OK I think we're to get started.

Thanks for braving the elements.

This is the last meeting
with tech some of our for

this semester will start
up together January first.

So next January twelfth but I know you'll
you'll be getting a full schedule.

We have several hours in January
February March and April schedule so

our speaker today is up for securing
the wearing from part of the chemistry at

Georgia State University to Peking
University where you take his bachelor's

and master's degrees both in chemistry and
then the United States getting his Ph D.

in an oral chemistry at U.N.C. Chapel Hill
with we worked with Royce Marie.

You know I was after post-doc
at University of Utah and he

began assistant professor at the partner
of chemistry as you may two thousand and

seven years of a wide variety of research
interest and I think we're going to hear

a little bit about all of them today
a little bit of all involved in the use of

not only the Tiriel such as nano poorest
monolayer protective clusters and

I think not of particles always tools for
studying chemical interactions and

biological or
physiological function for so

well for humanity I mean all were for this
time in our secret had opportunity for

me to share my research my
little bit of my wrist action

over the last two years and two and a half
years have tried to stay that way as you.

I'm sure all of you who showed
up today with their ring and

a final I was really hard flatness south
trying to impress you with some of

the products we had we worked
on in the last two years and

the main topic is standard Iran and
this one.

This is that little Pierce so

we call it a class national parse what
it has it is is that is basically.

Piers over the last half Laurie
we made it from Patrick.

And we try to fabricate it so
that there are so the hole at the bottom.

This is the only channel concert
interior on our side solution.

And we look at the mass
transfer behavior in this

park you probably will hear a little
bit about trying to spark your eye on.

A bio molecule are not a particle.

So as it's trying to develop
a new attack near here in the US

to look at mass transfer behavior.

Now it is convenient.

So here you here is
a brief article outline.

I'll start with the basic ideas
are how to design the experiment.

And then start with
some applications that.

Hopefully make you know
why we want to do that and

then go back to the fundamentals
are how we make this.

What are the our current talents and
limitations and

then some fundamental aspects of that
we I think we have to understand

before we're further
developed that he was.

So this is a worry basics line it

normally use this to teach my
client my students when they start.

So you look at is that a detection
search for example in the street

in the emotional system you look at unless
they absorb them are you need a certain

amount of sun Paul so that you've got to
gather the trigger and signal a year.

You got a response out you
analyze that and associate as

a response to the nature of the of your
sample all the physical properties.

So you really see that in
answer to the response.

So you have a limited ability our eyes
are sure to say it's challenging for

you to be able to tell the haters.

We need to have a sample which could
be fundamentally important and

practically significant Think of all
the early detection are that analysis.

If you have you wait till
you have a hero to abandon

what has happened what hour went wrong
is probably too late to know it.

So the earlier the better and the earlier
chiro ball would be a single molecule.

So you need not only be able to
see a single molecule about it

be able to identify it out of an ensemble
as a normal user molecules all files.

So that's that here.

So from the street system
you go to a surface

much quieter you deposited on a surface.

If you are patient enough your
scan over the whole surface area.

You can analyze individual species yes
you can look at the history of the needy.

One problem is that you could run
into one mining artificial You see

how to be worry experienced in patients
to scour the whole survey the area to

accumulate enough responses
to be able to tell was

the average of the stand was
the individual one really means.

If you go a confined of
one dimensional system and

which is the main topic of this talk
you will have a chance to see suggested

behavior of the individual molecules and
you can look at it.

By working on this that has tics and

mentally the application aspect is that
we can do a label for a detection.

This is a fundamental concept.

Let's start from the lived generally as

biologists people don't like this
gas is not a problem at attack.

This is almost lost so
we use that since high.

In my hallway ours are circuit what you
have is car and driver are carried by you

like trance more going through the whole
map matter where that's the creation.

Your solution since there are different
in here you don't have free electrons or

we don't have we don't consider
the free electrons in solution

at least in chemistry.

If you look at their.

What do you have is that
your pile potential.

And there is that out and my ass

on the opposite direction that's where
our current comes from your solution.

So as David asked.

But I generally don't see myself as more
because they are normally scarce people.

So they don't have their you know we are
the only one out who what having grams.

Well that's pretty much it.

But we do look at a car response

in this part of what we are looking
at is the car and response.

Over time.

So we're basically monitor
the mass transport behavior and

you can see as I started this
interior solution outside our only

light here is through this
single night of stars or porn.

If you did the mash of the S.

is comparable to the i OS that
is moving in a wrong wrong

switch it there about her.

OK so if the demand curve there is
not a horror is small enough that it.

The mass transfer resistance
are serve his conduct here and

here are the connectivity is through this
horror is comparable to the analyzer

you are looking at you have a chance to
look at the single molecule behavior.

And that's what is shown here.

That's a current That's a baseline current

eat over this plaque that's
actually a card in Chris.

So her increase and decrease goes back to
about grams each of a spike her response

to a single night he more and more that
passes through this single not a whore.

I was sure the experiment details but
the idea is that when you can find that

geometry of the hour now that you were
asked you how a chance to really reach

the motion of a single molecule.

So the factors we want to consider when
you look out of the response of the are of

your merriment a system is that the
amplitude of the change was the frequency

of the you once that happens and
how long does the way to one last.

So those are the primary of or

fundamental information that might
be helpful immediate a factor.

You want to consider is that remember we
are looking at the mass transfer behavior.

So the reality of the measure
of the orifice and

is that either the size of
the large all the charge of

that you want or can see consider
the physical dimension as S.

that because remember
the mass transfer resistance.

Basically can fund this
dimension if you look

at the gas in your car switching
are on of us the faucet.

The flow of years or gas or
water is the smallest opening you have so

that's why the physical dimension matters
and the main topic are the main master I

want to deliver today is that you don't
need the fit to be comparable for you

to see as a single molecule is actually
when you are good when the dimension goes.

Enough is the surface charge
density that really matters.

That's the one that makes the.

More effective specific of the system

will make the Nano pore we can selectively
the interior surface where a mass transfer

really matters and we're actually trying
to pass a way to unearth a layer outside.

Cause if your eye like a brown Allisat.

It doesn't are factors of mass
transfer signal and yet here we are.

To a functional article our surface when
we can tell you mean about in our biology

in the surface a minute and

then we look had abandoned of the bit
in with about him in about eighteen.

So that's a model system that

people who work on the US.

Is a were a solid analytical
a logical system.

Some call it.

And basically strap it in

is a work horse in our family.

There is a protein molecule that
has four identical you're nearest

basically has four by name Paul
cared about and they know about.

So it has a mild it around a sixth and
depending on the.

Well the sauce you'll get a ten net.

So basically it's neutral neutral Ph.

But in any structure as shown here.

The kid difference is
that a K D N A Is that

one of the players to the kid
be is significantly lower for

you know about in The reason we decided
to use the is that we want our to be

really really usable your own lot of the
ballot in through about in band the and

then the services you are.

Howard after they lose all their signals

in this specific example I'm going
to show you is that we look had

a sea lag to see lactate Mars
that he is known to and.

That a protein that controls
the blood coagulation So

it has some biological
significance it has been started

with this humor sequencing
is showing here that

it has a certain banding cost and
but it's not like a surface class.

And some mice merriment.

Who want to establish our not a part.

Technically.

So that we add and
if out of this system that here has

some results we can compare it to.

So in this case what we have is that

the legal moral was a function of
the laws which is about entailed.

So we're pretty makes this
average in one to why reassure

our Irish your system we all have that
in cardholder which is why on the tail.

In our house really opened

that could potentially branch
to the surface in the ballot in.

And that's the that's the not that we are
looking at and that's the deal as we have.

And here are some of the results out us.

Go through this briefly.

A year we have to assess him.

We have heard speak even two of the last
category one in the box solution so we.

Control the protein the.

Protein the complex algorithm and or

under certain show you
begin to see those Guinea.

If you eat out of this rare you
can resolve individual pigs.

Could be my.

Hundreds of seconds.

If you look at a single molecule
started and it's six and seen.

That number is very impressive
nominee in the publication and

you see people show results
within a few seconds.

There are reasons.

And it's because of the limitations.

So that he was worried or

Bastian we can look over a long
period we can use this repeatedly.

And you can see the trend very
interesting behavior at different.

So but in the areas that really
fundamentally different under different.

Well maybe I shouldn't say
fundamentally different.

And different.

Supports the how different
than the behavior.

So that quality really you see this.

This correlation between the bars and
the frequency

that we can look at a few of
them a little carefully so that

the size of the large hospital that's
a really ourselves out of this one and

we are one meter reader or
this is the car directly from here in fact

explain what he had missed basically in
reflux the service charges dancey of that.

And that's the solution we have two
point six nine a more concentration.

If we expanded the amplitude so

we are in the baseline
here if we look at it.

That's a distribution we have
under that you can clearly see.

Two by name behavior.

The Amulet he was different in
the are resolved reasonably while.

So we do have to kind of by name.

Behaviors.

If you look how does the behavior last

like there you see a larger

loss a little longer than
the shorter one that ask.

Close to the.

To the background noise floor so
we don't I don't know as a last part.

And I think we have.

That's fine too.

Minus point two five or two hundred fifty
million was if we increase the power.

Basically you increase their
driving force you explain

the complex runs through
the narrow part they were faster.

And here is what he would gaff.

Somehow you'll lose
the Revolution years single

widely defined by name
behavior as asked here so

you don't see that to examine more and
the duration again is

comparable to the last one
you run one type of you want.

Here are the analysis.

So we did some preliminary
analysis shown here.

If you plot out of the different
bias potential us.

And this other shows that we can
easily result to a kind of behavior.

You a part of that against
the potential here is a correlation

kind of a linear relation of good for

our Scottish really assess
we know what's going on.

You know how the driving force and
you know how it is going to rule.

So it's really correlated here.

And didn't show you the concentration
the planners that will be much better.

The reason we did our show
is that even though we have.

Merriment over one hundred
years of each file you pick.

A few of us here and
there you can gather the analysis of

the frequency that gave you all kinds
of assess what I'm saying is that.

In this kind of a single molecule
merriment you want to be cautious when you

apply your how are linear
concentration dependent.

So we do have that thing with
the results are nasty enough

even though we haue hundred is so
conserve data that.

Yes Yes So that actually.

I think that our to mentally
we need to associate

to the band in the association kinetics.

And that's something we are working
are actually here that materials.

Are the potential that gives you

with certainty all the error
bars to me constant.

So you really really assess we have been
fast correlated to the higher potential.

So there's no funny single in our.

Even though we get out of the US
even though we've got a little

and looks shockingly reproducible pigs.

That's real is not some artificial
facts are those that are really

people when you look at a single molecule
behavior so that is a very important virus

to say we do have the signal correlated
to the Somehow we are looking at.

This is interesting to me in that you have

a certain narrow potential window
Yeah see different than a behavior.

I think that somehow correlates
to the sample we are looking at

Remember each of the program
has four by name.

We have an error rate of one
part about the legal three open.

That means that even if a while
the pocket of pads to the surface.

You know about in.

It has a chance to have
an additional banding you

how reasonable service
courage you actually have.

Synergetic of brandy happening and
that are actually in the new ones.

That's where you see the reality
of the longer duration.

On the.

On the signal that you have a live a
larger amplitude this has to be a servant.

We're not one hundred
percent confident and that.

The wires.

You we're seeing we really have
the will to be the driving force.

Which is always out of the band the
specific banding you know we are seeing

a different response of the house with
respect to the to the driving force.

So you've used to look at the past but
her show and

they were added by the distance
which is a constant.

In terms of the triad of the unallowed
with again is a constant so that gives you

the driving force of the acceleration is
it and then you learn how the response.

In fact to a response
distance of the hour now.

Your.

Again that is a that is a car
in the in this system so

if your mouth when I asked why
the driving force the passport.

Theoretically if there is
no specific band constant.

What we had is that if
you look at that number

low is still gives you
a distribution you actually.

Chris.

So that we do have specific bandying
between the service you know about.

And about on a light.

Like Has that the reason I showed you are
there says that there are challenges for

example.

If we fabricated less it will analyze
maybe it was four hours the works

gave you a reasonable banding and some
of them are good some are bad in the US

reasonable because you have smart

that here is the fact here and
your can't control the service courage or

the service reactions which are going
to show you in the next few slices.

So you have the answer to
the to make a functional.

So how can we address that.

Or is there a way we can qualify.

We can rally there to our
answers before we have to

work on our talent biological
system to know that.

So here to answer that question I'll show
you what we how we fabricated this and

then go to the Phantom and.

Try to resolve that E.C.U.
fabrication is question a forward.

We started with twenty five hours
as commercially are we able

to go way back that a plan
where we do electro chemical.

We can create a platinum narrative.

This is how people make that.

So that's well known.

We took that a person.

We gathered up her material we
inserted into a glass capillary.

We mounted a glass and the glass rings
back and see the pattern tip in there.

The temperature different temperature
difference is about ourselves and

the gris of the tape geometry
during the mounting.

And all you need to do is
make her nickel a polish it.

You go from here.

If you meet her going to polish it
where you use the high resistance

to monitor this particular person ask what

is the exposed stance there be upset
because you can have a closed circuit.

Then what he would have
is a nano you locked out.

That's actually the force of all the whole
purge out is that at the beginning we

are trying to make a choice.

Which is that you like
to another you actually

get rid of the platinum you hold or
even sad.

So it's very straightforward.

And there isn't a lot of losses the
resistivity in a low conduct connectivity.

So give me perfectly
in the better in that.

Now here is a modification.

Remember we start with a no no.

So before you remove the platinum or
when we do.

So his modification using a using selling
chemistry of what here and where is years.

Our sat exterior glass surface
are fully persuaded by this

Terminator Starlin So
it is still light and sound.

And grow because it is known to be
effectively prohibit protein banding.

So is the nurture layer after that you do.

You've got to rid of the platinum
you know where the last surface.

And this is a part of that is functional.

That's the active area for the net
of course answer the min terminated.

There is a couple of reactions
you can put whatever.

Molecules since that.

So that's how we make that and
you can see the problem is

how do we control the surface current
here and the company efficiency here.

And coming up quantify that without
going through all the merriment.

So that's the challenge with this.

And here is one that's probably the only
what have you going to show you.

So when you are working are not a choice.

You do not see those
that are your nominee see

when people show work around
the large sand metres I

asked in that range those responses.

The term in about the mass
transfer limit and you Howard.

The policeman zone but the history
is this is gone because it is so

small it doesn't consume
that much material.

So you've got to worry reversible gram so

because that diffusion limited
current you can calculate.

They're really out of the Nano.

If you're fully remore with
the platinum you've got a nano porous.

Now it's easier you do
a simple conductive him.

So the Karna here comes from the electron
transfer of this molecule called ferrety.

And that a current is a conductor.

Current as that comes
from the ionic transport.

So fundamentally the current is coming
from different sources other than

this light at all the current we refer
to in the target is this what is this.

Conductive current coming
from the transport.

So we can follow the to
the the two numbers in the radio

calculate it here and
the radio is currently here very well so

we do how they do well as
we can quantify events.

So the mannish of that he was now.

Remember that it's just the geometry that
they're really reflective watched how

functional your science there will be and
that's the challenge we take right now.

If we do a simple.

Simulation that's a mass transfer you
creationists in this system we come back.

Sion because we are we don't feel
that there are still concerns.

But I think it's reasonable to
focus on that if you can so

that work as you would OK if you don't
see that ready you will that means.

That's a part of the work we did here.

Why interesting part after you go through
that simulation is that the flux is

localized to the rim of the orifice
this is the key point and

that makes our not a processor.

Remember if you think about the commercial
not double layer Siri the double

layer only turns to a few
nanometers away from the surface.

If that's OK as how can you.

See the single molecule when you're
what eighteen now on a meter pour and

they are proving them to be right.

The reason is here is that
most of the our current signal

comes from the transport and
those transport is the phlox here.

That's for person in the room or
there are a here.

So it's just a few anatomy to us that
really matters for the signal you see

that's why you don't need to
make a report to see a particle

you have to make one hundred or
one hundred meters.

As long as your control the flux.

How far it here we're from the surface.

So that's what it matters.

And here is that these
target a little bit.

If you put a surface of a surface
charge here on the surface.

You have a profile you
stand there like this.

So you turn it away from
the surface to the stand.

You're approaching zero is that if you
are nanometer here that is the strongest

interaction you expect and
the interaction is basically a corner so

long you have one charge of spaces here.

And it interacts easier repulsion
depending on the player.

So our started truly in every
experience the strongest interaction or

if there is a strong reaction
right as a rim so that.

The fundamental aspect
that makes this work.

Still it doesn't pass or
how can we matter so if his potential.

How can we quantify
the surface effective size.

That's why we have results to us to
develop this impedance technique.

What in hidden stars is that.

It's not simply looking at the conduct
of the resistance of your system.

Your addition to the.

Your scan the frequency of your merriment.

And you are to look at the elements such
as capacitors and inductors in our system.

So you know all of us
much more information.

Compared to a single simple conductive
him merriment which is basically a zero

frequency or lower frequency Merriman's.

She got much more you from Asian and

I can show you in the next two
lines of the fundamentals.

There isn't way to really need
to have cedar factor components

to conduct resistance is because of this.

What you have here is a simple.

Again we are.

You can call it a conductive it
emeritus what you see is that if

you surf geometry defund
mass transfer resistance.

You should see a linear wrist past.

That's what you normally see are the Tom
you American activity or the US.

You see a linear response from.

Different priorities.

There is that how you see their
ass is out of your system.

So this is called rectification
are a nine or dial.

Now why all of this appear or when you
are open pour you have a solution.

So if you don't have a sound conductor.

Yes that's the driving force or

the motivation that we wanted to look at
as a fierce components in the system.

Here we go back to almost long.

If you Howard Carson will you how long.

Are you going to have.

So impost small and

we all forms you have a potential we
are still very important to the potential

that it gives you
are still a driving force.

So is shifting the research
him away from the slightly.

Normally this is worrisome are we normally
used to merely wars are something.

So it's largely got more around away
from the equilibrium you look at

the relaxation or
response away from that and

you can see the car response component.

For perfectly.

Capacitor that angle is ninety
degree yes it is a perfect inductor.

Generally especially
in solution you don't.

Inductor so

that this angle is outdated really from
manners to parts of ninety degrees.

So we have a factor.

Later on.
You will see the simulation of all this

concepts.

Since this is now out of the theory and
so I think there.

Again because of your house is
kind of expression you can easily

into a real imaginary to face plant so

that may be easier for
people to see and hear is the response.

Let's start with a simple one.

In one mole K.C.L. So you know how highest
concentration what he will end up with

is that all the surface potential
loss of his charge dances are squares

against the surface basically
out of the interaction.

As a consequence.

You are conducting a linear response.

And you see a circle
this is what you are now.

You know perfectly.

So that's a simple parallel R.C.
components

a parallel R.C. component is what people
normally use to look at a simple.

You know conductive response
of a sense social system so

that that's a very simple and
it is what heroin in the last.

Now you go back to Libya
lower concentration solution.

What you see is that point
of one as a factor of ten.

See the connectivity
from the linear response.

And you got interesting behavior
in the impedance response.

This is the car the nucleus to plot what
your plant our body is that you have with

a real component where to resist
evil component to the imaginary

component which could easily be capacity
or component or inductive components.

So capacity on top down
to our adult bottom.

You have faced lie on top.

Face a leader at the bottom.

You begin to see additional
feature negative reports show

you how intact to look at
a hospital by a split.

So you go from positive point for all
the way down to negative zero point four.

This is a fact.

Entirely fires when you first solution.

You see the circle of glass larger and
larger becomes more and

more dominant compared to the first one.

So we tend to believe the First Law of.

Corresponds to the geometry
of the fun response surface.

No I mean the behavior.

So how bark and the activity and

the second one is really
reflected in the surface.

So you can qualify as they're there.

We can directly quantify this
if his charge density where he

is were important for me.

Luke how does the noun assassin.

When they are really in the know to
me to be measured because that's when

the demand is not in you now after.

Your system response anymore.

So to make it clear if
you're still near this part.

You clearly see a doctor
look at the force called it.

Now let's do another comparison.

So this is the part I
showed in the previous page

thirteen merely our solution.

That's why half and
Harry is trying to convince you of that.

If you're a straight part of
the battery and not enough.

You can see for
this response compared to this race.

Mass.

The size is that this one is
about one hundred twenty meters.

That is about a twenty six.

Down to behavior
are the imperious behavior.

Look that comes from this
additional surface potential of

the fun during the fly and
the interaction is actually comparable so

quiet I would say that they
are significantly different and

there are significant
differences in the size.

And hear how the comparable one
hundred one hundred twenty three

is comparable if you really address three
part of one parameter saying here are.

And then on par are nine or channel
that is one hundred twenty nanometers.

You will see a totally
different response in

impedance response but in reality
if you look out of this kind of.

Their response will be quite
a different different but different.

Just because of the rectification
factories fandom is

quite definitely different.

So we definitely need another prime
minister to describe the natural course of

our brotherly fired and now turn

you who we really want to argue use that
to look at the mass transfer behavior.

So how do we do that.

We are gathered here and spared from
the first thing you want to do is that you

need to build a model system and
try to interpret that quantity only.

So your solution system.

Merriman your house and resistance.

You were so
lost every where you can even later on.

You can discuss there where that
contribution is significant.

Hell not.
When you look how does and

then uproar are now no town or geometry.

Normally or
if you are poor is not the magical

number you are how mass transfer it
is resistance defined by the access.

And access that.

So you know how accessory resistance
resistance and you how core.

So that the top three R.C.
system this model that's

what people normally look how does
the mass transfer resistance of the net.

Of course unknown or channels.

So those are widely used.

Model B. is that history.

Will how are you lack showed you how
with our layer establish the surface.

Then you how charge transfer resistance
you how double layer in fact.

So that's the model you your chemistry.

Now I'm just using this to model system to
show you which one is more reasonable or

true describes the National Forest past so
that we can quantify the recent results.

I disappeared while of the models
is the result we have we have done.

A lot of the.

This is generally what he will see if you
know how the four model basically you

how the past solution resistance and
a straight capacitance.

Your fear is a response to worry.

While the top one is the nucleus plant and
you have the real component and

worse as the magnetic component in memory
in this plot you cannot see the frequency

information because the frequency
is not presented you

how low frequency response here goes to
a higher frequency on the other side.

Another way to part of this is
called a blood clot where your plot

of frequency with real with model.

Impedance in affairs because that is fair.

Model at this higher frequency range
that from roughly one hundred.

We didn't worry too much about that but
correct me if I'm wrong.

This is a part of that we are approaching
the limit of the instrument

class we are doing in the merriment of
your solution not in the solace stage so

that will look had a real
high frequency response.

So I decided to even know
that apart at this stage.

So.

I know where you are in this plot
you want to see this response at all

because he is basically just to that
point are all the way down there.

And this is a feat in results so

the writer why is there is a simulated
response based on the mathematical

calculation from the model and the green
wise after the experimental data.

If you look at this fifteen and compare it
to the published ones those are fantastic.

And we look at the fraction
a residue errors

of there other than the frequency
part which with you.

The feet out on.

But if the analysts are still from
here to here great mash of the models.

You remember say this is the model.

The transform model but
actually both model and A and B.

gave you a comparable feeding
worry while that's possible.

How shall we argue with you.

The inductor of this is negative put her.

We are you see the second R.C.
looks so both.

Model.

So you wonder does it really matter and
question the answer is the last.

So let me show you this for
you know if you.

Assist him a result is that

a man in a theater you're
probably in a theater and out.

She really want to see if you really want
to know or fundamentally a wish factory is

really a fact of all the nar nar story
in part in the once see if you can

still qualitatively that your results are
fitted reasonably and this is what we did.

First in a way there is that in your
strip off the street comparisons and

solution resistance.

The reason we do that is that we
remember most of the signals we see

the front wires a mass transfer
out of the Nano Corydon so

you should reasonably other
part shouldn't dominate

Otherwise you want to see the single
molecule you want to see those response.

So those are response is defined
by that in our power region.

So all the other powers.

Should be in the glitterball
last a significant.

So it takes this to off.

That's the first thing we did
You can still fit it with

model actually with this model model B..

If you take this one.

So basically we're saying
the mass transfer.

Component of this last
significant cause is larger.

So there should be a small enough.

You guys there.

So it doesn't look as
good as the previous one.

But your god is the reason we're feeling.

Now what is just a worry symbol is.

Now you just how transfer it is in fact.

Don't ask me why I keep seeing a transfer
because I don't how you actually in there.

I'll tell you why.

But if you look at the models that
are about a year old the three R.C. model.

If you strip of
the solution resistance and

street vastness you'll never get out of
the inductive look so it falls apart.

So you really this is not a model or
is probably to a simplify it further fares

a cause for for the physical reasons
that you see all this all this response.

So the physics doesn't allow
you to do that anymore with

a simpler fires three R.C. system.

There has to be Transfer Factor and
double layer factor.

Now that.

That's our charge her
small model where are you.

How are you lateral surface you know
how it double layer you see this list

models asked.

OK.

Now we have a natural part of that
you don't know how they are locked

at the bottom.

What do you mean you how charge transfer
resistance there doesn't make sense.

You are just making things are here
sounds like this model works but

if you literally look how does this.

I think there are still reason the reason.

Again is what her thinking
is the surface charge.

You have yourself in charge.

That is the model as to see it as a moron.

You can't I answer that
establishes that a potential

profile that basically
the double layer behavior.

If you look at the trajectory of that
Paterno profile in memory of how this

conical ship actually even for this link
will cylindrical Wiest you how that here.

Fact is that if you look how that
should actually are normal to

parallel the surface.

Well this one is really one component
that comparisons to the US.

So you are where you are looking at
the transfer of one single eye and

going from here into here which is this
electoral field is going to experience

that interaction is easier going into a
lot of there is are being pushed away from

this and then if you look at their
trajectory of that you want you do have

a force of hard to that I am that
prohibits it from getting you into or

out of there probably are a fact
you do have two components and

that component of the component that
comes from this service is really the one

that he effectively looks similar
to the transfer resistance.

So that's why that's the that's what
I currently understand this system.

And if you look at how the numbers
of all the different models.

Some how they look reasonable
sometimes they don't.

But if you compare them.

In a reasonable manner.

For example if you look hard
there are ones if you want

you learn how to read if you can we
all realize the OK use this care.

You really want to have
the high frequency response so

that you can you know are one make sense
if you look at a comparison of this

first you're near to the second
unit then you how do you see here.

How does this compare to this
will result of all those.

Basically our conclusion is that the First
your net reflects the bark response.

So it's a mass transfer of bark and

the second one is the one
you wanted to quantify

that reflects the surface charge density
are the source of the put her profile.

And that's the one that
really dominate here.

It's a mass transfer behavior
of the single molecule part.

Running out of time.

So where is that he was we have a body or
over there surface.

We're trying to do to
learn how to channel.

Activity all we can just look
how the earlier trust part

of the now a particle we seem to us.

So that's that had another production that

I don't think I have enough
time to show you today.

But basically those are the control
experiments but it was you know put in

the nanometer they're called nano
particles that were seen as out as between

one to three nanometers you again see the
behavior that is resulting from the single

particles and

here are the frequency of those
corresponds to the concentration.

Under different conditions just to
say you know the signals are real.

So let's jump to the concluding
report concluding part.

So that whole massive thing here is that
when you are looking at the response

if you Spratly YOU LOOK HOW to all of
that is related to mass transport or

transfer behavior.

You really want to keep in mind there are
significant a canoe ocean from the surface

that has to be taken in a county into.

So those are the details of what we did.

I think I need to acknowledge
the students and.

He is the one who did it.

Who did a most of
the impedance merriment and

the one who did a single molecule
of the D.N.A. and all those.

Don't all kinds of gold
nanoparticles you know and

that product didn't really how Tom.

To cower and those are the undergraduate
students who wrote in and Carney

are working in the lab and how we're
doing the students limited funding SAS.

Some of the work traced back to my work
to my post to research how you would.

How so.
I need to acknowledge my postdoc of wires

are very wide and
my collaborator in physics.

Clayton Williams who is working with
me on the nanoparticle heard act.

Thank you for your attention.

Thank.

Any parents are how you
do the merriment for

example there is concert
the law in the animals.

If you increase
the concentration dissociation

is not is that we're
yes you're blogging and

you lose a response but
where's the stuff his mother modification.

We actually can.

I probably didn't show you.

Yours is this worst of all possible
potential to draw all the Band-Aid.

Complex out so

we can quantify the bunny assess actually
looking at is a single molecule behavior.

Yes.

OK let's let's do it do
it as if we saw the strap

I have it in the how to make the imagine
is about to say now animators.

But for our system.

If you are using about twenty nine a meter
readers are hundred meter reader of the.

Different but
you see signals are either chaos.

So the whole idea of
the heart the reality or

the emotion does matter but
he's not that significant.

As long as your control

basically is that the behavior
of the self in charge that city.

You will see the response you we don't
want to be limited about the physical

dimension of the analyze and physically
measure of your own or of the other us.

But generally you don't want to go too
far to a big rock you are looking for

a particle.

You don't want to use often
that hundred nanometer or

to do that then your change of a signal
may be too small for you to resolve.

Well right now we well
actually it's more than that.

So when we have Horus that
is goes to our bar which

one hundred twenty one hundred
fifty is we can routinely see this.

But if you go to five hundred you can but

again the dimension is not
the only factor that matters.

Remember if we have a horror that we
can generate as a service charge.

We can modify it or

we can pass away to the service he has
more charge on it then it becomes and.

If you look out of this
in the legal status.

You see the current increase decrease.

If you look at all
the start is when you how

your floor year in a particle mall here.

Seldom you see our current increase.

You see a decrease because of
the theoretical blocking right.

You have something stuck in there
of course current decrease in this

way why would a Christian
is because the D.N.A.

has a negative backbone each of these
are legal has ninety charges on it.

It takes once so his son.

Then Paris night it's hard for
all the morons nearby so.

That's why US current actually
increased so that are now a model

I prefer to use to say it's not
enough if you just reported that

the management of the are no the wires we
are looking at is this kind of response.

You have to include
a service charge density or

potential parameter to say
you know based on that

you know it doesn't matter is the reality.

If you go to hundred nanometers
pretty much reefs and ask again and

we'll be dominated by a bark.

But you go back to one
hundred then is comparable.

Yes exactly.

But one hundred meters
you still how that march.

You have a reasonable service contribution
is so that you can still use that

to detect that you

know it mostly depends on.

Well let's do it separately.

If you how are you there in
the double layer to show you how.

If you have just had a kind of

you know solution then you will
use stablish or they have a layer.

So any kind of solid
you put it in solution

which is always our start there
are going to be a samurai as you know.

So you stablish at the upper layer and
that

is the nature of your materia see
how many of his charges you have

that service charge that city earlier
also are the concentration of that.

IOW if you increase concentration.

It has.

You go to one more there
you are really in the.

Three hours trans of you
are from the surface.

If you go do so

is the pound are charged as your on us
all a service and more by our solution.

Thank you thank you.