:25:14.02] [00:25:14.02] 80 percent of the total aerosols So with all this m.b. [00:25:18.19] [00:25:18.19] and observations we like what do we do now we go back to the lead [00:25:21.23] [00:25:21.23] actually to try to understand how this chemistry can actually make organic or [00:25:26.16] [00:25:26.16] soft and organic nitrate So this is a schematic of the Georgia Tech [00:25:31.02] [00:25:31.02] environmental chamber facility is about $213.00 cubic metres chamber so [00:25:35.21] [00:25:35.21] this simulators so the chamber is surrounded by multiple you. [00:25:40.04] [00:25:40.04] Hundreds of u.v. light is temperature controlled between 4 to 40 degrees Celsius [00:25:44.10] [00:25:44.10] so you can think of you can simulate any animals for environment in this facility [00:25:48.21] [00:25:48.21] and surrounding the facility we have a suite of and logical instruments [00:25:52.06] [00:25:52.06] to make of the gas and aerosol composition so I'm not going to go over all this but [00:25:56.09] [00:25:56.09] suffice to say that we can measure Eversleigh number concentration of [00:25:59.23] [00:25:59.23] mass concentration volume concentration gas phase and [00:26:03.01] [00:26:03.01] particle phase composition so all of these instruments are real time so [00:26:06.13] [00:26:06.13] basically it pulls the sample or the nano particles from the chamber and [00:26:10.03] [00:26:10.03] you can actually directly see this in your mastectomy term so the 1st experiment [00:26:15.04] [00:26:15.04] that we do is the Alpha and Beta pining these are the model turned peanuts and [00:26:19.06] [00:26:19.06] we put in the nature radical and you can immediately see there's no air or [00:26:22.13] [00:26:22.13] saw no ever saw and once we add in the oxygen there is a lot of error solving [00:26:26.14] [00:26:26.14] forms and these 2 compounds are very similar in their structure but [00:26:30.23] [00:26:30.23] they have very different potential in terms of their aerosol formation and [00:26:34.15] [00:26:34.15] this is just a proof of concept that we are making aerosols in [00:26:37.14] [00:26:37.14] these reactors and recently with the n.s.f. m.r.i. [00:26:41.21] [00:26:41.21] proposal we also acquired this [00:26:44.10] [00:26:44.10] quite a mobile instrument figural high resolution time of flight sims but just to [00:26:48.15] [00:26:48.15] say that this instrument allows you to look at the gas phase composition and [00:26:52.12] [00:26:52.12] the aerosol composition at the molecular level simultaneously I always say that you [00:26:56.23] [00:26:56.23] are what you eat so when you look at an aerosol you're not just looking at where [00:27:00.22] [00:27:00.22] the aerosol come from a lot of the air assaults remember mostly come from the gas [00:27:04.22] [00:27:04.22] faceoffs oxidation So this instrument allow us to look at that gas particle [00:27:09.12] [00:27:09.12] in all including and petition in real time is a very you know powerful instrument so [00:27:15.01] [00:27:15.01] we measure a lot of different organic nitrates in these experiments [00:27:18.17] [00:27:18.17] you can continue to look into that the list can keep going and go away so [00:27:22.06] [00:27:22.06] the take home message is that when we do these experiments in [00:27:25.03] [00:27:25.03] the chamber we see a lot of potentially relevant [00:27:28.04] [00:27:28.04] you know companies forming in a chamber compared to the n.b.a. and environment. [00:27:31.19] [00:27:33.05] So why do we care about we're getting nitric carbon and [00:27:36.05] [00:27:36.05] nitrogen cycles at the 2 most important cycles in the world so [00:27:40.20] [00:27:40.20] also move start with Knox not cycling between anyone and [00:27:45.05] [00:27:45.05] to make ozone remember ozone is the 2nd to reproduce and [00:27:48.02] [00:27:48.02] there's no source of ozone ozone is made in the atmosphere and ozone and [00:27:51.21] [00:27:51.21] No 2 can make nature a radical and we're going to talk about this process but [00:27:56.12] [00:27:56.12] eventually all of these off Nation process can make organic my trace and [00:27:59.14] [00:27:59.14] this is the formula for getting nitrate as a group and o n o 2 So [00:28:03.13] [00:28:03.13] what happened to the organic nitrite Now this circle here is an aerosol [00:28:07.14] [00:28:07.14] someone getting a trace a low volatility enough that they don't want to be [00:28:11.01] [00:28:11.01] exclusively in the guest space so they want to be in the particle face [00:28:15.02] [00:28:15.02] the question is that right now this process is really not well constraint. [00:28:19.09] [00:28:19.09] How much this does contributions to the aerosol formation and [00:28:23.09] [00:28:23.09] when this nitrogen is trapped and or getting one tray this is to stay there or [00:28:27.18] [00:28:27.18] to come back out so remember now the cycle effectively take the nitrogen [00:28:31.19] [00:28:31.19] from the knocks and trip as game and nitrate and [00:28:34.19] [00:28:34.19] trim it in the particle and this is going to interrupt the osso information so [00:28:39.02] [00:28:39.02] that's why there's not Psychoanal getting there tray can play a potential role [00:28:42.20] [00:28:42.20] in aerosol formation and also information the problem is that what happened to this [00:28:47.12] [00:28:47.12] nitrate after they go into the particle remember aerosols live in this world for [00:28:50.23] [00:28:50.23] about 10 days right to face they it's all getting nitrate all sometimes they go [00:28:55.05] [00:28:55.05] from different places and the evaporates and petition back or [00:28:59.04] [00:28:59.04] they can undergo hydrolysis that make a trick as that nature as it comes back and [00:29:02.15] [00:29:02.15] come back to nature or they can undergo Fatah losses and return those nitrogen [00:29:07.12] [00:29:07.12] from here to back there and now also cycle starts again so all of these a very [00:29:11.18] [00:29:11.18] complex non-linear processes in the atmosphere and we're interested in doing [00:29:16.02] [00:29:16.02] experiments in the leaped to constrain each of these different processes and [00:29:20.13] [00:29:20.13] today we're just going to focus on one of them for [00:29:22.14] [00:29:22.14] the interest of time with the high vol this is so I'm sure that none of you I [00:29:26.15] [00:29:26.15] haven't seen you know familiar places in my research group so [00:29:29.06] [00:29:29.06] I'm sure none of you have run a chambre experiment before in your life so [00:29:32.10] [00:29:32.10] what do you do when you do a chamber experiment so you go to the lab. [00:29:35.16] [00:29:36.18] Reactor you put in some seed particles ammonium sulphate [00:29:40.18] [00:29:40.18] right these are in organic particles and then you can design experiments so [00:29:44.16] [00:29:44.16] that these particles have different water we're going to study hydrolysis So [00:29:48.09] [00:29:48.09] the way to study hydrolysis in these suspended particle is to create particles [00:29:52.07] [00:29:52.07] with different among the water right so you can use this experimental matrix to [00:29:56.02] [00:29:56.02] make particles of different water and you can add fuel veal seats and [00:30:00.14] [00:30:00.14] you can add your accidents and you can turn on your u.v. light and you're going [00:30:04.09] [00:30:04.09] to make get yourself which is great Ok so this is a bench reactor pretty much that [00:30:08.23] [00:30:08.23] allows you to simulate this whole process of making your sauce so we're [00:30:13.22] [00:30:13.22] just going to look at 2 examples from bait from the piney pine is the most a bunch. [00:30:19.01] [00:30:19.01] And. [00:30:19.13] [00:30:20.19] In the world so the top part is the daytime chemistry remember [00:30:25.01] [00:30:25.01] chemistry that's not sleep at night the Popeye's the daytime chemistry [00:30:28.12] [00:30:28.12] the bottom part is the nighttime chemistry and this is a mass spectrometer so [00:30:32.15] [00:30:32.15] it's a lot of information but I want you to let's just take a look at the top So [00:30:36.13] [00:30:36.13] here is the c h o n fragments So [00:30:39.11] [00:30:39.11] anything on the panel here getting nitrate fragments here are the c.h.l. [00:30:43.21] [00:30:43.21] fragments and these compounds do not have nitrogen so these are non nitrate organics [00:30:48.11] [00:30:48.11] So if you compare the Specter and that figure you see that a lot of more [00:30:52.09] [00:30:52.09] c h o n States hear that they're right and this is not surprising because this is [00:30:57.02] [00:30:57.02] an experiment that is done with nitrate radical radical itself has imagine so [00:31:02.00] [00:31:02.00] just a text to the Alpine in and make all of these organic nitrate products so that [00:31:06.06] [00:31:06.06] one take home message from here is that one time chemistry is more efficient that [00:31:10.04] [00:31:10.04] make it more getting nitrates than daytime chemistry and the same story goes for [00:31:14.02] [00:31:14.02] beta piny So when we do these experiments it runs for several hours and [00:31:19.06] [00:31:19.06] we can actually see the organic aerosol which is non nitrate organic and all [00:31:23.10] [00:31:23.10] getting a trace increase pretty quickly and you can see the rate of increase of [00:31:27.05] [00:31:27.05] these terror cells are very different much faster here much slower here is just that [00:31:31.07] [00:31:31.07] this time in nature radicals react much faster and the same story for [00:31:36.07] [00:31:36.07] Alpine and beta piny and this is good news because if you are a most rank model or [00:31:40.23] [00:31:40.23] you don't want to run a simulation with different types of companies if they [00:31:43.14] [00:31:43.14] are so different so it is really good news the Alpine and [00:31:46.03] [00:31:46.03] data point in which are both monitor penes actually have very similar behavior so [00:31:52.02] [00:31:52.02] remember the story I want to tell is about hydrolysis How does organic nitrate in [00:31:56.04] [00:31:56.04] the particle can potentially become nitric acid then go back to the gas face so [00:32:00.13] [00:32:00.13] when you look at hydrolysis if there is hydrolysis if you look at this racial [00:32:04.11] [00:32:04.11] what would happen to this ratio if there's hydrolysis this ratio would decrease [00:32:08.13] [00:32:08.13] because organic matter is just going to hydrolyzed away and become nitric acid so [00:32:12.09] [00:32:12.09] this ratio should decrease if there is hydrolysis So [00:32:15.14] [00:32:15.14] now we're going to look at our data and [00:32:17.02] [00:32:17.02] see if this is true. [00:32:18.10] [00:32:19.15] So this is the Alpine in a way this is the Alpine and over 3 and [00:32:23.16] [00:32:23.16] let's take a look at this top so the red ones are the dry experiments so [00:32:27.23] [00:32:27.23] you can think of the drugs Berman's there should be no particle water right so [00:32:31.23] [00:32:31.23] there should be no hydrolysis So this is what it is but the purple and [00:32:35.05] [00:32:35.05] the blue ones are the experiments where we're done with particle water and [00:32:38.22] [00:32:38.22] you can see that this ratio is lower right remember our hypothesis in a previous life [00:32:43.12] [00:32:43.12] if this ratio is lower than there is hydrolysis So this is to fit that picture [00:32:47.14] [00:32:47.14] and you can see that the nitrates form from this The difference is smaller so [00:32:50.23] [00:32:50.23] it seems that they are more organic nitrates form in this system that will [00:32:54.12] [00:32:54.12] undergo hydrolysis but you did not see that slow decrease if hydrolysis [00:32:59.08] [00:32:59.08] a very small slow process in these particles you would see this ratio slowly [00:33:03.21] [00:33:03.21] slowly decreases but there's no slow decrease here just kind of stabilized So [00:33:08.08] [00:33:08.08] what issue is is that is since that hydrolysis happen very quickly in [00:33:12.04] [00:33:12.04] these nanoparticles and many studies in the past have done studies in [00:33:15.20] [00:33:15.20] the boat you know in a jar and this is the 1st time that we systematically look at [00:33:19.15] [00:33:19.15] this in suspended mental particles and again the story is very similar for [00:33:24.09] [00:33:24.09] data mining but maybe you should not take my word for [00:33:27.20] [00:33:27.20] it remember I told you if this ratio decreases [00:33:31.17] [00:33:31.17] that means there's hydrolysis but you can raise your hand and us. [00:33:36.11] [00:33:36.11] What of this ratio this number or this among does not decrease but [00:33:40.17] [00:33:40.17] the organic never saw increase so this racial can also decrease so [00:33:44.15] [00:33:44.15] maybe you're not interpret thing your data correctly so we address this by [00:33:48.18] [00:33:48.18] looking at the mosque so that now this is a different spectra between the dry and [00:33:53.03] [00:33:53.03] human experiments and we confirm that this ratio indeed decrease [00:33:58.12] [00:33:58.12] because organic is decreasing and hydrolyzed thing not because the organic [00:34:03.10] [00:34:03.10] aerosol increases so this is an important way you know when you guys do experiments [00:34:07.19] [00:34:07.19] to get your data is really important to talk into alternative explanations and [00:34:11.13] [00:34:11.13] make sure that you kind of discount those alternative explanations so [00:34:17.06] [00:34:17.06] as I mention in the past there are many studies in bulk in the charts and [00:34:20.23] [00:34:20.23] this is the 1st time we did a systematic study on suspended or sauce and [00:34:25.00] [00:34:25.00] we obtained these lifetimes and these fractions of all giving them a trait [00:34:28.09] [00:34:28.09] that can be hydrolyzed and you can ask what do we do now so we're collaborating [00:34:32.23] [00:34:32.23] with modelers Now this really provided the fundamental data for them to constrain [00:34:38.01] [00:34:38.01] the organic nature of formation and I didn't cycle information and [00:34:41.23] [00:34:41.23] aerosol formation in their models to see how aerosols can actually how these [00:34:46.01] [00:34:46.01] processes can actually impact all these processes in the atmosphere and [00:34:51.18] [00:34:51.18] these observations actually completely consistent so [00:34:54.04] [00:34:54.04] I thought I would show at least a chemical mechanism right so this is Alpine in and [00:34:58.19] [00:34:58.19] this is the daytime oxidation this is the nighttime oxidation [00:35:01.21] [00:35:01.21] this is just to show you even though you have the same Come pant [00:35:05.04] [00:35:05.04] if you encounter different authors during the day and night you form very different [00:35:09.10] [00:35:09.10] types of all getting they traits you form a tertiary or getting that trait here and [00:35:13.08] [00:35:13.08] you form a secondary organism a tree here and [00:35:15.18] [00:35:15.18] they have very different lifetimes and tendency to hydrolyzed So [00:35:19.04] [00:35:19.04] our observations in the lead a very consistent with the proposing new chemical [00:35:23.13] [00:35:23.13] mechanism so I'll quickly wrap up this part I don't know what the time. [00:35:28.12] [00:35:30.01] Yes So maybe we have a few minutes for the health effects so [00:35:33.06] [00:35:33.06] basically the 2 stories I told you today here is between trace and [00:35:37.08] [00:35:37.08] human activities the 1st company emitted by traces the iso print the c 5 company [00:35:42.12] [00:35:42.12] the story I told you is that the ice open aerosol form from trees to a large extent [00:35:47.20] [00:35:47.20] is controlled by cell phone and sulfate from power plants the 2nd [00:35:52.20] [00:35:52.20] story is among the Turpin which are the c 10 come pounds emitted by trees and [00:35:57.07] [00:35:57.07] this has a lot to do with Knox knocks Ming emitter is from cars and vehicles so [00:36:02.20] [00:36:02.20] that is destroy of how emissions from your car when you're driving affect aerosol [00:36:07.05] [00:36:07.05] formation from trees we also look at the daytime and nighttime oxidation and [00:36:11.17] [00:36:11.17] we look at these different organically trays and how much they hydrolyzed and [00:36:15.03] [00:36:15.03] can recycle that nitrogen from the organ they trace back to and over and [00:36:19.07] [00:36:19.07] over to in the gas face so when we put all of this together we can find that [00:36:25.07] [00:36:25.07] knocks from car emissions so what outside of problems together can actually [00:36:30.12] [00:36:30.12] potentially control 40 to 70 percent of the total organic salts here in [00:36:35.14] [00:36:35.14] the southeast u.s. that is a huge number so [00:36:38.16] [00:36:38.16] that means whenever we're doing you know if you take one thing away from this [00:36:42.13] [00:36:42.13] center is that all of the human activities that we are doing you know in our everyday [00:36:46.23] [00:36:46.23] life actually plays a role in all this chemistry in the atmosphere and [00:36:50.23] [00:36:50.23] that is control with Among to form from trees and we love trees you know you don't [00:36:55.15] [00:36:55.15] want to cut them down but this is actually good news because by controlling these and [00:36:59.16] [00:36:59.16] pushing the pollutants we can actually reduce the amount of air assault you [00:37:03.05] [00:37:03.05] know form from the trees. [00:37:04.07] [00:37:05.08] So I was there my group and the funding agencies and all the collaborators here [00:37:10.05] [00:37:10.05] but I have some a few minutes and I'll kind of give you a maybe a teaser [00:37:13.20] [00:37:13.20] on the health effects work that we're doing so this is all chemistry right so [00:37:18.02] [00:37:18.02] when I started Georgia Tech about 8 years ago I was like remember my introductions [00:37:22.07] [00:37:22.07] like the 2 major reasons we're studying our sauces climate and health right so [00:37:27.13] [00:37:27.13] how do we potentially laying all this complex chemistry to their health impacts [00:37:32.04] [00:37:32.04] so we got a grant from the health effects Institute to look at there are saw impacts [00:37:36.15] [00:37:36.15] on health so many times ecology studies have suggested that the aerosol [00:37:41.15] [00:37:41.15] induced production often production is a possible mechanism for [00:37:46.05] [00:37:46.05] health effects so you would generate these reactive Austin spaces [00:37:50.01] [00:37:50.01] when you are exposed to these particles and they can do many different you know [00:37:53.16] [00:37:53.16] Beth things if you accumulated many of these reactive often spaces in your body. [00:37:57.18] [00:37:58.19] So we use 2 different type of essays to evaluate what is the off the to potential [00:38:03.12] [00:38:03.12] and reactive often spaces generation capacity of this doesn't ever solve so [00:38:08.07] [00:38:08.07] this is a chemical essay which is the vol of mostly by my. [00:38:12.02] [00:38:13.15] Colleague Ronnie Weber in E.A.'s So this is a chemical essay [00:38:16.18] [00:38:16.18] you can think of this chemical essay is measuring the results act it's pieces in [00:38:20.22] [00:38:20.22] the pm samples in the inner self samples so the more it does then the higher the OS [00:38:24.22] [00:38:24.22] they to potential their more off the data spaces in the suspended and [00:38:29.09] [00:38:29.09] micro point of all of a cell the essay in collaboration with Julie champion my [00:38:34.10] [00:38:34.10] colleague in c h b to look at how much our web reactive often space is and [00:38:39.09] [00:38:39.09] how much reactive nitrogen spaces is form when we expose these cells to aerosol and [00:38:44.13] [00:38:44.13] the cells that we use them echo phage cells and also the cutting all of my [00:38:48.07] [00:38:48.07] eyesight and you know like my last class in biology was probably in college that's [00:38:52.20] [00:38:52.20] a long time ago and I look always much younger than my age so in order to start [00:38:57.03] [00:38:57.03] this were a pretend to be an undergrad and sit in some biology classes and [00:39:01.01] [00:39:01.01] it was really fun so I of course I told Professor ahead of time but nobody in my [00:39:04.23] [00:39:04.23] class knew that I was a professor so for these studies we started out [00:39:09.15] [00:39:09.15] experiments with different video sees so by now also we recognize a supreme and [00:39:14.01] [00:39:14.01] also planning this is a Cisco turban so these are all from trees but [00:39:17.15] [00:39:17.15] actually I can have another seminar on ever saw formation from and [00:39:21.06] [00:39:21.06] which I think pollutants so all these al Qaeda sent are medics also admitted [00:39:25.12] [00:39:25.12] you know from our human activities so the goal of this project is to really try to [00:39:30.03] [00:39:30.03] see can we get a better understanding of how the different type of aerosol form how [00:39:34.15] [00:39:34.15] toxic they are you know hopefully the tree aerosols of not killing us. [00:39:37.23] [00:39:39.07] So that's kind of what we did so we use this d.t.s. [00:39:42.06] [00:39:42.06] a remember this kind of signifies how much you read off the active spaces of these [00:39:45.19] [00:39:45.19] particles and these are just the shorthand of these compounds so [00:39:49.02] [00:39:49.02] I saw a print out of pine in this is what the story of the day I saw preen of a pine [00:39:52.23] [00:39:52.23] in the pretty low so that is good what is the highest the highest it's neck Philine [00:39:57.16] [00:39:57.16] which is a touring company so what this is showing is that these different views [00:40:02.16] [00:40:02.16] cease even they react in the same way they make products of different toxicity so [00:40:07.12] [00:40:07.12] the compounds that start up with multiple rings or the poly are magic hydrocarbons [00:40:12.02] [00:40:12.02] are the most toxic at least based on this particular s.c. So that is chemical essay [00:40:17.05] [00:40:17.05] but now we have a syllable essay and we also measure the different cytokines and [00:40:21.10] [00:40:21.10] what we learned is that we can really now starting to link the composition of these [00:40:25.20] [00:40:25.20] aerosols the mechanism of era saw formation to their health impacts and [00:40:30.16] [00:40:30.16] one thing Whoops one thing that is kind of not a very good news is that this is you [00:40:36.06] [00:40:36.06] can think of this as city there are West generated by cells and [00:40:39.17] [00:40:39.17] this is kind of the oxidation which you can think of as the life time of your soul [00:40:43.16] [00:40:43.16] so remember aerosols live in the world for 7 days or [00:40:46.16] [00:40:46.16] 10 days you know this is a quiz in one of the exams of undergrad it's right so [00:40:51.02] [00:40:51.02] during those 10 days there are cells continue to age [00:40:54.00] [00:40:54.00] because of all the chemistry that I talk about and what you can see is that [00:40:57.19] [00:40:57.19] based on this measurement that we do it seems that as aerosols continue to [00:41:01.14] [00:41:01.14] age in the atmosphere they think they can become actually potentially more toxic So [00:41:05.14] [00:41:05.14] this is actually one of the 1st studies and [00:41:07.06] [00:41:07.06] more studies need to you know become ducted to understand this trend and [00:41:10.20] [00:41:10.20] if this is actually true for a different type of you know there are cells and [00:41:14.14] [00:41:14.14] that's pretty much all I have today and I want to show you. [00:41:17.10] [00:41:18.11] Video so our lead was feature in p.n. [00:41:21.21] [00:41:21.21] I think 2 years ago so I we were playing Clemson in the football game so [00:41:26.22] [00:41:26.22] Georgia Tech playing Clemson Unfortunately we lost family in the football game but [00:41:31.06] [00:41:31.06] my group we're very happy because we got feature on t.v. So [00:41:35.09] [00:41:35.09] hopefully this place well and we can see. [00:41:37.13] [00:42:07.06] So that's all I have to say I thank you for your attention and [00:42:10.14] [00:42:10.14] I'll take any questions thank. [00:42:16.02] [00:42:26.09] You see you've been. [00:42:28.00] [00:42:29.01] Pullets very very. [00:42:30.06] [00:42:33.22] Well. [00:42:34.10] [00:42:41.07] You know. [00:42:41.19] [00:42:43.23] Very well. [00:42:44.23] [00:42:47.21] Yeah yeah so that is a really good question so basically what happened is [00:42:51.23] [00:42:51.23] that when you react all those b.o.c. is in the presence of not under one pathway so [00:42:56.13] [00:42:56.13] the 1st chemist the 1st pathways they make an l Q radical dot and [00:43:01.10] [00:43:01.10] our dog become a proxy radical our own our own so [00:43:05.01] [00:43:05.01] what happened to our own in the atmosphere when you have knocks [00:43:08.06] [00:43:08.06] out to Doc react with nitrogen oxide where the knots keep going down. [00:43:12.12] [00:43:13.20] With other radicals it can react with h o 2 or [00:43:16.23] [00:43:16.23] it can undergo Unum on the station by reacting with itself so [00:43:21.03] [00:43:21.03] basically what happened is that when the not going away that is going to change [00:43:25.02] [00:43:25.02] the pathway of this r.-o. to adopt me at and you're going to make a different types [00:43:28.12] [00:43:28.12] of companies than with different properties and in fact yes so that is a. [00:43:32.02] [00:43:33.02] Research question actually is that how the decreasing emissions [00:43:37.01] [00:43:37.01] affects you know the air assault of Nation of these vegetable but Nation emissions. [00:43:41.12] [00:43:52.14] So self they can get somebody else I get oxidized and eventually make [00:43:55.23] [00:43:55.23] sulphuric acid so suffering as it is really you know he loves water so [00:43:59.18] [00:43:59.18] if essentially big just being in a particle in terms of the sulphuric acid so [00:44:04.13] [00:44:04.13] that's kind of where most of the atmospheric you know sulfate comes from [00:44:07.18] [00:44:07.18] it started its life as somewhat outside missions from the power plants and [00:44:12.02] [00:44:12.02] get off the guys in the atmosphere by hydroxyl radicals away and that's pretty [00:44:16.14] [00:44:16.14] much the basis of all these in organic particles that we're seeing in the n.b.a. [00:44:20.11] [00:44:20.11] And and if you go to Europe they will be fewer sulphate particles [00:44:24.20] [00:44:24.20] because they get rid of all the coal fired power plants and [00:44:28.00] [00:44:28.00] if you go to the west coast compared to the east coast because we have more power [00:44:32.16] [00:44:32.16] plants here so they also have lower self a in her song in that coast [00:44:36.14] [00:44:40.16] Yep so not plains of Texas so if somebody particle and [00:44:44.02] [00:44:44.02] I was 3 emitting I so pretty right and I support is going to form this compound [00:44:49.11] [00:44:49.11] like into media product and it's going to be up to to the self a particle and [00:44:53.16] [00:44:53.16] that's not the end of the story once this company goes to the subway particle [00:44:56.21] [00:44:56.21] they are particle phase chemistry that can happen so [00:45:00.10] [00:45:00.10] this is kind of how we interact because sulfate remember selfie loves water and [00:45:04.04] [00:45:04.04] this comes down that is made from trees. [00:45:05.18] [00:45:07.02] Water exactly so sulphate makes the particle aqueous right so [00:45:11.22] [00:45:11.22] now you've got so faith 1st of all maybe you don't have that much water and [00:45:15.03] [00:45:15.03] then later self he loves water so self is going to make an equally as particle so [00:45:19.11] [00:45:19.11] instead of a dry particle you've got it a quiz particle heading out here and [00:45:22.20] [00:45:22.20] this product of my supreme loves water when he sees the a quiz particle with [00:45:27.03] [00:45:27.03] the soap in there it goes and got taken up onto that particle and [00:45:31.07] [00:45:31.07] it started with all the interaction right there you know. [00:45:38.16] [00:45:40.19] The players don't produce is just that the compound the players do not produce more [00:45:44.14] [00:45:44.14] players go and produce whatever they do is just that more uptake So [00:45:47.23] [00:45:47.23] imagine if you have 10 units of these compounds produced by the plant [00:45:51.17] [00:45:51.17] by treats 10 units right and if you have more sulphate more of these 10 units is [00:45:56.05] [00:45:56.05] going to be taken up by the selfish particles right so if you reduce the self [00:45:59.19] [00:45:59.19] a then maybe only one would be taken up so there would be less interaction and [00:46:03.05] [00:46:03.05] less error solving one so the solve it does not affect how much the trees [00:46:07.20] [00:46:07.20] admit it affect how much of those products get taken out of the particle to make [00:46:12.07] [00:46:12.07] sense. [00:46:22.07] [00:46:36.11] Yes that's a wonderful question too so yes we have video scenes in this room and [00:46:41.16] [00:46:41.16] if you're sitting next to the window what do you have you have sunlight you might [00:46:45.12] [00:46:45.12] have hydroxyl radical So actually you are doing chemistry right there also so [00:46:50.12] [00:46:50.12] if you use claiming product at home you know like something that smells like [00:46:55.01] [00:46:55.01] like 9th you know lemon snow that is actually a compound called lime Elaine [00:46:59.10] [00:46:59.10] 9000000 is the Malo Turpin so I try to not to do cleaning at home with my [00:47:04.05] [00:47:04.05] money near the window because what happened is that you are making organic [00:47:07.05] [00:47:07.05] aerosol from the chemistry that you talk about in your home right you know spraying [00:47:11.03] [00:47:11.03] I'm only in cleaning your surfaces Lymon evaporated as a guest base compound [00:47:16.05] [00:47:16.05] it react with also why drugs are radical in your window let me go get a Are saw and [00:47:20.09] [00:47:20.09] where did that go it goes in your body right so [00:47:22.19] [00:47:22.19] the indoor chemistry is also as interesting as the outdoor and [00:47:27.18] [00:47:27.18] there's a lot of interest in our community in terms of [00:47:30.11] [00:47:30.11] you know looking at how the v.o.c. emitted in indoor what type of use in the same or [00:47:35.07] [00:47:35.07] different from different cooking activities or [00:47:37.20] [00:47:37.20] just different to fifty's and [00:47:38.23] [00:47:38.23] homes and what are the oxidation chemistry What are the composition of the air or [00:47:43.05] [00:47:43.05] sauce the one thing in the indoor is that we have ventilation so a lot of these [00:47:46.14] [00:47:46.14] particles the pending on you know how strong the ventilation is could just be [00:47:50.03] [00:47:50.03] invented out but yes the indoor chemistry is also very interesting and complex. [00:47:55.03] [00:48:05.07] For. [00:48:05.19] [00:48:09.10] The population density or yes. [00:48:12.18] [00:48:12.18] The human population Yeah so I guess like with whole more people than you have more [00:48:18.04] [00:48:18.04] in the activities so one thing that I can link to the population is actually ammonia [00:48:23.00] [00:48:23.00] so today I talk about the story of the Malo Turpin's and I supreme with nitrogen [00:48:27.16] [00:48:27.16] oxide and sulfur dioxide so if you look at the trends in the u.s. and even in Asia [00:48:32.06] [00:48:32.06] you know China the cell but also is going down nature in our size going down so [00:48:36.08] [00:48:36.08] one of the things that is actually increasing is ammonia because of the food [00:48:40.10] [00:48:40.10] demand when you have more people you need more food so the use of ammonia in [00:48:45.11] [00:48:45.11] the fertilizers then the ammonia concentration is actually increasing so [00:48:49.06] [00:48:49.06] one of the research questions is that in the future world when the pollution [00:48:53.18] [00:48:53.18] control is getting better and better you have nitrogen oxide decreasing you have so [00:48:57.23] [00:48:57.23] much outside decreasing but you have ammonia increasing how would that affect [00:49:01.17] [00:49:01.17] all this chemistry that I talk about so that is you know didn't to address. [00:49:06.08] [00:49:13.21] Thank you. [00:49:14.09]