And probably where it just works

here is for writers where we also have
a social science managers faculty

who are working on missions
around our society.

Herds presentations and
tech serious people

are here quarter results
from the work with

the emergence of tracking
first through the literature.

So I hired that group and had the pleasure

of meeting colleagues in the NOW area
when I was in South Africa last year.

So one of them has
reciprocated the visit and

come to see us in a spending
a couple of days on campus.

So I am delighted to introduce
Dr less the same way.

Actually he and
I shared institutional affiliation.

Because although I am a full time
professor at Texas I also have an honorary

position at his university the twenty
University of Technology which is in

a city that you may have learned in your
geography classes was called Pretoria.

But it has been given back to
its original name trunnion is

the capital city so that so
less he has a Ph D. in

chemistry from another university in the
area of the University of Johannesburg.

He works on a synthesis of carbon
nanotubes by nebulized spray pyrolysis and

particularly works in catalytic processes
which he can talk about much better than I

can because I'm the professor of public
policy but I do have a correct something

in his but I actually think
actually now that I'm living here.

I think a matter of the beginning leaking
here like you're right he would be

here to wheel chair instead of standing
actively in front of us it was

eleven years of university in your
hands for one hundred twenty.

Right around to pick him up a scene where.

They are said he's going to talk to
us a little bit about his own work.

I think that particularly at the.

Correction Manor scientists and engineers
in South Africa will come together and

form the South African animation So
Leslie thank you very much for coming.

Thank you thank you.

It's a very special reading
about a microphone.

Just for the room.

I'm not sure whether I can really
have a bet if you care and

then I suppose I don't need the out of my.

I made a comment to Susan some time this

morning about how Cosmo
pointed to the U.S..

I'm amazed at the flag in so

many places as one goes into
a plane from one city to another

if you had to be brought to blindfolded
you wouldn't be able to guess what.

What country you're in and
I really find it amazing and

I think it's not spoken of as much
as it should be quite interesting.

Thank you very much everyone for
coming through.

My Maybe they're going to pronounce it.

So it's an early summer for

African languages the Zune do not wait in
particular has a lot of those plagues But

over the years gotten used to just heavy
to pronounce just right about anyway.

Really.
Because even we didn't buy our own country

only about maybe twenty thirty percent of
the population can pronounce it properly.

When I prepared the talk that
I'm presenting now the brief

was to give a general sense of what is
going on in nanotechnology in my country.

And what you'll find there for you it
won't be very specific on any project

that I'm involved with or any project
which is going on in particular but

the intention is to give us
a sense of what is going on.

How we got there.

And where we are hoping to
get to with nanotechnology.

The outline of the Tom Daley is.

Firstly I want to talk about
the development of nanotechnology

in South Africa.

That relatively young field is
a young field internation anybody

even younger in South Africa because
you appreciate you are nowhere near

the stage of development
that you guys are here.

And give you a sense of the types
of activities that are going on.

It's not exhausted but I've taken a list
from one of the conferences we hosted

a short while ago and it does give us and
some of the variety of programs or

projects that are going on and out be
remiss in my duty is to my employer for

I didn't mention something about
the university where I come from.

That's one of the universe of
technology and the little bit

of knowledge technology which we
just started at that institution.

And.

Finally I would say something about
an organization known as the South African

nanotechnology initiative which I have the
honor of chair in until the next election

as of who's later on in the year.

For those of you who aren't familiar
with South Africa the country.

I'm sure you would at least
be familiar with the fact

that it's on the southern tip of Africa.

I suppose the name data
suggests that the main

industrial part of the country is
in that area where the two largest

cities Pretoria in Johannesburg are
located between it is the capital city.

John is big city by fire in the country.

Are referred to a few more cities during
the course of this talk because the main

centers of nanotechnology in the country
are located in that area and

there's one other major set in Cape Town.

Although I must say right away that.

It's not as if those are the only
two centers that have.

Not a technology related activity.

The fact of the matter years
virtually every university.

Or institution of higher education in
the country does have some nanotechnology

activity but the main center has
will be in those two places.

I found this on the Internet.

That's not prejudge it looks like from
a distance in federal court two of the.

This was taken from the laws of the Union
Buildings which is our parliament in

South Africa and
it's a view of the city and the campus and

we are come from the side of
the campus of the university is located

somewhere in that area or
in this part of the city.

I can make out one or two buildings
that make up my campus in the.

University is one of the smaller
ones in the country.

But it has approximately
sixty thousand students.

And it's spread over five campuses.

Three of them within three or
four of them within Pretoria two of them.

A good distance from the end of that.

Historical reasons for
that which I will go into in a moment.

But he's talking out of
technology in South Africa.

Begins effectively in about
two thousand and three.

But I must say it quieted clearly right

from the onset that even before that there
was some activity in the technology.

You'd appreciate the Fed There
are people who do anything anywhere on

the Tallis is heavily prepared in
particles that are very small size much

much longer than the Americans of the area
that we now know it is not a technology.

So there was somebody.

But up to that point it was
individuals waiting on the individual

projects without much.

Without much synergy calling on and
without the people working in the area

regarded themselves as head
in March in column one.

In two thousand and three.

In two.

That there are three of them there
was a time when the solid rock and

nanotechnology initiative came into being.

And meeting was held that we each
virtually everyone who was doing any

work there could be
classified even remotely as

being in nanotechnology at
the time we came together and

we had discussions about what we were
doing and where we wanted to be.

The main challenges we faced was
firstly getting hold of the equipment.

The type of equipment we need for
this kind of where it's expensive

a lot of it is hardly are available
in South Africa and on.

Most of the equipment we use it has
to be sourced elsewhere from Europe.

Those are the two main areas
where we could become strong.

But the prices are such that no
individual research or research group.

Could come anywhere near
being self-sufficient.

And the only way we
thought we could get it.

We could get it get anywhere near
heavy equipment we needed was by

coming together and getting that active
part in the formulation of a nation our

policy towards nine hundred Milegi and
short of that.

Even though.

Virtually everyone was excited
about hosting a World Cup.

Then some fines were left aside for the
poor scientists who would much rather have

had research you could do with some of the
fans that we used to host the World Cup.

That is very popular statement
I can only make it safely and

freely when I'm outside the country but.

There is some truth to it.

Believe me.
So at that point.

I Wonder Con team was formed one of
the first two things we had to do was

just call aides.

Or put together a list of what was
going on and where it was going on.

Who was do you want them to put together a
list of the equipment that was available.

And then in that way build
a database of sorts.

Both about the capabilities and
the equipment that was available.

But without involved with the.

God made at that stage.

Not much credit been achieved.

So an important role of the organisation
at the beginning then was to

influence policy.

And.

That's why.

One of the first things that did to glue
deed after the workshop was to consult

widely and to ensure that government
wasn't ward right from the onset.

And without going through all
the details of that diagram.

I'll draw attention to
the Fed that eventually

what became known as the nation had
been a destructive she came into being.

Later in that.

And that was reviewed it was
prepared by Sadly it was sent to

the Department of Science and
Technology who if you get there.

It made whatever changes
they wanted to and

then in the end it became our job to head.

The nation or not it is going to strategy
and a ten year plan for new technology.

I rose out of that.

I'll give you some more
details on that now.

What was important then was formulating
a vision of where we wanted to be

right about the near twenty fourteen.

Which come to think of it isn't too far.

And I suppose even knowing that.

When you look back unified and

you didn't actually start at
the time when you wanted to start.

Not every deal was delivered in time.

So no doubt you wondered exactly where
we wanted to be right about this time.

But many ways we were hit with
the progress we've made one of

the important things
that came out of this.

Was certainly key.

This trying to do to cooperate.

Some key ideas that the country
wanted to strive towards.

It came through.

Right.

The greatest wrong at
the beginning of that.

There wasn't much sense in
finding in the tape research or

flights of fancy it was important.

Therefore there is no fundamental
way it had to be done.

It had to be a law.

I did someone a real mission imperatives.

And this tragedy therefore draws on what
is considered as important in the country

and provided reduction.

As well as.

Getting something out of the industry
that we have in the country.

Taking advantage of some extensive
expertise in biotechnology.

And putting together an advance money for
it into going to strategy.

As a result of that process so that it can
sit in focus areas were identified and

the six important ones
are the ones given the.

It was fair bit astronomy that
whatever it is that we do or

not a technology had to in some way
are now to address those key problems

including the provision of clean and
safe water to the population.

Energy is a concern and

which one in the entire world I
would say much more about that.

And to help.

One of the biggest problems we have
in the country is tuberculosis and

HIV which are related.

So there are still there are groups that
are working very hard at using about newly

acquired knowledge or not or technology
to provide solutions to problems or

to help problems such
as a Soviet AIDS and.

In terms of industry the money floating
of materials was deemed to be important.

And it was found that we had
to why we are not there.

And lend some support to the mining
industry which is the cornerstone of

the industry in South Africa.

Then finally chemical and bottle process
was the last one that was identified as.

These six.

The core of the activities
that are going on.

But it's not as if there's nothing
else beyond these which had.

But what's important is if you want
a source they are finding that in

South Africa one hundred knowledge.

You tell it will be viewed according to
whether it's a despise any one of those

if you are likely you
are unlikely to get much funding.

If you can prove that you and
Sam will address.

At least to one of those concerns.

Since then.

The developments have led to
the establishment of what is known as

the flagship projects.

What idea was key individuals and

groups who were deemed to
have the right expertise and

who had proven themselves in some way or
another way given the responsibility of

taking some funding and converting
their into something that would serve

the purpose of showing the population
what the capabilities of nanotechnology.

It was found that continuing for years and
years of doing research would doesn't

produce results immediately when we
lead very easily lead to politicians

who control the funds to decide maybe our
funds are better off using elsewhere.

And therefore that the main function
of the flow of projects was to

produce results quickly
result that would show or

that would lead to convince
in the people who matter.

About the necessity of
continuity in this line of work.

And partly why that was happening.

It was hoped that not so more people would
try and various aspects of nanotechnology

because it's an important part of
the development as well that we have to

really educate much much larger numbers of
scientists and bring them into the phone.

To make sure that a critical mass is
attained out of which something can

be achieved.

And two nations are now under
center has been established.

One of them is at a place called me and
Ted.

It's just outside Johannesburg.

Into headquarters in early May and.

Stood for a minute or
a minute then technology.

But it spread much wider than that.

And as far as not integrity is
concerned this science center or

the Science Council.

Frequencies or
want to what the treatment and

the manufacturing of sense
as of different kinds.

As the rest of the responsibility is was
never to the same to the council for

Scientific and
Industrial Research which is in Pretoria.

That the two main centers in
which God made a grand or

they got funding directly
from the government.

And the way they way they
do their own research and

houses they employ in large
numbers of qualified staff.

But the facilities that
they are available to

virtually all the educational
institutions.

And none of us in South Africa
will be able to do much

without from time to time visited I don't
want to be used to do simple things like.

Especially high resolution.

If you want to use an X P.

As in South Africa.

You will have to at some stage
you are not abusing the C.S.

IRA because they have as far
as I know only one of two

working systems which are in
the northern half of the country.

Which is why it was so fascinating for

me to hear some time in this morning
that Georgia has to be as facilities.

You can't help thinking as you
want in a place like this.

How large the people in that regard but
as opposed.

In time you will get there.

One of the more important
results of that process was

that the two programs the N.E.P.
and the N.E.P. it came into being.

And he stands for the nation and
equipment programme and N.E.P.

is it is a more focused one
where you stands for the nation.

Technology equipment program
that bit of history here

is would be in order not too long ago.

The higher education institutions in South
Africa we had run out of racial lines

in such a way that there were very
few institutions maybe three four or

five little evader well funded.

And the rarest of which at this stage
would cause you've got about ten other

universities.

Basically got the crimes.

And they were located in both
expertise and equipment as well.

What was important about these programs
then was not only were they intended

to provide a much needed facility or
much needed equipment for everyone.

But they were intended to address
some some imbalances of the past.

And that's a process
which is going to be now.

So every year.

We compete for some funding which
is provided by these two programs.

And why.
They've taken to our pound fortunately is

not just the way the expertise lies
because a bit would be the case then.

The better resources into two institutions
would continue to get better and

better while the other
ones would be left behind.

So one of the two of the key
point that they are looking at

is addressing these
are the kind of balances.

As well as making sure that
there's a redistribution

of expertise in all the institutions and

I hope was actually didn't to make
some progress in that regard as well.

And I mentioned earlier that one of
the important views is just getting

the numbers of educated people
who will man the labs who will

do the actual experiment and.

So an important element of their use.

The page the program which draws on
resources both from the private sector and

the science councils as well as
the individual educational institutions

intention is to have a program which
accelerates the chrome with of expertise.

The kind of equipment which is available
and said to see as I don't mean to add

includes what it would look to me if you
were as run of the mill star that should

be are going to be in
every lead really but

as the THEY HAVE TO DO you
can go down that list.

That's generally the kind if you could
make that is housed in those institutions.

I can say with certainty that
there was a stage where virtually

most of the equipment at least was
available in our new one or two centers in

the country but that's changed quite
a lot in the last few years and at least.

Outside this terror of
the university is high

resolution to me still a bit of a problem
using it to maybe drive around a bit

before you can get your height isn't
in terribly good working order.

But we are pleased to have the security
of knowing that what is not available

at an individuality will be
available at one of those two.

But occasionally we do we have to
get out of the country as well.

Drugs as more equipment in that which is
not available in a way in the country.

Rather table summarizes

is the nature of various kinds of

technology related activities which
are going on in different institutions.

The first few ones on the left and

side are totally educational
institutions universities and colleges.

I doubt if you'll be
familiar with the names but

one of the below ones is you city
there's the University of Cape Town.

And the Vance university those are the two
most established universities in

the country and
he will see that range of activities

includes virtually everything that is
going on in the country from biomaterials

catalyse ceramics composites
drug delivery electronics.

Not a particle is another
point of assembly

where as as you go further to
the right inside you had a lot of more

of the established institutions
which had maybe one or

two sentences that conduct some activity
which may be the Internet technology.

Fair on the right inside I decided to
mention D.C. as odd in the meantime.

But the Medical Research Council.

As well as in there which is the nuclear
energy facilities in the country.

All of those have some activity as well.

And finally.

To complete the picture.

If you company is one of the bigger
ones the energy facility

the well they're not at the end for
what do they call it.

Against producing petrol or
what we refer to as petrol from coal or

oil from coal that made a claim to fame.

This is not exhaustive Mendip because
it's quite difficult to get information

out of the industry about
what they're doing now.

What a lot of companies that are doing
something about nanotechnology but

it doesn't make too much sense to
include them in the least if you

don't have details of what it is
they are doing but we know for

a fact that there's quite
a bit more activity going on.

But then this is imported as well.

And I'd like to draw our attention once
more to this because that summarizes

the range of activities that are going on.

I'll speak in more depth from
now about either projects.

If you compare what is going about
in South Africa to the well you'll

find that there's a much lower
synergy in more developed countries

between getting idea of developing it and
getting to commercialization.

Whereas we still have a camp
that we need to sort out.

And in addition the doctor.

Well only just getting
into that side of things

where Commissioner lies
in what we are doing.

And this is the news I spoke about
earlier just to give you a sense then of

the kind of projects that are going on.

Running out of food is based on carbon
nanotubes it seems like a long time ago

now by there was a time when
just synthesizing nanotubes

would get to your publication just
making them about how you make them and

how you modify their properties.

It's surprising.

Funny enough that even occasionally you
still see a paper which is based on See

this is there nothing else in
general such as a car born in

chemical physics in letters and

in many cases those materials when used
as nobel supports for catalysts the kind

of companies that a company like science
would use for future trouble synthesis.

And this is the season of quantum dots and
we are use an application.

I've done a bit of this in
conjunction with colleagues from

the University of the way to keep
using carbon nanotubes as material.

Impregnating them with metal such as.

Blood and I mean that and
using those for fuel cell technology.

Specifically and proton exchange membranes
for human cells related applications.

That groups are great to work.

You know and containing nano
composites there's a group working on

the optical properties of Kate my mother's
side in zinc oxide the preparation

interviews going in lots of properties
of porn and an accomplice it's.

And I would say the same as I was about
the on the facility that has the range of

his age and equipment required for
the measurement of those properties.

The use of carbon
nanotubes in photovoltaics.

Biosensors networks.

And this one in particular is the kind of
radicals wanted me to like I said they're

the ones who work with sense as the last
two on something that's happening there.

The nuclear energy facility.

Then you get an image of us Lutie is doing
some work on using public money to contain

the waste or waste management and

there's use of microfluidic devices
in one particle so this is a lot of

data property is one of them oxide reborn
see in the season kind of at his age.

I won't read all of them but
poses for a second or

two on each one of them to give you
a chance to just go down the list quickly.

And as I've pointed out and I did this
is not exhaustive it was card fraud.

I think with one or two conferences
we hosted in the last day or two.

Like I said the idea was to just give
a sense of what it is that's going on.

This one is quite
an interesting one because

it is a byproduct of some processes.

It's always material in fact.

But what group is found
innovative ways of using that

in the political action of wartime speech
only as it might invade age which is

what has been in the news
quite in order lately.

My suspicion is you wouldn't
read too much of it but

women still has conceded the country
that it's predicted that

the course of mining activity which
has been taking place over a hundred.

Or a period of more than one
hundred years in the country.

In many cases those
mines shots are left up.

They are bonded afterwards
ones are limited extract and.

When there's no system of
pumping the water out.

It rises up with the water table.

And it's predicted that not too long from
now could be encountered in that water on

the streets of Johannesburg
unless something drastic is done.

So it's an area of major concern.

And there's another fifty today in
dealing with hazard mind drainage.

I've mentioned drops in this is.

And this is where we're just going on
in the indicate an area on the use of

nanomaterials.

Point I'm a little I didn't.

Put this in this is of those materials.

Required to go on and
I'm group metals producing and

selling them so I do quite a lot of that.

And it is a part of blind which is
under construction somewhere and

I don't think they
are producing any results yet.

But the intention is to
produce nano titanium for

use in lots of applications including
sunscreens inside materials.

And this is an important one as well.

And then inside kid undersized
carriers for drug delivery.

It's pretty targeted in
diseases like tuberculosis.

And without going into a lot of detail
I'll summarize what's shown here by

explaining dead center in key
indicators we identify and.

So didn't reply I mean that would
have to be met to indicate whether it

was succeeded and what we're trying
to do is in our technology society.

One of the most important ones was just.

Where could you see really
desires that are of benefit to

previously marginalized
centers of the community.

It's easier not to talk as research as
about our finding needs about how much

money should be going into research on the
new technology but in a country that has.

Serious challenges such as housing and
food.

It's not easy to ensure that you get that
kind of funding but if you do get it and

the onus is on you to show afterwards
that it was then the money was spent well

on what it is easier to.

And the commitment impaired if
negative energy is important as well

like I said it's one thing
getting the money but

if you can show what you've done and
what benefit has come out of it.

Of that period of ten years or so.

Then the entire effort to
do will come into question.

This is the energy which you are looking
at this stage the technology transfer in

the stands for
black economic empowerment one of the made

imperatives of the current government to
ensure that a previously marginalized

section of society gets to play an active
role in the economy of the country.

A very controversial policy as
I'm sure you would have guessed.

The institution with come from.

Rather started in two thousand and
four but

I did qualify that by stating
what happened in two thousand and

four is that their deeds usually
came into being from nothing.

There was some realignment of higher
education activities at the point

which resulted in the manager of many
smaller institutions to form larger ones.

After that point about any institution
known as the Pretoria technical on.

And if you are in the area and
day you were all brought together to form.

What is now known as
the University of Technology.

Because of that he's done
a college system as a technical.

But institution only offered undergraduate
programs mainly diplomas and

certificates and he will realize as I show
you the next few slides that research.

And that is it is relatively young.

The age we are used to
the kind of black institution.

I gave you will find it in
this is that it to continue

classifying institutions in terms of.

The level of privilege they've enjoyed
over the years because there are those

imbalances to be addressed.

But something which hopefully
will be phased out soon.

But at the moment I think
this is added to make that

distinction in many ways identifying
the needs E.G. institution is.

Tell the story in the country about where
that institution is expected to be and

how well hoping to develop
in the near future.

A very important challenge and

virtually every institution in
South Africa is the lower proportion of

postgraduate students in the implications
now here's where funding.

The other time in that
country where funding

was based on the number
of students enrolled.

And therefore a good strategy for

any university that wanted to get
money was just going to get as

many students to run as you can and
then you have been covering.

But that's changed in
the last five to ten years.

In the sense that a great time

in France has been pleased to
graduate students of what would

have to do is post graduate students
a master's in doctoral students.

And it turns out that the funding
model at this stage is about as much

value in a city page do student is it rude
or close to fifty undergraduate students.

Which means if you want to have money for
research.

You need to change that proportion in
such a way that we have a lot more

postgraduate students.

The ratio at this stage is really.

It's a ratio is bad is maybe less
than one to one hundred I would say.

If you take about one
hundred first year students.

You would expect that you would have me.

Maybe about one or
two students or pages eleven.

It sounds rather surprising but
keep in mind when introducing

that it wasn't doing any research at all
just a bit more a bit over ten years ago

that then it begins to make sense
when you think of it that way but

the idea that is let's get
more postgraduate students.

And unfortunately what that means
is it's not just one institution.

But virtually every
institution in the country.

The same students.

Would put students in a very privileged
position where they can sit down in just

a little Cous often want and
they decide OK I will go here and is going

to head off for student accommodation
spend a couple of weeks in say.

And leave and go to another.

And cases where students have been
pulled from one institution to another

not on the head of.

But want to be more calm or to use their
supervisor who leaves one in situation to

another region to walk away with all the
postgraduate students he was supervising

I can feel good right now is a case
where a supervisor left with about.

About fourteen thousand Ph D. students.

And this is fourteen out of a total
of about twenty something so

it was a serious setback
to that institution.

Where the T U two stands with regard
to there is right now we have I

think approximately thirty dozen
postgraduate doctoral students.

Which is you know but much higher
than what we had probably say five or

ten years ago.

So the numbers are moving
in the right direction but

we're hoping to accelerate that and
see it as improvement.

And one of the measures
were taken to address that.

If they've been people
like Professor cousins.

Associated with our university.

And that's doing one dies to.

Stimulated.

Among students to drastically
clear the level of expertise.

The president will be in the university.

And the last point then
which is quite important

the institution is beautiful caused and
developing that is its capacity and

at this stage I would say
the management would move heaven and

earth to do anything that is said to
to cause a change in those creatures.

The nanotechnology group is as small as
that it's basically four or five people.

Got to that place.

I've been at that institution for
just over three years now.

Or just under two years.

And I came in I had my page D. at that
stage after doing quite a bit of work on

carbon nanotubes So
this is in applications.

And I found it easy to see that had.

Eventually not been negative integers and
a tad but

they had been my area of interest.

It was my intention to develop then.

It's proving to be quite a challenge but
I have two Ph D. students who are.

In the second year of study already.

And three masters students and I think

by the time this month is over because I
don't know my enjoyment begins in January.

I'm hoping we're going to have
another I noticed that the students.

But mind you this is not deciding to turn
off all the activity in the department is

just the dinner to do it in area.

The department has about twenty
five members of staff members

of the teaching staff and
it's quite empty of spectroscopy and

if you other areas there made
a well developed groups.

What spectroscopy.

What is proved difficult to
Study Group one hundred to.

The difference Claridge.

And the only way I found it possible to
do so was to win to be associated with

those groups that I was ready established
including the group and Catullus is.

A group which does some really
good where want to research.

There's a clue that made it
difficult in our faculty and

our professor more about why
I think Professor cousins

had the pleasure of meeting
when he was at our institution.

But the group would produce is about
fifty percent I think of that he said

publications in that in that area.

And I'm a member of that group which sort
of ties my hands though because it means

any student that I or that I supervise in
conjunction with that group have to do

something on water purification or
something like that.

So in many ways the kind of
activities that we are doing

are dictated by the source of
the funding that we have and.

What is to be in good stead as well.

John is back where I did my study is as
well as because University of the area.

The University of the of the verified
as Ron also known as of its.

And example of the kind of
US Asian I have with them or

do not believe I want to use they
are just an ordinary day and

I'm not even talking about high resolution
Tim if I were to make a phone call now and

say I'd like to comment is that
the answer would be great.

You can come in.

On the second of May You would have be
instrument rated for you in their day.

A solution I've found today had they
did search engine has a terrible cold

relationship with them and I have
after hours access to their labs and

that meant instead of waiting
until the second of May.

I can just wait until their students
are done for the day at about ten or so

and then I walk in I can
spend the entire night.

Do you doing my Tim.

And that's eventually the only way
an institutional fall aside can survive.

It's about making sure that you were.

Alongside those that are established and

use whatever equipment you
can when time allows it.

Department has a full range
of under the equipment.

Right.
Very well pleased when it comes

to spectroscopy and chromatography.

But the equipment that I and my students
are using is mainly in our discharge

set up for super size in both civil wars
in Kabul and in multiple carbon nanotubes.

As well as a set up for

nebulous preparedness is what
I would refer to later on.

We have recently acquired a T G A M.

As it does the a C.M.S. as well.

The lives that are much better and etc.

Mainly use the T.J. for
kind of that is in carbon nanotubes for

determining the model of the not achieved
as well as any composites that we

make mainly been political opposites.

And the maybe we do need
the layers around one

set up is a current and I've been energy
of by determining the ratio of gravity

to nine privatized cup on
the so-called I G two ideas ratio.

And the main things we do with its
ideas characterize the catalysts.

In the main these are supported and
carbon nanotubes do we do things like

determine because the clues
are limited as well

as determine the phases of
the metals that are under support.

And make an educated guess in some
cases about the particle size.

And the rest of the equipment which
we use from time to time as I was

at nearby institutions.

My reason I didn't include those and
you will see at the core if we do.

So this is a kind of that is
a shift in function as a ship.

And the applications are.

Include using those those not
achieve that supports for

metals in catalysis as well
as water purification.

I mentioned there to Ilya the neighbor
setup which I put together this

is our main source of carbon nanotubes for
various projects that we're doing.

It's a much smaller set up.

A lot less capital intensive than
other systems that I've seen and used.

But at the core feed is
the nebulizer it appears an electric

transducer which is sitting
at the bottom of that vessel.

And is that of using
the supported cart and

is set up to use in what is
referred to as a fluid in catalyst.

You reach into particles the metal
particles that can stream.

Of course it has to be metal pre-cancer
because you can bring in I don't particles

that way so it has to be a prick as
I like Federer's welcome to see it

when you can see in depending on
the metal you're interested in.

So the idea is to dissolve that in
a suitable solvent like tone of Eden and

then the K.T.

I guess it goes through that and
once you get on my is this the event of

a defined spray will be to find droplets
which are created through to the fan.

And he will lead different products and
defend zones of

the face where did quite a lot
of work on these initially.

And made it to publish by
chemical physics and that as.

The work was mainly designed or
the main aspects of food where

dividing concentrations are just changing
the parliament has change and flow rates.

Change in the pre-cancer that we used.

Changing constantly.

Changing temperature as it were
able to get it made a good profile

of the nature of the product that you
obtain and are different conditions.

And the designs you have to deal with
those there are cases where you've got

messy as of those nonaligned
couple nanotubes.

Riley in the same run who would get
classed as a very poorly formed a carbon

nanotubes this would be
part of the same fairness.

And through time we would
then begin to get a sense of.

The way all of the regions are specific
regions inside the families they produce

a particular kind of knowledge of.

And by inviting those pattern to
as it became possible later on to

make a line to tubes and
what was a good night out

on a date is under the right conditions it
was possible to not go down that range.

You can look at that he's
OK which shows you that.

Close to seventy percent of the nanotubes
had invaded not a dime would have ranged

between fifteen and

twenty nine zero meters in very
little on either side of the head.

And it became possible divided department
as in such a way that you regulate

the length of the nanotubes.

In many cases since this
is the last in about forty

five minutes we would get about
one point four millimeters and so

they were quite long and
they were quite a lot of the ones in here.

If you look at that screen
that's one hundred micro meters.

I would say that's about seven hundred
four point seven millimeters so

they are quite a long as well but

by controlling the conditions
it's possible to very accurately

predict what the name of the general
name of the nanotubes would be.

And.

Again by introducing material such.

Oxygen containing materials such as
either hide the ketones in alcohol and.

It was possible.

Starting with a spread like that
of damage has not only down to

a much much more reasonable range by
including state in concentrations of.

Substances like there was once.

And this is a typical result
that one obtained from a T.G. a.

What we learned out of these was although
you can use substances like alcohol and

do not regard the damage
that range the quality or

that there must have been it of the
nanotubes suffers in the process as shown

by it in the oxidation temperature
in the presence of those.

The standard run.

Is the one that was done
without any of those materials.

This one of these images were taken for
a sample of carbon nanotubes

legally impregnated with Pal I.B.M. which
we made use of what we use for catalysis.

And we able to demonstrate
significant a cut and

it's a good carbon nanotubes supported on.

The label is preparedness
is carbon nanotubes.

Compatible in most cases

then those obtained by using other support
such as activated carbon and silicon.

What was interesting about some of
the cartridges we prepared was they showed

an interest in resistance to centering.

If you compare the two diagrams.

You can see what
the particle size generally

looks like after that he actually compared
to those that were supported in carbon

nanotubes which tended to
maintain their smaller size.

And there wasn't as much since
telling of that in that case.

We did quite a bit of where
the citizens of carbon One is fear is

using the same method.

Regulator controlling the size
by changing the parameters.

And impregnating of
them with them as well.

And using them in the tallis isn't shown.

That even with none as far
as it's possible to obtain

at his number of conversations rates.

The current project which uses
just to the point of completion.

Is one in which we are investigating
the change in structure.

By preparing this series of compounds or
substances

in which we have learned that could be
the proportions of cobalt and zinc.

And we prepared have been proud of all
of these and then we do measurements

involving the etc and then we measure
the optical properties of the material.

This way it is not entirely new but

what is new use the method you
are using to say this out is that.

And how while the particle sizes measure
particle size is much smaller than

previous new previously.

And how the transitions range has

been shown to be larger than
the expected one to one ratio.

We have ongoing collaboration
without incident.

And part of the project that
I've been involved with include

this in a series of carbon nanotubes
colleagues that are in composites

what's interesting about colleagues that
in molecules is their copyright in shape.

And they have extended still.

Strains on either side.

And if you tear that those two
are lined carbon nanotubes.

Then you get an interest in our
arrangement where you have the cops or

the colleagues I didn't want to cure and
distributed among the carbon nanotubes and

they're proved to be very specific in the
nature of the materials that they trap.

And therefore if you expose
impure water to those materials

were found what you get after filtration
is materials that they will contain much

lower concentrations of Satan Satan
particles that are interested in removing.

From the water and.

Made mention of related
applications where.

Used to support.

Important exchange membranes What does
that in a project with mean to have

when using such as enhanced senses.

There's a clue that the United States
only thought about that

afterwards it's a universal standard which
is a basic low to Cape Town as well.

And they are doing.

We're calling them to spin and what
they're trying to do is to be five years

old to make materials or
math out of the carbon nanotubes.

And in terms of development which
sadly was not one that was produced

by Michael was involved with in any
way is what was in which a group from

this university produced what
they call in a new tea bag.

And a demonstration of this by
the professor and was quite interesting

because what they showed even on T.V.
Was he went over to the muddy

as data looking water you can imagine
scooped out a class full of the head and

then threw a little nono nono
material bag contained in a porous

material just does this is as you would a
tea bag you put it in there should get for

a few minutes and then a huge
got out of there afterwards and

it's virus I've heard he
is still alive and kicking.

And his claim is they can be used for
whatever

difficulty did virtually the entire
African continent because apparently one

of those bags is capable of of beautifier
you know up to about ten liters of water.

If it really does come off with it.

It provides a very quick and
expensive way of purifying water and

I've mentioned it's one of the key
problems that we are trying to address.

So we'll see how that one goes.

The South African nanotechnology
initiative like I said was founded in that

about two thousand and three.

It's mainly a stakeholder group.

It was formed by people who are active
in it to be in the field and

the researchers and
presently has about just over one hundred.

Active members there are lots more
members in the members group.

We see some of them from time
to time in conferences but

the active core of the group
would amount to about a hundred.

And they represent which
are all the higher education

institutions in the country.

And its own rules are to
stimulate new innovation and

like I said to create disengage
appear to be in order

to encourage and to generate
are winners of negative new ideas.

And to source fund to encourage new That's
the participation in mainly these days.

To ensure that there's
a focus on their own and

it is a bit risk involved with working
with different kinds of not immaterial.

And promoting the safe
use of not immaterial.

And.

Finding and
creating opportunities where in this area.

And the activities include pay money to be
seen in bold join has begun to Cape Town.

As well as producing a monthly
newsletter it especially D.C.

you know in the South African of this
out of South Africa engine of science.

An example of what you see and participate
in the I was there to see to it.

We deny in one setting standards for
the characterization of not immaterial as.

Organizing the student
conferences in symposia.

And bringing in scientists from
different parts of the world to to give

talks on the new technology.

And it would be really really difficult

to get someone from to attend one of
these days to visit become tree and

share with us as part of what is
happening that this is tradition.

At the last conference we had about
two hundred ten percent Asians.

About forty percent who
are from outside the country.

The Middle East Europe.

East.

Mainly China and
the rest of the continent and

about ten of the presentations
were from industry.

And were hosting the next
one in September this year.

So the conclusion is there is some
significant activity or not or technology

in South Africa it's at the beginning
stages of developing but hopefully we will

have to make great strides in the years to
come this and united group at the T.T..

It is the key ingredient
management support and

with their two are hoping
to go places as well.

And what do you hope will happen to us
this season if we're going to get a few

post dogs from developed countries
they need to change since

if we can get some of our young scientists
to I don't know training that pleases and

I'm told that they had that would
be absolutely brilliant and

that without broadband I will cause a CLI.

And finally signed up to be promoting
awareness and continuing to mean for

me in the development
of a coordinated vision

undertaken only nanotechnology for
the country.

And I do thank you for
taking your time to attend the talk and

I want to then presidents for
ensuring that my views it was successful.

And I do think the wider
community of Georgia for

the well card would have been accorded.

I've been here for
just a day later quite a lot and

it's been an absolute pleasure
that dealing with everyone.

I've made up to this point.

And I will go back home and
then I was when I came in.

Thank you very much.

And

I'm not sure what people fear I wouldn't
mind taking questions about it but

I didn't.

Maybe a bit of benefit as well from a more
in-depth discussion with those individuals

who want to discuss a new
aspect of my talk so well OK

OK but.

What good is quite important
about basic research is

it appears to be a much larger extent.

The more established countries.

So there's a point to be made for
not doing basic research but simply

trying to continue on what has been done
elsewhere but the problem with Betty is if

you don't have the knowledge base to start
with then it means there's no peace for

the people to cut their teeth on any that
way and basically said is unavoidable.

And any applied research going to
come out of the basic research.

So there's a great value in it and
is under no difficulty on.

That it had been to France France lead
from India you don't need to just.

It institution is at liberty to
make whatever connections it needs.

So that's happening quite a lot.

I know of one situation that built up
their nanotechnology base from virtually

nothing by a collaboration with
a university in England they said about

ten students in the last five years.

Most of whom had the R.P. D's already.

And because a professor Brian who
runs a nanotechnology center.

Became a visiting professor he was able to
use a bit of time in a regular basis and

show his ideas with the students and they
have a thriving monetary group as a result

of that and years the government is
doing is doing quite a bit to fund.

To fund collaboration.

Which means theoretically I'm
not being presumptuous here but

if some good were to be
reused to be project ahead.

The funding for any travel that would
happen between the two institutions would

mostly be mostly because
by the government.

The government takes from
scientists like I said earlier for

not taking good enough
care of researchers.

But like I said earlier
if you think about it.

Really.
They're much much more serious challenges

that cannot be ignored.

And so although we don't get as
much funding as we wish we had and.

I have to are going to
the government is doing its behind.

Hopefully that will not change or
that that will continue and

to give you an idea about the amount you
are talking about it will sound pitiful.

I'm trying to do
the conversion from the rare

free market it's dollars Now I'll
let you do that I'll give

you the exchange rate is about seven
grains to the dollar at this stage.

The nation our Science Foundation or

the National Research Foundation
allocates about fifty million fifty

million South Africans which
they have to compete for.

And typically.

About ten to fifteen projects
will get the part of the funds.

But through the.

It didn't small institutions
like the one I'm involved with

able to get small pieces of equipment and
at least get coverage.

And we're hoping that from those
smaller From those humble beginnings

something more significant will
probably in time to in times to come.