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>> You know good when I was sure of serving as the chair of the School of Law class because here in Georgia Tech is the co-director of gives us a little saying something the title States national the source answered that I wanted to pose in collaboration with the State University.

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3 days a symposium activities recognizing 2 United Nations Development Goals and education research and community engagement. Other many hundreds of people were part of starting something new in his formative and it lives up and were also pleased that you are here today. Please allow me to take this moment and recognize some of the key people that are making of this possible I want to recognize Dr Laura Hastings acting co-director of the as one of the Global Studies Center.

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Doctors a red rag assistant director of the observer mobile science center. Co director of the and other global studies and her Professor Tony Lynn you know of course they. And his associate director of get something noble sends a letter it should Dr Shannon Hostin. I also want to stay with us and our heartfelt note of gratitude to Emily's know it marking him as were major and Laura Percy yet it is very professional both of the for medical school in all languages thank you and.

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So I don't know and things over to John so this is you know getting out of college who will introduce today's you know Speaker when I extend an invitation to all of you to. Spend time with us through Friday and Saturday as we will be joined by over 90 speakers and so forth $300.00 plus registered at least for a day and then Bill.

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They share a. Little status expertise and again once you're in the Georgia Tech campus again it's such a pleasure to launch the 1st true events of the shared program between Georgia State Georgia Tech Yes I think I mean Senator thank you well. Thank. God you are one. Of those I'm glad I was you somebody you people here that I don't like or live with in the polls.

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Welcome to Jordan sack and air that you for all the incredible work you do as chair of modern languages here at your wrist. Normally you would be seeing and hearing in Jack Lew Mr Xi the last she made she sends for regrets and he has mentioned her. Yeah down the hall the liberal arts of Georgia Tech is proud of sponsoring the inaugural keynote lecture for and your plans of Lowell's and I suppose this is a signature event organized by The Atlantic Global Cities that are.

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In other goals a center is a consortium collaboration between Georgia this huge technology and Georgia State University has U.S. Department of Education titles as a national resource center I think repeated he said and also this morning I read ers and his fellowship for. Let me start by saying that I am very impressed by the breadth and depth of blabbered of activities that is why this has been a focus on languages were and will say his research.

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Teaching and outreach is gratifying and particularly impressed to see that he unit in all of them and the way isn't this just 3 days of those ingredients together higher education his role sector and the public. Together really new ground of the Collaborative that went to steer it forward.

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And back to forward spirit of or mayor either our own or who during tax culture liberal arts as in. The session is by the title of his luxury innovative finance resisting peace in the Middle East and Europe as a motorcycle. Of this presentation bridges in the priorities of of our homepage and highlights the hollows is more horrible for this very program in the eastern.

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North African Studies as well as her all have this very program in health the US and society it also denies us what many lab Raiders are say it really universities of the college that is of college and other institutions higher in the area. Or maybe the justice feeders doctor or he's for the shooting to step in here really acting dean of the just horrible school of the rituals that is at the University of Denver you were moving to Denver a document of east over exactly the mother of all that were service professor and chair of every politician and director of the sitting business to the college as well as dean of world.

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Research interests include Middle Eastern Asian and European studies after the Freedom diversity and inclusion of the marriage vision gender and labor he knew how to get migration sexuality the right it's the love interest youth culture Dresner of the hood Hell in the world has a changing local political structures.

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Is really me and what we're there is a risk seekers and purchase of goods of the inaugural and will the cities of those you have ended welcome to talk with. You a. Connection and I'm here meet. Good afternoon to all of you thank you so much for having me it has been an absolute pleasure to be here with you all today.

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Led to global studies where the more I learn about this process and how brings together something different. Or higher that. Is the role of IT If Georgia and this conversation. What's so amazing to me about the sun there about the center is the way in which it's sort of transcending interdisciplinary it's kind of a disciplinary 2.0 and I'm just really excited to see where this goes there's so many possibilities and so many directions it can go and so I think you are one of the honor it is for me to be have the opportunity to be with you today and to be one of the inaugural speakers I'm really delighted really really pleased.

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So the project I'm going to talk to you a little bit about today has you heard from some of the generals and thank you so much I have a lot of interest and many of them come under what we are now inferring to as they as each piece of the Sustainable Development Goals and Aspen tracking my work I've been working in the Middle East and throughout Asia for about 2 decades conducting research on so we move men's sexuality gender human trafficking labor migration what I kept coming back to is how do we finance a lot of this right how do we achieve the change that we need how do we bring about the social transformation that is so necessary to bring certain states out of states of fragility that they might be experiencing in a post conflict moment right how do we think about that in terms of peace building and how do we think about peace building in terms of conflict prevention So full disclosure my Ph D. is in medical anthropology because I wanted to studies actuality and gender and that was the only way you could do and.

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It's also couldn't eat could have to do with the fact that as an Iranian and my entire family wanted me to be a doctor of the medical sort I saw the medical anthropology agree must a better not to my family. But one of the things that I was very fortunate to study as a medical anthropologist is the way in which public how operated in terms of eradicating some of what we're.

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Seen as the most pressing problems of our time right now we think about the eradication of disease it's incredibly challenging and when I was studying in the public school we weren't yet at the place we are today where public health has taken such robust route and Prevention has become common parlance right so as I was thinking about the sustainable development goals yes Gigi's or some people some people still refer to them as the M.D.C. as the Millennium Development Goals and also as between the 2 but I've been told is to say.

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As I was thinking about the S.T.G. as I was thinking about how public health had been so effective in rewriting the narrative and showing how prevention is so much cheaper than treatment right and so I started thinking about conflict and conflict resolution and I started thinking about how it must be so much cheaper to prevent conflict than to treat it right and so that's kind of what led me down down the path of a inquiry and this is kind of one of the arms of my my newest book project is called feminism reboot and it's looking at how we can create sustainable social movements based on famines and transnational feminism in the Middle East so you'll hear more about that tomorrow morning at the panel but this is a collaborative project that I was inspired to do from colleagues in New York who have been working on the conflict resolution around and we've also recently come in conversation with colleagues of the World Bank who are also sort of banging their heads against the wall and taking we've got to figure out a way to finance prevention we can't afford literally we can't afford to keep attacking this from a treatment perspective from the how do we rebuild something that's been broken so it's really a collaborative project having conversations and actually trying to build the table that we can bring people to sit around from the fields of finance peace building and humanitarian affairs that's not usually a conversation that you see but that's why we're trying to save the stage and set the table for that.

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So essentially this project asks How do we reframe the discourse around the sustainable development goals to solidify and elevate their status. OK so how many of you are familiar with the term innovative finance it is a bit of a new term so I thought I'd start with you know kind of explaining how do we think about innovative finance what is it exactly so it's a bit of a catch phrase to talk about how do we adapt existing finance tools to make them more effective.

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How do we address a gap in funding particularly through leveraging more flexible funding not projects civic resources and that there are some very good examples I think of this that have unfortunately come to pass in the last few weeks so when we talk about moving away from Project specific resources what we're talking about is moving away from what happened after the very tragic burning of the Notre Dame Cathedral so you have this outpouring of money to rebuild instead of having a pot of money that's there that was working to make the church in a better state so that it wouldn't burn down at the rate at which it burned out.

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This also relates to a kind of fad type funding if you will those of us who did research on Afghanistan. Talked a lot about high Fost on had become N.G.O.s done after after 2001 and what you saw there was a surge of funding tethered to very specific issues right tethered to women's issues and so you had N.G.O.s remaking themselves as women's rights organizations instead of money coming in as a sort of pot of money that then gets distributed according to the kinds of institutions that a company that's active country might need to rebuild so the idea is to have a pot of money that is there that can then be directed towards creating a sustainable infrastructure or ecosystem.

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So that things that can make state fragile will not have current so that your strengthening might be. Might be referred to as fragile states Tunisia is also a really good example I'm actually headed there next week Tunisia is a great example of where funding again followed a sort of the bad funding where it followed certain types of N.G.O.s again the calls for for funding proposal be being made in the West with the idea that well this is what Tunisia needs as opposed to allowing a more organic and thus more sustainable approach where people in country are able to articulate what is needed right so the converse of Tunisia would be Iran where people have been able to articulate their needs and build the institutions and build an eco system so friends of Iran has one of the most fleshed out harm reduction and needle exchange infrastructures in the world right here on has over 3000000 heroin injecting users and so the the system for needle exchange has been developed in the last 15 years in a very sustainable way again it came organically because you didn't have outside funders rushing N. partly because they were prevented from doing so but it's a really interesting kind of lab laboratory for us to to look at war how how do these funding requests work.

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We want to integrate new tools into our existing funding approaches so that we can fund more efficiently in the national level in a way that now will enable countries to enact their own priorities and we want to be able to finance innovation in country if that makes sense OK so in an.

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Innovative finance tools. We have skipped. On the right click. OK great. So why innovative finance the idea of all from the recognition that additional resources were required in order to achieve the at the time we're called Millennium Development Goals or or the or the empty G.'s we simply can't address the magnitude of the engineer S.E.Q. with the resources that exist or with the resources that have been earmarked unfortunately so the conversation was spurred more recently by the World Bank's billions to trillions campaigns and you're probably familiar with that it's a campaign that's been launched in the last couple of years which focuses on addressing the shortfall in financing the sustainable development goals by turning billions of dollars of overseas development assistance or already a into trillions through these of private financing rights of the World Bank isn't shouldering all of the financing themselves.

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This is this is a great idea and in theory but it has also been the subject of much critique and here I want to read from an article by Reba Kant to wit who was kind of the person who inspired me to look into this and here she is quoting a 2018 publication by 4 authors of the I.M.F. who are critiquing this campaign they say each year hundreds of millions of people work in tens of millions of organizations deploying trillions of dollars in an effort to solve the most pressing challenges of our time yet despite despite his vast commitment there remains an estimated 50 trillion dollars funding gap required to address the sustainable development goals the most comprehensive cohesive and coherent scription of these with the problems to date the existing approach presumes that a multitude of entities addressing some part of the greater challenge will without her being incentives and mechanisms self organize themselves into an efficient effective and scalable solution this is dangerously and willfully naive.

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The primary impediment to the S.T.G. is resolution is rooted not soley in resources of technology or intent but primarily in a combination of ineffective systems design and transition human behavior driven by short termism that sort of fab funding I talked about fragmentation and counterproductive incentives. Such critiques really can't do and argues can be extended to the use of innovative finance these discussions highlight the potential hyperbole around they have finance risks obscuring some fundamental challenges with development assistance central among them is the responsibility of states particularly the role of developed economies in tackling gracious issues such as meeting overseas development assistance commitments stemming the illicit financial flows that end up benefiting hiding from countries and supporting a debt relief scheme.

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So these are some of the critiques of the millions to try and campaign and the World Bank has been open to receiving these critiques and as such they are now at the table with us trying to think through how we might reconceptualized funding in a way that creates sustainability right the sustainability and peace building there's also a bit of a tension between development financing and conflict prevention so do I mean by that.

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People often ask me why isn't development financing and conflict prevention basically the same thing not exactly you could argue that development is a way to prevent conflict but it's much more than that right and development in of itself has not been without critique development when it's done in an unintentional manner can do more harm than good and so the example again I think of Tunisia is really interesting if you look at Tunisia as compared to Afghanistan how development didn't work in Afghanistan how it didn't work and Tunisia I think I think reveals a great deal try to go to the next level so that works it's going to go.

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OK. So what are these actual innovative finance tools that kind of helps to put them down on peeper So one sort of category if you will of these tools might be crowded in private sector funding. This is this is basically an active through public private partnerships and I would be remiss to stand in Atlanta and not talk about Coca-Cola So that is really leading example of public private partnerships if you go into the public health sphere the example of the Coca Cola trucks that did condom distribution to stop the spread of HIV me in Subsaharan Africa is a really robust example of one of these public private partnerships where the Coca-Cola company took on the cost of doing all of that I just were furnished with the Conners by the United Nations Population Fund and it had a huge impact in reducing the number of each of the transmissions particularly tracking stops which is where it turned out that so much of the transmission was taking place and the Coca-Cola company and really the truck drivers were so instrumental in those of us who were doing public health research at the time in figuring out that nodal point of the truck stops and disease transmission so it's a real success story how direct at what he is exactly as it sounds concessional loans and then guarantees and credit enhancement schemes are just all examples of the crowd in private sector innovative finance tools and you can also approach it through what are called drive efficiencies impact based financing Soham you're familiar with Kiba.

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You probably give to keep the cards to your friends that's an example of impact based financing conditional cash transfers exactly what it sounds awards and prizes in the form of responses to our of P. is and then insurance schemes and that's one that I'm going to talk a little bit more about but this really looks at how we might develop risk insurance where the risk is share.

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Bird so the risk is shared by the corporations that are investing in these countries as well as by the World Bank as well as by the government spray and I'll talk a little bit about more a little more about how you might create a risk insurance scheme but for a very recent example of that if you just think about if Sri Lanka had had more insurance or shared risk the responses to the tragedy on Sunday might have been much quicker because there would have been that pot of money in.

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Risks insurance and then no real tangible innovative finance tool that the UN is now thinking about and acting. We've also been looking at just plainly how do you grow the size of the pie How do you increase resources people are talking about innovative taxes and I'll talk more about that such as the tax on the i Phone 2 cent tax on the i Phone rang bonds such as Diaspora Bond So we have some members of the Iranian diaspora in the crowd today myself included diaspora bonds have been found to be extremely attractive if you look just at India and Israel alone the amount of money in that came from diaspora bonds for just India's 35000000 and for just Israel's 25000000 so to ask for a bronze are able to increase resources very quickly crowd funding is exactly as it sounds and then you've got voluntary contributions as well.

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OK So what are some examples of innovative finance at work Ray the utilization of these tool would have allies in Europe by the refugee crisis of 2015 according to UN agency are as of April of 2018 funding shortfalls for the Syrian crisis alone total over $4100000000.00 But of course this goes back to some of the structural issues that were shaped by global economic policies adopted by donors and.

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Or additions like the in the World Bank and the I.M.F. in the late 1970 S. and late 1980 S. So the idea is that yes a conflict can create a huge deficit but it's also needs to be looked at in the larger macro economic context of a debt repayment program rate or structural adjustment policies that might create already in a situation where a country starts off in debt and so then when you have a crisis such as the Syrian crisis which led to the refugees that is.

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In large greatly and so the idea behind sustainable peace building is to prevent a country from getting to that point to prevent that there being so much debt and to ask us to look at the at the private finance market and how it's spent affected by things like structural adjustment programs.

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These policies encouraged developing countries to deregulate their economies and reduce public spending in ways that imposed disproportionate hardships on bald noble communities like refugees for a more tangible example I would like to use the Philippines I think that helps people understand the impact of structural Justin poses a little bit better so just to give you an idea for the Philippines the World Bank and I am after an active a structural adjustment program that was tethered to remittances right so the idea being that the I.M.F. and World Bank essentially said that the Philippines that they could pay back their debt if they increased migrant remittances what that did was it created an incentive for the Philippine government to try to send more of its citizens abroad so that they could increase their remittances run the focus on building infrastructure at home this of course led to what those of us who work in migration call it love deficit because typically what we know is women were meant more than men and so the Philippine government was arrested in encouraging women to migrate abroad to work as nannies care workers domestic workers in places like the United States Dubai Singapore and as a result over 50 percent of children children in the Philippines grow up without their mom because their moms are here taking care of not Filipino babies frame so this is a direct example of how structural adjustment program might create a situation of vulnerability that could then be exacerbated when a fragility in acting events such as disaster natural disaster or violence or conflict breaks out if that makes sense I think the Philippines example is a little bit more lustrous of than the Syrian crisis but there's significant reform required to create the structural conditions that will enable low income countries to emerge from poverty and successfully address the needs of their own populations as well as refugees.

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Possible innovative finance tools for this would include debt forgiveness for hosting refugees so that's one that's been tossed around so you know what we actually know people talk a lot about the the problem of refugees in the United States and Europe but actually most refugees are hosted by.

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Developing countries actually And so if we could engage in a process whereby a country would get some amount of debt forgiven by hosting refugees that could be a significant step we could also abolish excessive corporate tax exemptions engage in stronger efforts to curb capital flight and tax evasion and focus on funding small and medium sized enterprises which are the majority of enterprises and a lot of countries that have been labeled by the World Bank as as fragile so rather than you know sort of tired aid solutions you might think about these as some other tools.

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To go back to that question of overseas development assistance Here's another problem with it takes a while to case again so the International Rescue Committee has proposed risk insurance as an alternative so there are a lot of critiques of this but the goal of this is to introduce these tools to humanitarian peacebuilding community so when the I R C proposed risk insurance as a possible way to address the refugee crisis and there are a lot of us are really happy because whether or not it works the fact that we're creating a dialogue and bringing these.

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These different sides of work together is in it and solve a positive step. OK So we've talked about innovative finance What is peace building. In agenda disappears for peace the United Nations to find peace building as a process that focuses on transformational change to facilitate the establishment of long lasting and durable peace that tries to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing the root causes of conflict and that can involve a wide range of activities including reconciliation institution building and political and economic transformation it's often thought to come after peacekeeping and mediation or negotiation negotiation processes there is a deeper recognition today however that cyclical and protracted the cyclical protracted nature of conflict requires continuous attention to risk factors so here we come back to public health right if we know that conflict is a cyclical nature and process right we know that there is a cyclical nature to conflict and many fragile states then we need to have continuous attention to the risk factors that put countries at risk for conflict so again we can see that the public health model if we start thinking about this in terms of risk and we start thinking in terms of how do we prevent and how do we mediate risk we stand a much better chance of addressing some of these large and more focus goals.

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So why is peace a good investment I mean I would think the answer to that is it's somewhat obvious however peace building is a largely undefined space unfortunately and it's a conversation that's not being had why is peace a good investment everybody takes it for granted and yet we haven't yet broken down how do you invest in peace building.

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So how do you apply innovative finance to peace building or how do you make peace builders care right. There is a staggering investment deficit in the prevention of violent conflict this is just a fact unfortunately governments worldwide spend less than one percent of official development assistance on programming geared towards preventing violent conflict and building peace less than one percent that when I discovered that I was staggering to me private donors spend less than one percent of the nearly $26000000000.00 in Global Giving on peace and security written large including peace building and prevention so spending on responses to violent conflict in 2016 were $8200000000.22 was actually $28.00 teams typo according to the U.N. and World Bank targeting resources towards just 4 countries just 4 countries to which include Yemen and Afghanistan just 4 countries could prevent $34000000000.00 in losses the number simply are very clear right but unfortunately this hasn't been brought to the table right why it's so much cheaper and then you have China.

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And you know I could get into this and along her version of the top but China becomes a bit of a wild card here because when When what happened in Sri Lanka so some of you may know that China had to vote for a port in Sri Lanka because you're going to not be back in that when things like that happens it throws a bit of a wrench into our ability to predict so that is a factor that we're having to build into into some of our models and who are modelers out there right now.

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So the tool of innovative finance have the potential to help leverage needed resources towards these activities so how do we apply what what has been the evidence right and what is the evidence of applying international finance tools to peaceful then and what have we learned from. So the United Nations is taking innovative finance very seriously the peace building support office is focusing on growing the resources for peace building funds but again they're not exactly sure how to get their head around it.

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The World Bank is also discussing a mandated increase in private sector investment in conflict affected countries but they have a bit less incentive because they right now the World Bank is carrying all of the risk the World Bank is carrying the risks and trends which they're also buckling under the weight of freight So the question is how do we get private companies to start sharing the risk and creating a fund that could then be deployed for let's say disaster relief or sudden conflict invention peace building is an initiative aimed at making the case for why investing in peace is not only a moral imperative but also a financially profitable one they're designing a peace and peace investment me tricks that was actually launched in 2017 and the hope I think ventured Lisa Ling is actually about and page that Coca-Cola again I know where I am I'm trying to I'm trying to speak to Coca-Cola and buy canned.

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And then you have the example of Colombia Colombia has been a bit of and a to finance lab and you know I actually want to read from the findings from my colleague again and again she focuses on Latin America my focus is on the Middle East or kind of trying to piece the puzzle together and look at how we might look at Peace labs where are the places where we can do peace labs and innovative finance labs she had identified that Colombia has gone in and rightly so and so I want to read to you a little bit of of the findings from that project so 5 identify Tunisia as another one for them for the Middle East I think that that can also be a very successful peace but again we need more people we need more help we need a group of people you know trying to get my students galvanized around this we need people working on this we need to think about what a peace lab might look like.

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But here's a little bit of the findings from Colombia Colombia has become a fertile ground for innovative financing approaches developing tools that could be framed as serving both humanitarian purposes and sustaining peace this context is also an important test case for private sector investors and the corporate world in general Colombia to all of the 1st social impact bond to promote skills training and employment and 3 Colombian cities but what he and he had the world displacement fund aims to assess Colombia in addressing the needs of more than 7000000 internally displaced persons the largest in the world the Rockefeller Foundation one of the architects of the R.T.F. notice that the aim of this mechanism is to help small farmers access land and restart their livelihoods and essential process in a country worth 87 percent of the displacement occurred in rural areas and the distribution of property is the most unequal in all of Latin America with one percent of the population owning 81 percent of the arable lands the R.D.F. raise capital to purchase unused fertile land parcels and into smaller productive units and then leases the units to families wanting to return to these properties another partner terribly assists the farmers with production and access to markets to ensure the families can meet their lease payments and already this is a huge success so we're trying to see if we might be able to replicate that around the world.

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So what does it look like to apply innovative finance to peace building what are some of the tools so you heard me talk about risks insurance it basically refers to the divvying up the exposure to potential financial losses among different stakeholders including insurance policy holders investors businesses people or governments thereby lowering the financial losses for any one entity right so again imagine if if we had had I imagined we'd have that for sure long Imagine if we had that firm for a number of other areas this idea of risk pooling and risk sharing can be incredibly transformative.

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Diaspora bonds leveraging ex-pat ties to home to draw on him and says to create a bond structure now it's very hard with my own community because the United States government has nothing to do a lot of barriers to us being able to send money back to Iran but it has created an infrastructure of diaspora bonds that was within the ecosystem in a way to finance that would be a way to to to circumvent.

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A tax on imported goods the African Union has imposed a 0.2 percent tax on select imports to respective member countries in order to finance the African Union Peace Fund So there's been a 2 percent tax on all i Phone that actually And my understanding is that Europe is thinking about adopting the same thing right so that there's a 2 percent tax on all I held and not the money that's generated the revenue that's generated from that goes into a fund that can then be used the African Union can deploy it quickly when a disaster strikes in Africa.

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A tax on the global arms trade would be something that has been proposed was initially proposed by Joshua and the United Nations has been thinking very very seriously about that and that can generate huge revenues well repatriating stolen assets these are all this is always by the way to increase the size of the pie repatriating stolen assets here I'm talking about stolen assets that came you know from corruption but also heritage so I had the opportunity to travel to Russia and you eat and she lay which is called Easter Island and some of your buddies know the large heads the low I It turns out that a good percentage of those heads are located in places like London and New York and museums and if you can repatriate them then those become part of the country's assets and then they can borrow against AA.

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And then Islam and Islamic financing has been really transformative for the govt countries friends I've been working in and Dubai Kuwait for the last 10 years and this system of Islamic finance saying we're with a form of Islamic charity I guess is what exact cost would do would translate into right as a sort of mandate a charity and each company is taxed at that percentage these companies base and parts of the Gulf so that has created a big pot of money as well and the idea is you know now how do we get back to extend beyond the goal and to go into the larger Middle East.

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So it's not just about more money it's the type of money and how it is spent Reza we want to grow the size of high but we also want to be really intentional about how we spend it and this is again where the lessons for public health come in we need to make the argument for why prevention is cheaper than treatment right if you think about harm reduction how can the narrative change completely how are we able to sell the concept of harm reduction how are we able to sell the concept of getting clean needles to a drug addict to prevent HIV AIDS right but we were able to do it in this country in Iran and the argument places on how do we take that same framework and apply it here public health got behavioral change brain so what is the public health and government to disease eradicate eradication we need to clearly translate our messaging and again I think that the whole condoms example is a really good one you also have the Gabby example of the global vaccine Alliance is based in France international relations created in 2002 which was a public private alliance that created equal access to vaccines for children and the world's poorest countries it was a government matching program so whatever they raised governments in Europe matched which can also be a really great way to bring more resources but also to get people involved to get stakeholders involved and then after you have the solidarity tax on airplane tickets which public health used to create a fund for HIV prevention so whenever any of you flew in and out of any of these countries Cameroon she lay France Congo Madagascar Mali mercilessly share in South Korea.

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If you flew in or out of any of those countries there was a tax on your airplane to get what you probably didn't even notice because it was less than one percent and that went into a fund for a change in prevention so we can take and it was incredibly successful and created a huge pot of money in all of these countries so we can take that example as well.

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So the utilization of finance and find of innovative finance tools in conflict affected countries is new and untested right I have the opportunity to have lunch with a bunch of members from the World Bank yesterday and I was telling them of this they were getting excited and I was getting excited and then at the end one of them said OK yeah I love this I think it's really visionary but there are a couple problems number one what do we know about conflict prevention has it worked have we done it how we tested it.

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Number 2 what do we know about incentivize incentivizing finance for private sector and number 3 how do we get peace builders on board and I'm like I don't know the answer to any of those questions but that's what we need to do right the next step a systematic rigorous and well tested framework and examination of key assumptions is needed to apply them in fact I'm pleased that that's the next phase of this we have to do a lot of work to identify the problems and possible solutions now we need to test them.

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So fortunately and again I know I'm going to text cool technology has then a game changer right in this space blocked change friends as I recently bought. So watch a an artificial intelligence have really saved a lot of money because they've eliminated the middleman in the areas such as asset registries their facilitating secure transactions and they're allowing investors and local actors more access to each other I love this evidence of blog change technology working in a refugee camp that runs entirely on blocked change tack refugees are able to buy food by looking into a rental scanner which connects them to their World Food Program account cutting back the transaction fees 98 percent and eliminating the need for identification like passports that are often destroy or seize Can you imagine if we retain and everybody can you imagine how much money the same and so this is an incredibly great piece of evidence and then we have an artificial intelligence I've been Corbell school we have a center called the party center for an eye from future forecasting we now have the potential in the possibility of forecasting any number of scenarios 25 years 35 years 40 years out so let's forecast and see what it might look like if we were able to put money in this area or in this area we have the technological tools we just need to be using them and that's the other problem right so I said that outside of the talk the humanitarian piece building community is not talking to the finance community and then there's the tech community up here and nobody's talking to each other and if they just we had this conversation it could unlock a lot of possibilities it's just a matter of actually doing it.

[00:42:48]
So what are some of these are some of the assumptions that we're up against in gauging the private sector is inherently good and more efficient but all of this is new right this is new for peace builders to get their hands around there is an irony in utilizing the tools of capitalism to address social issues that require institution on something came very aware that right but why not try it OK So the idea is that OK capitalism has created all these issues now how can we use capitalism to solve them and then making sure that we implement the do no harm principle innovation for innovation sake is not strategic and potentially harmful so how do we make sure that that is the sort of subtle point of this 3 way conversation and if I never have the potential to inspire new actors to come to the table that haven't come before and peaceful aim is actually like public health public good to be performed by the government but there is a benefit to privatizing this again sample public health tells us that a public private partnership is going to go on much longer way but again got to bring in the governments you've got to bring in both sides of that to create this and the structure and ecosystem it's going to show this clip but you're right he said so you don't need to hear I'm not running to say although I'm not is one of the times 100 most influential thinkers I can and the cobra milling around he basically said the same thing so I was just trying to get a man up there agreeing with me but how will this believe me.

[00:44:22]
So to wrap up what our next steps. We have this framework that articulate a rigorous and well tense and conceptual and applied tool that we need to test it right we need to test it we need to get out there in the definition of the problem that piece builders want finance experts to solve it is clear we just need to bring in the finance experts the toolkit the finance experts have a clear we just need to get buy in from the pieces others we need to assess the feasibility of implementing tools how feasible is it to implement back watching technology in all refugee camps and throughout Europe how visible is that we don't know we need to find out what are the barriers and challenges to collecting some more of this data so what does this mean operationally it means unfortunately we're going to have to do a little bit more R. and D. and we're going to need more case studies to determine which tools are best suited to which environments rate we have right now are the intermediaries we're the ones who are trying to provide a structure so that the S.T.G. is don't get as a Morpheus as they're getting but we need a lot more feasibility studies to do so so the development of common indicators around preventing balance of the human little cumulative level exists it's really just about putting them in practice so that's out there and like to hear what you are they thank you.

[00:45:48]
For That's how. We're. OK Thank you yeah. All our structures were. Dragged all. The way from here yeah so. From our dear young people's all. We want to be. Your kind of this or it's Or. They are. Our will receive within that room something from right. Or. Wrong you all go your way.

[00:46:52]
You walk or lose. Your way so just as you were on that yeah it's a great question yeah I mean I think where we are right now is we're starting to create by and right so as you pointed out getting everybody into the same room as more than half the battle has 3 quarters of the battle where we're at right now as we've been talking to all 3 of these community slowly I mean we've been doing most of that between the finance and the humanitarian peacebuilding communities and we're starting to get them vested in talking to each other and we're starting to get corporations invested in coming to the table we realize that we need to bring tech as well and that's the part that we haven't done as much work on so we now need to say show like OK look take that study that watch chain study in the refugee camp show them the power of attack and in this case and hope that there will be people who are really interested in having this conversation with us so that's sort of our next step but we've done the work of at least starting to get the finance folks understanding where the peace builders are coming from and then getting the peace builders to understand where the finance folks are coming from and so now we just have to put the 3rd.

[00:48:03]
Part of the trial. Thank you thank you get. Both of us spoilers because you're very chipper what worries very profitable right now of course what just left me here is what sort of caused totally and less reason to juice the reader so I believe so long overdue with those they were really.

[00:48:33]
Going to. Be. Great with. Respect to YES YES YES. Yes So they are involved and in fact one of my very close friends is the U.S. ambassador to the US so they are very much involved in that you know your question about spoilers is very real the idea that we had to address that is take those same companies and and give them opportunities to profit off of peace building without the war part right so how do you and not just in the field of development because that's kind of a siloed field but how do you you know kind of what the U.A.E. has done right is it is financially incentivised a peace trade zone right so how do you get those construction workers those companies that are building right they're all going to Dubai right so how might you think about that model but with out the other sort of part of it right.

[00:49:39]
The idea being you know how might we show that more peaceful countries are actually more profitable and more and you know the one thing you can't quantify is how profitable it is for a particular person. To gain power so that is where the model falls short that said the party center with actual futures forecasting model they're trying to factor that into That's the hard part brain and me you probably all saw the movie advice that just came out it's very profitable for certain digitals in that sense not so just money wise 25 but perceived power so that's the part of the model that needs work.

[00:50:23]
Yes. Really. Although you see the. Problem. With. Your. Colleagues. Like. Me who. Were. Really nice and had now been back if you are in here with. There. Are Yeah so I mean that's one example of Columbia that I brought up Columbia because the Rockefeller Foundation that the that kind of project that was funded they basically were aiming to quantify how much they ate how much they had profited from Columbia not falling back into complex not falling back into fragility.

[00:51:30]
Correct you're looking at G.D.P.. Exactly which is flawed I completely agree. Craig Right yeah and I'm the 1st to say these are flawed right the neoliberal tools capitalism is flawed I'm the 1st to say that that said you know let's think about what public help was able to do within the framework and how do we how do we borrow from that and learn.

[00:52:04]
I think thinking about. Ceasefire Yeah. Which is a public. Road or a fire reduction and I'm well I'm from Chicago where that was started Yeah I'm just wondering. Just what I was wondering good. Night thinking about it and. There's I just wonder if there are countries as opposed to international and he's really heard that there are countries domestically that cells do this well trained nurse samples Lacey's hire me more and.

[00:52:46]
I mean us you do well we have risen Thanks Lee Hartley's right so maybe this is a be violence if you create invest millions but we invest all my blood so I'm just wondering a very nasty examples like they have a dry and B. it's British or someone is more ill person countries or no.

[00:53:11]
I mean why did your ticket Scandinavian countries rate are sort of known for this and I was being more eloquently than I in the Middle East you know you wouldn't expect it but Iran is a really great example and they have like I said they invested in needle exchange they invested in harm reduction they invested in education right Iran has the highest number of women graduates from college than anyone in the region highest literacy rate in the region that you know so but again not without an issue that's right it's not about race it's you know it's not to say the regime is perfect but from that perspective Iran has invested in its people in a much more robust way than its neighbors but maybe one of the does continue.

[00:53:58]
The state's Kassouf warble is a relief since they are government is believed to be good it's transparent 2nd of all it's accountable to its citizens and all those kind of things will generate some of the the trust between Yeah largest intuitions of falling ill between military between private sector and public sectors that are kind of an equity transparency model as well it's worked quite well for a long time and it's going to be a press not so well worked might not be working for the future but I don't know the question we just saw the study climate change especially its impact in the Arctic region but on climate change there's been and this is related to the feel that you are tickling because many people would agree.

[00:54:45]
Climate changes a person cannot capitalism right and get more not seen in plant change mitigation will public changes in behavior or. Direct connection to SR and we're not seeing robust get illness by the private sector in mitigating the effects of climate change to make it financially profitable to do so rather than so those these 2 large scale phenomena that are evident all of the world seem like they can have some really fruitful.

[00:55:25]
Parallels just because I think that's come up in your work definitely and I'm that's I mean that's again where we need more partnerships we need people who have the expertise that that you have you know when we talk about fragility and what makes a state vulnerable to fragility natural disaster as a result of climate change I mean you know you think about the flooding.

[00:55:46]
And you know you think about you know just the intensive amount of natural disaster that so many countries that are already struggling are facing and a lot. And it kind of fun. To address that quickly I think. These are conversations that are intertwined in parallel but also really interest wind because if you think about fragility you can think about how disaster natural disaster can increase fragility and can increase our ability to conflict right and vice versa.

[00:56:22]
And the last question yet. 3. Years really. Was. Because I don't ALL. Right. Yeah yeah although even marketing that. Given the political the political climate you know I tried I said but you know give a political climate even marketing that it is difficult right yeah yeah yeah. Yeah.

[00:58:02]
I guess it's possible to natural disaster or conflict. So. Yeah. I mean you ask a really great question because you know it's the questions like How do you define crisis rate and is financial existence a crisis and I would argue yes right if if if poverty is at a certain rate.

[00:58:38]
I would say with financial crisis you'd have to do a multi-pronged approach you'd have to attack like those structural adjustment like with the Philippines you know I just can't help but think you've got to change that structural adjustment program you've got to change a lot of different things risk insurance is one of the tools I mean and let me underscore this I don't think I did a very good job of it but you know with these innovative finance tools the idea is that you've got to use more than one right that this is a tool kit and the idea is that you're going to be using multiple all at the same time.

[00:59:11]
With risks insurance you know you asked me to elaborate on that I guess the the example would be. OK 2 months ago I was in Kigali in Rwanda and that's a great example of a government that has created a lot of buy in for risks insurance and so what what what the government has said is companies looking to invest in Rwanda and want to have been kind of reported as one of the countries to invest in now because of the stability right they've said that if you're going to invest in a country if you or if you want to let's say sell your product if you want to sell your product or if you want to build buildings here or want to you want to build a resort or you know what whatever you need whatever this outside corporation might be wants to come into golly and build a hotel or wants to come in and self sell clothing or whatever it might be.

[01:00:02]
To do that you're going to have to pay into this somewhere you're also sharing the risk of natural disaster or anything happening to keep that stability so then you've created by it you've created stakeholders who have a buy in to to continuing that that period of peace if that makes sense right.

[01:00:24]
By and so you're also creating a fund where you would mitigate and this is the fund really helps I think with natural disaster right if something happens you have that fund immediately you can deploy it right but you're also creating bite and that's really a key a key component one of the things they know that spend this gust in India.

[01:00:44]
You probably noticed that and if you buy clothing from Gap or Banana Republic. Just look inside the label and it probably says Made in India a long way and so one of the things that's been discussed now is if if companies want to have their factories in these places where labor is so cheap right that OK yes you get the tradeoff of labor being cheap but you're going to have to pay into sort of a risks and trends fund does that make sense.

[01:01:11]
Yeah absolutely you one. Last question. For. US Yeah. So that's a great question unfortunately micro lending has had a lot of success but a lot of failure as well particularly the failures experienced. By women and it has led to a lot of gender based violence unfortunately so I did a lot of work in Madagascar are where there have been a good amount of these Kiva microcredit micro loans but what happened was that oftentimes these loans would be taken out and then when it came time to repay them let's say I just think I'll just tell you about my interlocutors right I had 17 women who I was working with when I met these 17 women they were all in prison in Kuwait and I had to ask them why and how that happened and it didn't turn out that they had gotten themselves smuggled to Kuwait from Madagascar are because their husbands couldn't pay back the debt.

[01:02:29]
So it created a trafficking situation for Madagascar our the my program this program had created a trafficking situation instead of encouraging the government to invest in infrastructure that would create employment opportunities and opportunities for both men and women to stay at home the cycle lending had created trafficking problem so it has had success but it has also had not as much success as we would like so it is a tool that's talked about but within the innovative finance realm the tools that are more focus on things like diaspora bonds and social impact bonds and risks insurance and the use of for instance blocking those are the more the newer kind of the micro credit was was was.

[01:03:12]
More of like an innovative finance tool maybe 15 years ago and now we've sort of seen the results of that and so now the idea is like well what is it look like for 2019. Well thank you. Thanks.