I would start off with a thousand years of building evolution a thousand years ago and this is a stone church in Ireland all of the surfaces are stone the overall thermal resistance is OUR to about five hundred years ago we began to add fats troops thatched roofs are added principally for rainwater control the water would stick to the fibers of the straw because the surface tension the water droplet would run down the fiber using gravity and be expelled from the building as a very very powerful water control technology we use a below grade to that to this day below grade waterproofing membranes often use oriented fibers we also use them in curtain walls twenty thirty story forty story buildings to control rainwater entry. Anyway the overall thermal performance improved to our for three hundred fifty years ago in Middle Europe we began to see cavity construction cavities this is post and beam wattle and daub stucco tile assemblies the overall tone resistance improved to our six two hundred fifty years ago in North America heavy timber construction log homes the overall thermal resistance improved to R eight one hundred years ago my my alma mater the University of Toronto. This is the whole Taina building has single pane glass which is our one but less than ten percent of the enclosure areas glass and the other ninety percent is about twenty eight inches thick Masonry the overall thermal resistance is our. Eight thousand nine hundred seventy two double glazed aluminum non-thermal unbroken curtain walls are one point five and the year two thousand and five the lead green award winning building double glazed thermally broken aluminum curtain walls. Are two. So in a thousand years we've gone from our two to our two that's it's pretty pathetic isn't it. How many people have heard the lead. It's a cruel pathetic joke. Doesn't result in any environmental energy savings it's a colossal joke. This is a plot of one hundred fifty lead buildings plotted against three hundred fifty standard buildings constructed at the same time there's no statistical difference. Pretty embarrassing in that. Well why do leave buildings not work because people are doing stupid things and the motto is don't do stupid things. OK. Work with me here. I know there are protests here I'll speak slowly and use small words and you can explain it to the engineers later. What is the thermally most inefficient part of your building that would be the glass. What is the single most expensive part of your building that would be the glass. So if you want something incredibly inefficient and very expensive use lots of class. Anybody not get this. I mean I don't have to do a computer simulation. This is a lead green award winning building and this is a hundred and fifty year old church which one is more energy efficient per square foot the church anything more than thirty percent glazing area. This is the way energy. The more glass you have the more environmentally stupid the building. S. residentially the number is five. Fifteen percent. Now there's a reason why we don't let engineers design buildings. Well why because the optimal engineering solution to the problem that energy would be a building with no glass. So the last person in the world you want to design a building is an engineer because at the end of the day the building still has to work as a building people are going to want to do what live in it work in it use it. It has to do what the building has to do but if you're running around using architecture is a means for transforming society and you're talking about being environmentally friendly too much glass is basically stupid. You're basically sending a message to them you know to Mother Earth which is screw you. Now if you want to use more than thirty percent glass your glass has to be really really good so double glazed thermally broken thirty percent is the limit. But what if you wanted to use forty percent glass or you'd have to use triple glazed filled with argon well as it more expensive. Yeah but it's better. How much better fifty percent better. Well what if I wanted to make fifty percent of my enclosure glass while I'd have to use our five curtain walls. Those are triple glazed filled with krypton The only trouble is there's only one company makes them. Luthor industries. So a little bit of engineering humor you didn't get it. Lex Luthor Superman planet Krypton nevermind. OK So the idea is the more glass you use the more efficient the glass has to be and the big. Problem in buildings is actually rejecting heat isn't it. So this idea of passive solar is kind of stupid. We're rejecting heat up in Minnesota because the United States of America is an air conditioning dominated nation. But you know it's so cool. We're going to use the sun to heat or buildings when you get it's and you look at a map. What we want is glass that you can see through that doesn't allow heat through it. Nodding here would give me a sense that I'm kind of connecting with you which is more of a problem for you in Atlanta heating or cooling. Well gee Dr Steve Richter I would be cooling because I'm actually a sentient aware breathing human being that is actually paying attention and so why would you build a greenhouse that would be stupid enough. Now at what point. Could I build my building entirely out of glass and not have it be a penalty. The answer is when the glazing system is our ten Do we have such a glass available. No not yet we've seen small samples. You know I got it but we can't do an entire building. What do you think do you think this are ten glasses going to be cheap. No. So if you want to building that's affordable. You should probably reduce the amount of glass and select the most efficient glass possible really with me on this. So the main reason that lead buildings don't work is that they have too much glass and the glass that select it is stupid last very simple. Yes a question we want to reward the question. Actually that's not that's not that's not true. It's not the lighting. It's the air exchange not even close. It's not even close. It's the air exchange which leads me to the next reason that buildings do not save energy that early. There's no requirement for air tightness. How many people think that Eric's change has an energy impact nodding here would give me a sense that you're not a bunch of total losers. Right. You know if the windows are open all of the time. Whatever's outside is going to be inside and there's very little time in the year where the outside is what you want inside that's the function of the building. It's to separate the inside from the outside. I know it's hard these concepts are very difficult to grasp. OK so sometimes you want to separate the inside from the outside. You see a building. Among other things is an environmental separator. We want to keep the outside out in the inside in that means we want to make our building airtight the more outside we bring in the more energy we have to spend on conditioning the outside that we're bringing in everybody get this. OK. Do you realize that lead has no requirement for air tightness I mean how could you possibly make an energy efficient building that's not are tight and the answer is you can't. Well. So why don't doesn't leave have a requirement for tightness will because it's hard news is that the three Can hard to bake a building without holes is hard. So you lead was never about actually doing anything was just about getting a point or an award to Patterson off on the back. Why else would a bike rack be the same value as the energy consumption of the building get a lead point for a bike rack and get a lead point to be energy efficient how stupid is that when. It's stupid. So too much class means the building doesn't work and if the building is leaky it doesn't work. So we need to have what an airtight building but then what do we want. Why don't you. But I'd like to have an airtight building with holes that I could open and close based on when I want to open and close them. That would be what windows that I can do out with open and close but people are kind of stupid sometimes they open them sometimes they don't. So I'm probably going to want to have a ventilation system to exchange the air between the inside and the outside in a controlled way. And so what we want is we want to build tight. Ventilate right. Repeat after me build tight ventilate right. Well building tight means no holes ventilating right means operable windows and a ventilation system. Well if you put in a ventilation system somebody has to decide how much air the ventilation system is supposed to bring in what do you think nodding here would say yeah I could see that we were going to design a ventilation system. Somebody has to decide well how much air is supposed to be brought in and how much is supposed to be exhausted. I want talk about whether you soccer blow a soccer ball at the same time supply exhaust balanced. If I'm going to fast topping. So we need to have some kind of air change rate who picks that were located in the bunch called ashtray American society heating refrigeration air conditioning engineers and they have a standard called standard sixty two which picks the number that you should ventilation or building out so that you don't have indoor air quality problems of K. kind of neat the codes reference this requirement. Now being a code requirement in the standard. What do you think there are probably safety factors built into it right. They probably picked a number and then added stuff to it just in case should happen right. Records I mean you're designing for everybody right not just one particular building. It's a national standard. So sixty two has got fudge factor I'm a voting member of sixty two by the way I mean I'm a pretty famous guy. What am I doing here. When I have no friends because apparently I point out that lead is stupid. You see lead is you know everybody's cool and wants to be a friend in they're all part of the same club and I'm saying it's a stupid club to be in because it's stupid and so lead says buildings aren't healthy if you ventilate according to Ashley standard sixty two. You have to ventilate it thirty percent higher now. So you get a lead point if you ventilated thirty percent higher than the ventilation rate that's established to have a healthy building. What's the impact on energy. Well it's huge. Right because the dominant energy consumption of a building is there change every cubic foot from energy bring in from the outside cost to two dollars a year and dishes because you have to heat or cool it humidified or do you mean five. It's not the frickin lighting. But even close. So if we have a leaky building and then we over ventilate it. How can you possibly save energy build tight means that you get rid of the holes ventilate right means you ventilate according to standard sixty two lead buildings because they want that ventilation point start off with so much of a hole from the energy side that all the technology we had afterwards can't even bring us back to breaking even. Is that extraordinary. Now the words we are starting with such a deficit with that thirty percent over ventilation all of the technology and good. Design and architecture that I stroll at the building can't bring me back. Well that's like stupid isn't it. Well you know how did we decided thirty percent more ventilation needed. This required Well because we have a bunch of commies involved in the architectural profession. Now you all think that everything that man creates is bad. Well we have synthetic carpet and we have synthetic this and everything we put in the building is on healthy and you run around drink bottled water and healthy pain and all this shit in your simming that therefore because whatever we build out of his unhealthy. We have to ventilate at a higher rate. Well where are the health studies to show that he ever done. In the epidemiological studies where the bodies were of a freaking bodies. Well I just feel this way. Well that's irresponsible. That would be stupid because what is that energy. Where's that energy come from to compensate for that thirty percent. While I'm burning coal and the coal generates particulates which leads to childhood asthma and death. So you're just a bunch of baby killers. So ventilating at thirty percent higher than sixty two to following the lead point means you're killing babies. Now this argument that I've just made is totally implausible isn't it. Actually not it's more plausible than the argument that we have indoor air quality problems and we need a thirty percent higher ventilation right because nobody's actually done what the studies now the an outside most of the time in Atlanta has got what in that water humidity. When you bring that in and the more you bring in the more moisture you bring with you. Well OK does that lead to mold. So then leaving in a hot humid climate a third. Percent higher the national standard sixty two is not just an enormous energy penalty it's a huge mold risk. How many people think that mold might be an environmental problem. There is more risk associated with mold and D O C S because we've actually studied mold We haven't studied all of telekinetic compounds. So anybody in the south that ventilates of thirty percent higher than sixty two is kind of stupid right where the number come from. Well the Europeans not only to thirty percent higher than sixty two. Well they don't air condition never been in Europe they all smoke. They take no showers they're covered with hair all over their bodies they stink. They need higher ventilation right now air conditioning. You folks are very polite here I'm trying to. I'm trying to get a response and you're just you know sources a lot of family are getting right. So the point here is that people are picking out of their butts these numbers and I'm saying that the research hasn't been done and the implications are quite staggering ventilating at thirty percent more than sixty two is a huge environmental impact. It's so big that we lead to it leads to this leads to no statistical difference between lead and not lead buildings. OK so don't do stupid things too much glass is stupid but too little is also stupid. Let me let me explain what you think you will love buildings to last a long time. I mean intuitively lasting a long time ISP probably very sustainable right Drew ability and sustainability are like you know there's got to be some kind of a connection right. OK So we are getting some kind of. Consensus here I know you all operate under consensus I think that's stupid. You're either right or wrong. Science doesn't work on consensus a whole bunch of people can be consensus and dogma that we look up lead. All right. Nobody agrees with me except smart people and I'm right because we're smart. I say. So do the ability probably is important to us if we want to be green weenies right. And I'm actually a very powerful greenie wienie I just believe in good green not stupid green and I think buildings should last a long time. One of the things that I learned I'm fifty four years old is that people don't take care of ugly things. If you want to building to last a long time it has to be taken care of and in order for people to take care of it. They have to want to take care of it ugly mess is not sustainable. So what we need to do is architects is to design beautiful buildings that people want to live and work and so that they will take care of because only if they take care of them will they be around a long time kind of need. How. OK well now we've created this thing that's beautiful. That's going to be around a long time. Is it not going to consume resources. Well the answer is yeah it's going to consume a lot of resources to heat it in cool it in ventilated and maintain it and do the thing that it needs to do. And the longer it's around the more resources it consumes so I'm going to want this building to be all through a fish and so if I make my very beautiful building that's going to be around a very long time. It's my moral and ethical and social responsibility to make a. Alter a fish it because it's going to we've created a machine that's going to be continually fed resources. Everybody get this. So I want beauty man. Because with beauty I could do ability in maintainability but my god the other side of that it's going to be around for a long time and so now I want to be altar efficient and that means don't do stupid things. OK so I didn't say don't use grass don't use a lot of bad glass. I didn't say don't build the building build it tight ventilate right. Ventilating right could mean a whole bunch of things when people over here are doing some things differently than over here. The people that are doing things differently over here might need a different amount of air than the people over here. So we could ventilate according to need. So occupancy said we actually have some brilliant technology we're just not using it. That makes cut it's kind of stupid to put the technology into a building that's full of holes. The first thing that you have to do is make the building tight. Now how tight is tight. Well all you have to do is the Joe holes are named after me. These are holes big enough that I can crawl through. The job hole standard just progressively gotten looser. As I've aged and I used to look like a right without all the air. OK All right. Then what. Well this is called a steel stud. So the part of the building that you don't have windows. We would call that a wall really with me on that. OK. Well the most common way all is made out of steel stats. I mean you might want to go out. One day if you're going to be architects you probably should get you know connect with what's actually happening out there. Well if this is a five and a half interest to start another words it's five and a half inches thick. I'm going to shout fluffy stuff in between and that fluffy stuff is called what insulation and in a five and a half inch steel stud cavity. We put in our nineteen now the effective thermal resistance of putting it on one thousand bat in five and a half inches of steel studs is are for I lose eighty five percent of the thermal resistance because of conductivity of the steel steel is four hundred times more conductive than the wood. You know how I know this. I've never seen wood wiring anybody here ever see a wood frying pan. Why don't we make wiring in frying pans out of wood because they're not conductive so insulating a steel stud is a thermodynamic obscenity what you need to do is insulate where on the outside of it. I learned this as a young boy growing up in northern Canada. When it got cold young Canadian boys learned to pull sweaters over the outside of us we didn't eat them and shove them into I read it right. So what are the odds that we're going to be building with steel studs really high but that's OK steel is strong it's straight. It's recyclable It's an unbelievable product it just happens to be what conductive So you put the insulation where on the outside won't lead buildings don't recognize that. So you shouldn't eat your so. Right or where the sweater one inch of rigid insulation wrapped on the outside is twice as efficient as five and a half inches of fluffy stuff shoved into the ribs. So get rid of the cavity insulation and put a little bit on the outside and you wrap the entire building except where there are windows and why not get this I mean I mean this you know if I was in charge the lead standard would have half a page write don't use too much glass use good glass build tight ventilate right. Don't eat your sweater. Anybody not get this. Were you saying that one can't be that easy. You can't possibly tell me that all of these other people have screwed this up so badly answers. Well yeah and I love it. Why because I'm rich. Why am I here I feel sorry for you. Yeah you're pathetic. You want all the other reason. You know that the only way to change the system is from where from within and you get to the children. So the idea is you are my fifth column. I've directed you already because you're going to ask hard questions like at the end of the day I don't care about the points. How much energy was actually consumed by the Building see the planet doesn't give a shit about the points. It just wants to know how much energy went into the building. Isn't that the only school but to me it's not the only scorecard it's an important one. The building still has to be right. Beautiful it still has to be a building it still has to do everything that a building has to do is that why you became architects to have buildings do what buildings need to do. But you don't want to give Mother Nature the finger at the same time. Right OK we look at this. These are called hot rolled sections you know the red iron hot rolled meaning it's under heat than the silver stuff is called cold roll. So we have hot rolled and we have cold rolled cold rolled a very thin with a very thin are still incredibly What conductive and the hot rolled out are incredibly conductive. And so if I had to building side by side. What have fluffy stuff in the cavity and the other didn't. I wouldn't be able to measure the thermal performance difference between the two the difference would be in the in the experimental noise. That's how pathetic this is. And you know that some building officials going to make some young poor bastard put a tiny little piece of shit in this corner and it's a total waste. Isn't it. But all you have to do is say no to eating the sweater and wrapping the entire outside with one inch of real insulation. Yeah. Now we've got a tool don't need the sweater. And then we do rely on gimmicks. So we don't teach architects anough fundamental physics so that you can say bullshit when you hear it. This is a double facade and the people heard of double facades right. It's the cool thing right. You get to you know have two walls and all kinds of airflow and shit flowing through in between and things that open and close and you know you have computational fluid dynamics and whatever you know what total horseshit think about what you're doing you're building a building inside of another building and work with me on this you're driving around Atlanta in the summer time and it's hot. But you're having a good time in the car when you decide to pull over to cry. Down. Do you park onder a shade tree or do you pull into a greenhouse. Well gee Dr Stuart I would park under the tree. It would be really stupid to build a building inside of a greenhouse and that's what a double facade is like this and think of the wasted space. Well you know worth a stack of fact we could get like you hear from one ventilation control in all this house an era quality to remove all of that heat. What nonsense. If you'd actually do the numbers you need subsonic flow the pressures are so great we would suck small children and small animals off the sidewalk and inject them into the upper atmosphere. Yet stupid don't do it but it's cool I could text requested why because they don't learn enough physics to say well that's like really stupid and two walls are more expensive than one wall and you know just say no just say no. Now don't confuse double facades with external shading extra shooting is good if you have too much glass we call it turd polishing if the architect is stupid and gives me too much bad glass. I suggest what. Extremal shading because I'm polishing a turd. Because the decision has been already made and it's a stupid decision and so I'm trying to compensate for somebody being stupid. I don't get invited to too many green conferences. Apparently I have an attitude problem. I tell the truth. Now. So I've got a question. I also can't see see I can't hear. I can't see I'm all right. I forget stuff. Perfect for marriage in the fifth. The IT'S HERE. Well what happens is that I think that we should the actual effect of thermal resistance right now is about our Ford our five dollars when we eat the sweater. It's our Ford R five the calculations say R seven it's not true because of convection loops and two dimensional effects and whenever an inch in the end that's not enough. I want to double the thermal performance to our ten and an inch and a half a full faced ices Sangaree gives me our ten so wrapping the outside with our ten is a doubling of the thermal A C. doubling is like a big number in engineering. So if somebody doubled your money you would like notice that right. When I do you you're going to get a buck. I just pick a ninety because I like you I don't know why this is good for you and I have no friends. So the idea is that I want continuous insulation and I'm not going to need very much to double if not triple the performance of what I already have. Because what I have is really so bad. But you know that insulation isn't as important as what tightness in the glass and picking the ventilation right. All of those things are much more important then the insulation. But it's real easy to calculate insulation and specified in a coat. So the code obsesses over stuff that's an important but easy to specify and the stuff is very very important is difficult to specify and that's up to the professional to focus on and unfortunately as professionals usually forget about it because sometimes it's hard. Right. This is Tom Maine how many people heard of Tom name. Pritzker Prize. When Or this is the federal building in San Francisco. This is supposed to be the most energy efficient building built in the United States. What a colossal joke. They've thirty story building and the reason it's so energy efficient is they didn't put in the American system. Now that doesn't pass the laugh test you see you laugh I know that you are you know. How would you build. Why would you want anybody thinking on the surface. How could you build a thirty story building and I put an air conditioning system in it in San Francisco you feel like this. This is pretty sucky today. Right. Windows are open. You see. Well we're going to use computational fluid dynamics and all this stuff is going to be shaded and open and close and stuff is going to flow through in the computer's going to tell us when the wind is going to open and close are going to be comfortable. Well you can't conserve your way to dry but you can use energy conservation to make something dry and you can use energy conservation to make something cold and I understand that the concept here. You can conserve yourself on the heating side but you can't. If something's hot. You can't make it cold but if you're use energy and it takes two units of energy to move one unit of energy. You're with me on this. So if it's hot and wet outside and you want to make it cold and dry inside. That's going to require what energy we call that an air conditioning system. What we want is we want the air conditioning system to be as unbelievably as efficient as possible but we run up against rules that we can't make it any more efficient than a certain amount. It's called The Second Law of Thermodynamics. It's like the law you can look it up this figured out by dead weight you. Pms. That's why it's not fashionable to study say and it's found in things called books. Yeah but they're in very old books found in libraries but they're so old you have to ask the librarian to get them. And that involves a social interaction which is why young engineers have forgotten about this. So you actually have to use energy to make air cold and dry. Well if I'm bringing in way too much air because my building is leaky or I'm over ventilating I'm really using way too much energy to try to make it cold and dry. This building is energy efficient because all of the people I want uncomfortable saying we want what people do before air conditioning when we didn't consume a much energy it was being called being uncomfortable. I mean what you're about all I do you civilization is to be safe and comfortable would be nice to be happy to pursuit of happiness. You know whatever happened that shed. So this is an incredibly it's so uncomfortable that the occupants are suing the federal government because it's uncomfortable but you did hear about that as well and he got the price. This is and then in the elevator didn't go to every floor went to every third floor and had to walk up or walk down first. What happened was is that the handicapped people went to the Gimps I'm not politically correct the people that can't you know you know whatever said all we need an hour later that stops at every floor seems perfectly reasonable. Which elevator is used the one that stops every four. Leadership and then people are disabling the computer so that they can open their window when they feel like it as opposed to when the computer says it's top. And then for them to open the window. What's the point of giving somebody operable windows and they're not giving them the ability to control it. It's like taxation without representation. You're discovering that. I does it feel to over one hundred grand to the government. You don't realize that that's what the debt means right now and we want you just got one hundred grand. Your kids will pay for it. Don't worry about it. Drake be happy party who cares. It was so uncomfortable they built in attics. But they made it all glass and look at the shades. Most of them are gone. It's your occupants telling you you're an idiot. Right. If the shades are drawn it means you're stupid by being here and you get it. So when you build a building. You ought to go back and like look at it and how the people actually operating it because the that's the best feedback on whether or not it actually works. Well apparently there's too much glass because the shades are drawn. And we have green roofs. But how stupid can people be. Well let's put dirt on a roof with grass. While it's energy efficient really what's the thermal resistance of the dirt compared to the thermal resistance of thermal resistance. OK I'll speak slowly. Which is more efficient two inches of dirt or two inches of insulation. That would be the insulation Alex for ten points. Because of do it was insulation we would do what put it in the wall. So it's just. Dirt. OK which is more reflective. Grass or light colored membrane. That would be the right color membrane. So a light colored membrane in two inches of insulation is more energy efficient than dirt and grass. Now the grass needs to be green because it then turns into what dirt. So I have to rather my grass. I think about this. What logical human being would actually want to deliberately put water on the top of their building. Isn't the idea to get rid of the water. From speaking too fast. Stop me. Man we want vegetative rooms because they're cool. No they're cool looking. They're just environmentally stupid but you bought into it. Haven't you. Because there's nobody to say well it's stupid. Wait a minute. What did it cost me to put that green stuff on my roof compared to insulation. Wow. That vegetative roof is more than just dealing with energy it's about all the water it purifies the rain. OK. So we could do that with say a rainwater collection system right and a cistern would probably do a more efficient job as we could probably reuse that water could only put grass jurisdiction cruel right now. Normally I could care less if you guys want to do stupid stuff. It's just that. What's going on is that the mayor's right the communist Mayor is there all communists in the cities. Are saying well you got to build a green roof. Yeah if you want to build a green roof on your project and be an idiot. Knock yourself out. But I want to have the constitutional right not to do stupid stuff. So no green roof without representation. Yes I like a chance. Yes. Saying that there's. Yeah that they're lying to you. They don't save energy we would think but they don't save energy while they are energy efficient. Well not compared to what insulation and or reflective membrane. To make them efficient what we have to put under the dirt insulation. Why don't we. I got an idea for a why don't we just not use the dirt and the money that we could have saved not using the dirt we could spend on what insulation. Yes but what do you need tell you we can we can reduce the thermal resistance our of the insulation by the thermal resistance of the dirt. I got an idea why not increase the thermal resistance of the insulation equivalent to the dirt that would be cheaper because now I don't need what dirt. I know this is hard to believe because you see you're young and impressionable and you believe all of this stuff I'm just giving you the other side. So there are two sides to a story and a member of a OK let's do that which is cheaper about honest or dirt and grass that needs to be watered. But no I'm an elder. You come on do you think I could take I got all kinds of money. Money's no object but I'm not going to piss it away. So we set a static in P.R. bonuses. So you're convincing other people that are also stupid that this is a good idea. And so we can all but why do we need papers. Why can't we have a fully appeared membrane mean the whole idea about this is now about architectural vanity. Well that's OK So that's all right just as long as we understand that it's because it looks cool and as an architect you get to make stupid decisions because of vanity. That's called being an architect. Well it's not about energy in Islamabad cost your time when you wait a minute there are other things the building is more uplifting to society. It's the world defense of art justifies stupid design and I can live without because there are some grudges buildings that are the most beautiful person in my life was they the Dubai building what the hell is it called Professor Birch to do by Bush to the bridge to buy one a stunningly beautiful building I went back and saw about four times when I was there a different times of the day but it's a fifty story tent with glass sides and I can desert. Is it responsible. No but it's gorgeous or you kill me but much much better all is grass on Ford Motor Company is roof. And the money that they put away. Should they have might be spent a little bit of money on designing a car that works and works out of Rush or the helicopter. Well but they made a statement. They sure did it means that he forgot about what their focus was. All right let's go to. For Times Square the condé Nast building right. Everybody's talking about energy efficient as well look at it. You know it's not energy efficient. Why too much glass but they have always fufu things in it like what. Under floor displacement ventilation. That's the ticket right to spice and ventilation. Well except that word you know let me describe gravity. Right to stuff fall into this. So this is the building's trash can and you have to hire little people to clean it out. OK I'm trying to explain to the maintenance issues because all of your fresh air is going through the trash. So you can actually have displacement ventilation but if the displacement ventilation isn't something called docs the most efficient ventilation of all is displacing ventilation but you run it in a doctor and then you push it up under control but you don't do this. This is colossally stupid. You're building up to be taller and then they don't seal it at the perimeters and so you have a short circuit and I got I got news for you you'll love this part. See the sun rises in North America on what side of the building that would be the east and it sets on the West. In the morning the west east side of the building gets what hot and it needs more of it here to be cool and then in the afternoon the west side gets hot and needs more air than me so I guess what. And then the perimeter needs more air then the core. Well if I've got under floor plan and how do. Well I like control that out with duct. But it's quite a well it's a gimmick. You know right up there with ground source heat problems photovoltaic sun wind turbines. All right so what am I saying. Maybe you have to build a wall that works first and here this this well works everywhere structure to the inside control layers to the outside. What are the control layers. Well how to bring out what do you think not in here would be like important it's probably important to keep brand in your building once you've handled the rain you probably should handle the air. You should probably keep the outside air out in the inside air in and you want to keep the vapor out when you need to keep the vapor out you want to let the vapor out when you need to let the vapor out of what you think. And then after you handle that you want to keep the heat out in the summer in the heat in the winter. So this black line would be the rain control layer. It is also the earth control later and it's also the vapor control where all of the insulation or the thermal control layer goes to the outside and outside of that goes the cladding and the function of the cladding is aesthetics and remember ascetics are important. My world because I glean S. is not sustainable durability means beauty get to do up. So it's a statics it provides physical protection against the other three and it's a sunscreen and provides protection against ultraviolet light. Breena Now here's an aha moment. If you take a perfect wall and you lay it down you get the perfect roof and you flip it the other way get the perfect slap. The physics of walls rooms and foundations are the same the world. The best roof of all has a structure control layer insulation and your ballast. Why do we want the membrane here because we're protecting it from what water heat and ultraviolet light now could we replace the ballast with dirt grass and a goat. So what's the cost and is a cool looking new school rocket. But just look at the cost. It's not an energy thing it's a cool thing flip it and get the perfect slab dirt stones insulation controller in the slot. So let's take the perfect section put in the wall the perfect roof the perfect foundation. Now comes another aha moment. What are we going to do you guys are smart. I know it. I feel it. We gotta connect the roof to the wall and the wall to the foundation right. But how we connect it is a big deal. We control the rain and water control over the roof to the rain and water control the wall to the rain and water control of the foundation. Then the air to the air to the air and the vapor to the vapor to the vapor and the heat to the heat to the heat. When I teach the youngsters in my firm and they're exposed to me first. Yeah. They live with me for a year before I let them out dealing with clients my partners don't let me talk to clients either anymore. Currently I'm the founding partner. Letting us go talk to clients are you kidding. Is going to get a better scare the youngsters so we always hire. One or two of the best students from the University of Waterloo and then if I survive and if they survive me then we put them to work in the real world. So I teach design review and say Look. Take a pen and trace around the entire perimeter of the building the water control element and any way the pan has to leave the paper you've identified a discontinuity the needs to be addressed. Take a different colored pan and trace the air control and then the vapor control and then return with the what can't be that easy. He has or has yes it is it's that easy. We found that most failures occur. Not in the field of a wall or a roof but where they come together. Parapets at penetrations and what's the most famous penetration window when think about life as a window or window has to do everything a wall doesn't more right past to have a low water air vapor heat radiation because we want to be able to see through it and every now and then some lunatic wants us to be able to do out open it. No wonder windows cost more than anything else because they we ask them to do more and you know what we actually have systems that work. The trouble is is most Windows fail because we don't connect the water control of the window to the water control of the wall the air control of the window to the air control of the wall the vapor control of the window to the vapor trail the wall and he control the one to the control the law is an amazing. We can't be that easy and the answer is yes it is most of the boring part of architecture is looking at the drawings and specs and understanding what controls water. What controls air. What controls vapor what controls heat and make sure that the building control layers are continuous By the way make the building beautiful while we're doing that. That's not too hard to ask right. We have to think in terms of three dimensions right. You can tell an engineer did this design because there's no heart no soul. Really building looks like this you know what this Red Lion circles are a plaintiff's attorney targeting diagram and most building litigation occurs because where those circles are are where things come together in three dimensions and the most critical part of the work part of architecture is making sure that those three dimensional connections handle what water air vapor heat. I will bet you that your first job you're not going to be asked to design the building. I know you're good. But I don't think your first job out there is going to be to do what to you know. Well you know talk to the senior partner and they're going to adopt your design concept for this big project. What are the odds of happening that happening. So you're probably going to end up doing what. I'm doing some details and you know you can recognize the apprentice's right. They've got the burros noise cancelling headphones and they're jerked away saying to some stupid music that has no heart and no soul in old rhythm. So that's what my daughter place. She's an architect and so you've got the most junior people doing the most important thing which is what the water to water the air to air the vapor to vapor to heat to heat deal. So you're going to be thrown into the deep end of the pool and you're going to have almost nothing to go on except going to say well this is what we did on the last project and so if they screwed up the last. Chances are you're going to do it. Screw up the next one. Now let me tell you a little bit more about architectural business. It's all about creating paper. The entire financial house of the architectural firm. Is to push paper out the door. So you get your draws based on percentage completion of the drawings. Well they're twenty percent complete. They're thirty percent they're fifty percent they're you know bid ready right. So you get your draws based on percentage of completion. So it's all about doing what getting the drawings out and specs as quickly as possible using the least amount of work. Right. Is it easier to draw the section through this part of the wall or to follow all of the red dots and is it easier to draw the sections in two dimensions or three so chances are we're going to not drop the demand the critical details three dimensionally we're not going to probably drop them at all our way because we don't have much time. So who figures them out. Well Bob on the job site and the answer is we'll shit what are we going to do now. I don't know cocket right. That's what caulking that's caulking is fixing a universal fix for architectural design detail errors but you know screwed some pokey on that but right now some of these details are too difficult to draw three dimensionally I'm good. I've been doing this my whole life and I can't draw so we have to do what we actually have to build them they're called mock ups. And so what we're learning to do is to draw on his Many of the details as we can from an affordability perspective but realize that we can't get them out. So then we mock. Some of the important ones before they get constructed so that all of the players all of the trades all of the people buy into the solution. So that when the detail comes up or a question comes up everybody is brought into the solution and they're smart enough to ask the critical question because I don't know about you but nobody is that smart to figure all of these complex buildings out before hand and what we're doing is right now complexity is associated with beauty isn't it. So I mean that you know fashion and beauty and whatever change is right what you know what we thought was beautiful one hundred years ago is change but the point is it's right now a complex of these associated with beauty and I want beauty but it means that the water to water the air to air the vapor to vapor to heat the heat becomes really really important. If you get that enclosure right. And the environmental stuff becomes totally easy and I'm done. Questions. All right go forth and multiply.