So today it's a pleasure to welcome
Professor Paul Rousseau Paul got his

bachelor's degree at the University
of Wisconsin and then did his Ph D.

at the University of Minnesota in
chemistry and then did a post stuck at U.

Mass in polymer physics
he spent thirty years at

the State University before coming
to Georgia Tech in two thousand and

fourteen were he is the Hightower
chair in materials science and

engineering with an adjunct position
in chemistry and biochemistry and.

Generally his research areas but
I would say broadly soft materials.

But you'll see his title
in abstract do not

mention the word nanotechnology
nano anything but

don't be fooled there's plenty of
nanotechnology I promise said Paul.

We'll talk about that a minute this week.

We're.

Good.

OK that pocket.

Well thank you for attending I have
come to these lunches a lot of times and

I often wonder why why talks why come to
them why give them we'll talk about that

a little bit if you didn't get one of
the little handouts try to grab one

I apologize that they're on such so much
paper I forgot to ask the secretary to

print on double sided she could
have reduced the font too but

anyway that's a good thing and we're
going to talk about that a little bit.

So.

Of course the work I'll show
you isn't anything that I do.

I don't know what I do I would
say that I answer email but

my students would say no it doesn't.

So anyway singling out probably that
what you'll see today the people

have done the most are DR CONY Rose
who and John who will be Ph D.

here I don't know within
the year certainly I hope.

But why go to talks Why do you go to these
talks of course there's the free pizza

that's a good thing but
I think mostly I go to get away.

And to be alone with my thoughts and

you know maybe something off most
is through just accidentally and

I learn something and
leads to some new thought I don't know.

But this handout that I've given
you is article by David Mirman

anybody know who mermen is.

MIRMAN is sort of like
the Richard Feynman of upstate New York

he is the National Academy
member in physics and

he has a whole series
of wonderful articles.

And they often start
with what's wrong with

I Want To my favorites is what's
wrong with those awards you know and

that's really funny because you can read
it if you don't know who he is you never

figure out is he an award winning guy or
not he is.

But this one is about what
wrong with those talks and what

he says is you know every talk I've ever
attended in forty years of going to talks

has been too hard so we'll endeavor not
to do that so there's no point in telling

you try to make it simple because if
somebody could have done it they would've.

So will it will still try OK.

And your your goal is to strive to place
as far as possible from the beginning

of the of the talk of the grim moment when
more than ninety percent of the audience

is able to make sense out of less than
ten percent of what you're saying.

That's.

Kind of a bad thing so

the best reason to lecture on your work
is that it affords you the opportunity

to rediscover why you did it you know we
forget why that is we forget in the middle

of what's going on you know the order that
didn't come the instrument that's broken.

Filling out for the fourth time my.

Request to pay the things and I say we've
paid it and they say no you have it

stuff like that happens anyway so
you know you do have the opportunity

to sort of rediscover why you did it why
we got excited in the first place and

he says this is funny there's always
a risk you will not find an answer

why you're doing it what is there
to capture the imagination.

Of somebody who lacks your specialized
skills and he says Give yourself

a week well I gave myself a weekend but
I spent most of it skiing so and

I have a sore knee the only reason I'm
able to do this is all of my knee was to

store to ski the third day and so
I was able to quote unquote prepare.

All right so what I will do at
the beginning since I think some of you

don't know too much molecular things
is talk about proteins just in

the most general of terms so you have
something to go on at least to get

imparted a little bit of knowledge
about that and then we'll move on to

an example of a particular protein that
is somehow affiliated with elm wilt

we have one that I know of beautiful
American elm tree on this campus and

it seems to still be healthy but
a lot of them are suffering

then we'll talk about how that protein
has to be used to encapsulate P three H.

T.
which is one of the polymers used for

semiconductors of type applications and

then we'll talk about mimicking
that kind of response.

Using synthetic type polymers OK.

So very quickly a little
bit about proteins.

So.

You know when the I remember when the Nano
revolution came was mid ninety's right.

Now Gar invented nanotechnology.

Just ask him he did so well the rest
of us many of us in the polymer field

in the protein field was like big deal and
it's always been about nanotechnology.

It to get all these functions that you see
up there enzyme could tell us a storage

movement munity OK to
get the ninety percent

of what cells do takes a molecule of
a certain size and sophistication

and that size happens Biggins happening
really at the national level.

OK so I don't know if.

This was my slide from one of
my former colleagues insula kata

back at Alice who I was and
like his slides were going to use them.

But.

You know says that they perform a greater
than ninety percent of the work of

the cell the only other thing I can think
of that's not there is replication.

And so I don't know about you guys but

if you're spending more than ten percent
of your time replicating good for you.

But anyway I don't think cells do either
I think it's really closer to ninety nine

percent of what cells do is proteins

OK The rest is the replication
part with D.N.A..

OK so the only reason for example to
highlight one of these things enzyme could

tell us if you're eating this pizza and
you're going to burn it and

nobody is going to self-immolating
nobody's going to go up in flames we

don't have to have a spark plug we don't
have to have any energy and that's because

the enzymes in your body are lowering that
energy of activation to the point where

you can burn that fuel at a comfortable
thirty seven degrees centigrade.

Very handy All right so
just a little bit about the proteins

they're made up of amino acids OK which
are chiral molecules which means they

don't have to have a certain symmetry
we don't go into that and they are so

I don't know some twenty of them
naturally occurring once more than that.

And they're all the same molecules at the
backbone level across the backbone they're

all the same but the side chain
see this thing here is a hydrogen

Whereas you look over on this
one it's a mouthful group and

that's a different thing totally
hydrogen versus metal so

you have like these you know twenty twenty
five whatever choices of amino acids.

That you can put together and

to make a protein you do have to put
them together and form a peptide link so

there's a peptide link one of them
being formed a bond being four minutes

a pretty strong bond has
a particular kind of geometry to it.

And that's just a dime or

that's two amino acids together if
you want a little bit more function.

You can make this here's a pen to
peptide with Terri saying single I seen

Lucy and I guess.

Anyway so.

You can make these and
if you start thinking about it.

If you have said that you say twenty
natural Mino acid just to make

the math easy each of those could be
a choice of twenty twenty for the first

times twenty for the second times twenty
but I could make a lot of different.

Different proteins just by varying
the sequence OK in fact basically it's

an infinite night I'm of possibilities
of what you could make and that's what

attracts me to this kind of field this
possibility the possibilities are endless

Of course nature has made a lot of
the ones that you need already right but

we could make other ones additional ones
if we wanted so that's kind of interesting

so the language of it is that you
know if they're usually call in.

Peptides if they're less than
about fifty OK And that's

you know you can make that on a machine
we can now make those in the machine.

Proteins are usually you know if
they're bigger than fifty repeat

units fifty different amino acids or
fifty repeat units and

then we start calling it a protein for
sure that's kind of

a gray area there when they convert
from peptides to proteins who cares.

Primary sequence is what really determines
the sequence of the amino acids.

Well one of the other things that can
happen is that chain can grow to a certain

size and it can have this this group
here is cysteine on it with the ends and

SH If you oxidise that Sistine
you wind up with the steam and

you have this dye sulfide link and so
that lets you cross link to change so

you can actually connect to
growing chains like that and

in fact they could be the same strand that
has kind of came back onto itself and

then gets cross thing that could
happen OK so here's an example of

insulin which was sequenced
about the time I was born.

Little before that I guess and so
we've known how to make the sequel

how to determine these sequences for
a long time and you can see example here.

In try and sulfite link and
interview to enter strand planes right.

The other thing you need to know is that
these things fold in a certain way they

fold in a certain way so these strands
grow and they fold and people worked out

the energy map for what's likely to happen
and one of the things likely to happen is

helix and the other is called beta
shit which we'll talk about now so

here's the helix OK so one of the things
that the chains can do is sort of

wrap themselves into the spiral staircase
type structure of course that's a sort of

extended structure once you do that it's a
sort of long extended structure in terms.

It's very rigid too in terms of
bending rigidity it doesn't have much.

Extensional modulus but

the bending modulus So
that is pretty high as molecules go.

And differ Eppie's intentions of it are
shown here here's the same thing basically

this is looking down the helix from
one end it's wraps around it around.

So one of the things that the other thing
that you can get is the thing called

a beta sheet OK So this is come Times
called a pleated sheet as in you know

pleaded means it means like you've sort
of iron in folds like a pleated skirt or

something like that for
those who remember wearing skirts.

Anyway not that I ever wore one myself but
anyway.

It's sort of a pleated structure can
be obtained in this way so here is

a chain growing off in this direction and
it has this kind of connections here which

are held and here's one that just sort
of loops around and makes a fold and

these things are kind of stiff and
rigid and difficult to dissolve in.

So if you take bovines Fairmount human and
you are to make it into an alpha helix

take the five hundred eighty four residues
this is a high protein that's very common

in cows you have it in You Tube but
yours is human serum I'll be human.

And anyway if you were to take
it in stretch it out put it in

the helix it would be about ninety
nanometer so long if you were to take

make up beta sheet one way and then pleat
down the other way just up here and

then just fold it back two hundred enemies
what it actually is is much more compact

Actually I think this numbers wrong I
got a pocket recalculate that but but

it's certainly possible to have it be
a much more common compact structure and

I know a lot of you metals you know I
was surprised coming to Georgia Tech I'm

trained as a chemist now I'm in this
material science department and

the amount of effort they put into things
like crystallography just blows my

mind you know studying a barium die for
items studying trying to get the magnetic

properties out of this and all these other
things with these tiny little crystals OK

but it's not often realized that you
know a big things make crystals too and

proteins can be crystallized at least
some of them it's not an easy thing

the ones that we'll talk
about it pretty difficult but

this is an example of a diffraction
pattern so imagine that your unit

contains not something simple like barium
in a couple of forums but hundreds and

hundreds of atoms Thousands
of that it's OK And so

you can actually work out the locations
of all of those OK and obtain structures.

All right so we're bready that's your
introduction to proteins we're ready now

to talk about this example of one
particular protein Elm welt protein.

OK And it's actually a member of
a class of proteins called hydrophobic.

And hydrophobic we think our major is
most surface active proteins OK So

surface active means that
they go to the surface and

they do that to minimize the interaction
energy of one part of the molecule

with water OK so the hydrophobic ends
there seemed to be about sixty or

seventy of them I am not
sure we have an exact count.

One of them that has been crystallized as
only a few that have been crystallize one

of them is shown and what you need
to know is that there are groups.

Down at the bottom of it are hydrophobic
means that they don't want

to be near water and the rest of them are
hard to fill it meaning that they do want

to be water and
you see some die sulfide links in here

holding this thing together this is not a
very large protein and molecular weight so

a ten thousand for
the hydrophone that's not very big OK but

they all have this conserved
pattern of the dice all fly by two.

Hundred sixteen Fordyce all findings and

in a small molecule all that much stuff
holding things together is kind of.

So they're very rugged little molecules
you can heat them you can beat them you

can let's let them sit in solution in the
presence of other bugs that don't eat them

you can do all sorts of stuff and
they just remain functional for

a very long time and
they always have one side hydrophobic and

the other side how to fill it.

OK And so the way they're like little
natures Jane is nature's little

Janus particle some of you work very
hard to get one side of a particle

different than the other side but
nature does it in these hydrophobia ins.

Like I said they're they're
made of mushrooms and

mushrooms make them
other things make them.

From that family.

This is a picture of some mushrooms in
a New York store I just took to send to

my son because he gets he's revolted
at the sight of mushrooms actually.

And this one speaking of
revolting I came out of the first

center you know first place
George's idea of dining.

And.

Well I saw this piece of insulation from I
thought it was some construction foam they

left over on the ground I was going to go
pick it up and throw it into the garbage

because it looked like a piece of that
Great Stuff foam you know you've seen

construction foam I thought I just picked
it up it looked trashy on the campus and

I got there it was a mushroom and that's
my foot in the image there you get an icy

idea of the size of these things well one
thing you know about mushrooms is they

really struggled up a boom they just
grow right so that much growth creates

the need for a lot of surface quickly OK
when you grow something that fast you're

creating a lot of new surface so one of
the reasons people think that mushrooms

make hydrophobic is to lower the surface
tension and make it easier for

the surface to be generated there
are other reasons that people think they

are formed but OK so I already kind of
told you this there are actually two

two kinds of hydrophobia So
this is just showing the conserved pattern

of I saw five links OK.

This one is a picture of where
I used to spend my summers.

In Minnesota let's see Protestants
buried on this side and Catholics

buried on that side that's you know
they have a segregation issue there too.

But anyway look at the trees these are all
elm trees and they're not healthy you see

him at the top of that there
canopy is greatly diminished and

it looks like the Protestants
are suffering more in this case.

Anyway.

The fact that this protein his made and
it's actually carried to the tree.

On a fungus in the fungus is carried to
the tree on a beetle that's the problem

and it's been implicated in the death of
these trees there are other factors that

intervene but it's definitely true if you
take this hydrophobic protein the one that

we deal with is called Serato
omen Means Elm OK So Serato omen.

In is implicated in if you take purified
throughout omen and just place it near

growing and almost seedling it will die so
I mean it's definitely lethal to the trees

it's not clear that that means it's the
only thing that's involved in the disease.

I'll draw your attention to the way
the wind is blowing here you know

obviously it's summer in the summer
the wind blows like that from the south

it was winter be blowing just as hard
from the north and be really cold.

All right.

Well if you take some of this strata Ohman
protein and you purify it and you just.

It doesn't really dissolve in the usual
sense but you can put it in the presence

of water and you agitate slightly
you'll see that there are all

these misshapen structures OK sort
of cylindrical type structures here

this is in the presence of just you know
water solution of the air on the top and

you disorder of mist agitates
like you get these things.

OK And so actually those are bubbles.

And you all know that bubbles around
bubbles around to minimize the surface

tension right but these are bubbles
that clearly are not round and

it seems like a really remarkable
thing until you think differently

imagine a straw plastic
straw all right and

I pinch off both ends I've
made a bubble right but

it's still not going to be round why
because the surface of it is a solid

basically it's plastic solid So what
this is really telling us is that the.

So I don't know molecules go to
a surface the air water interface and

get to be solid like solid
like at that interface OK

now you could go instead to
in water oil interface and

here we've taken oil I think
cycle hexane I can't remember and

we've added a little dye
to make it very visible.

OK And you again get these sort of
misshapen structures OK this so

if this route a woman was behaving as
a fluid interface that would have to be

around well you can force it to be
round you can sort of Kheta and

then that adds enough energy and it makes
it around and this case we've actually

trapped the polymer in the polymer has
jelled if you can see carefully enough

here you can see that these structures
are really round but one half

of them is filled with polymer that's
kind of the face separated out in Joe.

All right so
that understanding these bubbles

has been sort of a lot of fun to for
us to try to do.

And let's see I think here if I
can I think I have to his game and

then if I'm very lucky I'll
be able to make this go.

Let's assume that it's going to go when
I get there I've got to set up for

us this is a picture of some of these
air bubbles cylindrical air bubbles and

what's being plotted here is
the pressure over the solution so

this is starting off at atmospheric
pressure and we're going to go down.

In pressure OK So what happens to a bubble
if I reduce the air pressure above it.

It should expand right so you'll see that
they expand and then we're going to go

down down down and then we'll come back up
and you'll see some funny things happen.

Let's hope that it really
plays it's playing OK good

now we're going down in pressure see
the plot of the right is going down and

a lot of them have converted to round
bubbles some of them are staying.

And the pressure is now we're going
to start the pressure coming back up

all right.

And these ones are about the little
ones are about to disappear

look at this one here that I can't see
look at the top watch very closely and

see if you don't get a familiar
shape don't it's right there.

OK airfield doing it it's a dream
come true very few calories.

So I always have trouble
stopping it at the right point so

I will discard it in the slide which
shows it see an air filter don't it.

Now sometimes you go I know what you call
a little done it sort of like figure eight

you know the taste at a crawl or

something anyway the sometimes you can
get those it's kind of interesting.

That's a new structure that we do not know
why that happens and some people here

are trying to help us understand that from
a mechanical engineering point of view.

Why that can happen and about I would
appreciate especially from you guys

who all have you know in
creative minds most of you.

What the hell would we do with a national
gun OK it's an interesting natural

phenomenon and we have some ideas
certainly it's a high surface area

compared to most other shapes that's nice
possibly is image contrast I was talking

to somebody this weekend on the ski throws
about filling these here with a reactive

gas and solidifying them OK
you can talk about jelling

things outside of them and then they would
have sort of a different property in terms

of acoustic transparency that might
be interesting to some people but

we just need more applications all turns
out Susan John has gotten pretty good

at making these things in their stable for
pretty long time day they are more.

And so now it becomes incumbent
upon us to try to understand

the mechanical properties
of that surface so

this is a picture from a paper
that's just been accepted.

That shows how we go about measuring
the mechanical properties of those bubbles

OK And let me set this up a little bit
here on the left there's a pump and

they can awfully you know pulsing pump
pressure less pressure pressure blast

pressure the pressure and
it feeds a kind of a syringe

you could think of it as with a very
fine tip about forty microns I think and

you push that inside this reservoir
that has the solution that

contains the proteins the proteins are in
the solution and you can see there the.

The bubble and here is an actual picture
of it taken under Mike all this is under

a microscope OK And
you can just sit there and

the bubble will change its shape
because the protein is coming to it

OK it's diffusing to it
from the solution or

you can oscillate and make the bubble
expand and contract and expand and

contract and it's you sort of perturbing
it just like you would in a reality so

this is really a surface for ya meter to
measure of the properties of this film.

OK this is a sort of another
picture of what's going on here so

here's a picture of a hydrophobia
in the egg shaped particles with

green hydrophobic regime those
are going to align near air or

oil I forgot to tell you back on this one
here we've got it filled with air but

you can just as easily put oil in there.

And here's a picture of the bubble at
the tip and you're going along and

you're not you just sitting there
letting the bubble sit there and

then we turn on and off the oscillations
and you can see pressure Australasia and

size oscillations that go with it and
you can back out from all of this

information about the mechanical
properties of this tiny little bubble.

So here his example of static
mode no oscillating the pump is

switched off it's just sitting there and
we're just observing changes to the shape

of the bubble and this is the surface
energy here it's right in line here we go.

Wow OK We're looking
at the surface energy.

And it just goes down over a period of
about an hour it takes zero proteins

about an hour to diffuse to the surface
there and change the shape and

that's how we get the of the information
about the surface tension and

the inset here this little inset up
here the inset shows you what would

happen what happens if you reduce all
the protein out of the solution remember

the protein is in this reservoir and
you can rinse it out just put in water and

if you do that at early times
after it's only been maybe.

Eight hundred seconds
there something like that

it's reversible the surface tension
bounces back up a little bit.

But if you wait and try to that later it
doesn't happen it doesn't come back up so

what happens is that the proteins go to
this interface and somehow strengthen and

become solids OK.

This is a kind of a compound picture
of the sort of what else goes on here.

Just to give you an idea of how this
works the black trace up there is the.

That is the.

Surface tension and you can think about it

that is the pressure being applied
to the system if you want.

And the pink trace is the radius and

what we show down here at the lower
left is a zoom we just zoom that you can

see the oscillations that are turned
on during this time and you.

And what you see is that at early times.

Very small surface pressures.

Result in very big.

Radius changes so

small black curve oscillations
are big pink curve oscillations so.

You know even a little bit of pressure
change results in a great big change in

the radius of the bubble which
means that it's soft right and then

over a period of time it hardens at the
end of this curve here we find that large.

Pressure oscillations are no longer able
to produce anything that we can see in

terms of site change in size and
now the material is has got hard.

And you can back out from this
the dilatation will modulus of this

protein see the solid like
character of this protein.

OK well you can repeat all
that in the presence of oil or

in air OK so you can have air bubbles or
oil bubbles or blobs.

And what you see is that there are
different in the presence of air there's

a sort of long gestation period here
where nothing really happens and

then boom starts to solidify.

Whereas in the presence of oil.

Sort of immediately you start getting an
increase and sort of slowly solidifies and

it never gets a strong C.

there's a different scale here for the red
curve than there is for the blue curve so

that oil films just never
seem to get as strong.

As the.

Blue curse but having said that
I will tell you that we think.

Either these are sort of a lower bound
on the actual strike and people have

done this with other proteins a lot but
these are record setting results these

are the stiffest proteins that people have
measured they are really quite amazing.

So we could start asking things like.

Is there a mint molecular explanation for
this is there something going on in

the confirmation of a protein that
changes in that confirmation so

you could ask that question and it turns
out that one way to interpret the results

is that you know we can we can
expose a protein to ethanol

we can heat it we do different salts and
do all these things but

the one thing that really seems to get
its attention is to give it a while OK so

it's almost as if the oil is there in
sort of lubricating the surface so

this is a protein that's going to
surface in creating a kind of a rigid

type structure and in the presence of
oil it's a little bit lubricated and

starts happening right away without
the longest Haitian period and

this seems also to a SO that be associated
with conformational changes in the protein

This is circular dye crew as a result of
this is one way that we used to follow

pretty well can any of this be used for
material science OK.

One thing that you can do is you can
put in as your oil compo knit some

simple polymer like polystyrene So if you
wanted to have polystyrene particles with

a very high surface area you could do
I'm completely risin inside of these

bubbles and
that's what's going on there OK.

This one is application
to the oil film OK so

here we left the meat I think
that's actually engine oil there

at the interface and you get an idea of
how strong these little surfaces are that

they bag of the oil almost they
just bag it up like that OK.

So that's not a normal thing to
happen inside of oil meets water.

OK so now I've come around to this part
of the talk I've talked about protein So

one example of a natural protein could we
do something material science see with it

OK and in particular we do something of
interest to others at Georgia Tech so

there's a big effort here in
the semi conducting polymers OK and

the model polymer that's always used is
often used this puff piece three H.D.

five feet and
there it is up there that structure and

it likes to you we would like it
to line up OK The goal is to get

them to line up because if they can line
up then the electrons can be conducted

in particular in this direction here OK So
the goal is to line them up.

So about the time I was coming to Georgia
Tech I had some students make this picture

which I call a sausage and it contains
a solution of P three H T in it and

the idea would be that the solvent
would slowly evaporate from that and

force the polymers to coalesce into
longing and so then when we got here

we chose solvency easier softer more more
relevant solvent actually a more difficult

solvent to work with but a more relevant
solvent and this cartoon was drawn and

what it shows is these sort of like potato
shaped structures containing a polymers

dissolved in solution drying out and
hopefully leading to alignment and

so our hypothesis at this point is
that when you do that you haven't.

That's properties for the material and one
of the ways that they used to follow this

is just good old U.V.
absorption spectroscopy and so

people who are in the conducting polymer
field know that this band here and

particular it's racial with other bands
is an indicator of the alignment and

this is very good alignment.

If you need to see that at a more
molecular scale than that becomes G.

Sachs experiment and that also works but

is a little bit of a surprise
that we also found out.

That you can have these polymers dissolved
polymers or dissolves in solution that's

all this red stuff here and you see all
these little specks and these little arms

coming out here look like neurons right so
if you thinking that the polymers are you

know conducting all that's sighting have
the sort of neuron looking thing here but

the thing that's really catches my
attention is all these little dots and

little things that are blood being off of
this thing they contained polymer two and

they give us the opportunity to process
it really for the first time like a lake

effects dispersion you know latex that
you paint on your wall the reason do that

instead of the old fashioned oil based
paints is use a lot less volatile organic

solvents I really would like to live
in a volatile organic solvents So

what you do is you make a part
of the oil part that you want

in the paint into a little
clay will particle when you

disperse it in water in the water
dries and you have this nice film and

so it's interesting to think about that
kind of possibility for P three H.

T.
and other

semi conducting polymers this place
has more semi conducting polymers and

anywhere All right so
now what about mimicking this

kind of action with a synthetic
polymer Here's a poly peptide that.

Can mimic it and we're just going to
talk about some simple ones P B L G

is a classic polymer it's the first
synthetic polymer that people made that

exhibited some of
the important properties of.

Naturally occurring proteins
in particular it's very prone

to make he will cease to
he local shape and so

it's a rod like polymer and that's the one
that we use we use that one here and

this talk only this one group here it's
been solving hanging off there so ours.

But you see there and
it's prone to make jobs OK so

if you treat it right
it will make shells and

I've never been clear that this is
the best image of these gels but

it's a very famous image of
these gels that P.B. L.G. makes.

And you can see that somehow the rods are
aligned in kind of a parallel arrangement

and so the basic hypothesis that committee
arose who happened was that it would

somehow and trap or template the knot trap
is not very Some how you would template on

to this linear structure from the P B A G
You would somehow get the piece three H.

T.
to follow along with that structure in

such a way as to enhance its conduct
Hippity OK So that was basically the idea.

So in a cartoon form that looks like this
I'm not sure the scales here tire Lee

meaningful or accurate but
the idea is that they have the heel a C.

shaped from the P.B. L.G. and

then you have these poly five things
with their rings hanging off of them in

red here which should be there and
we will get them to line up OK.

So if the hypothesis that you get that
lining up is true then we would expect

to see changes in the U.V. Bactrim
just as I've seen showed you before.

Now you'd expect to see a difference in
the D.S.E. the CAT scan in calorimetry

response to change there's a technique out
there which we don't have in Georgia Tech

which is rare that we don't have something
here but we don't seem to have a F.

M.R.I. Our which is
atomic force microscope e

where you also get an infrared spectrum
right at the tip OK where the F.M.

probe goes put that as close as you
want to the molecule of interest and

you see well what really is there OK So F.

M.R.I. are that should
show that the P three H.T.

in the P.B.S. are colocated and
then supposed to be able to use Saxon G.

Sachs to see some changes in
the system too but that's a difficult

one because everything scatters you
don't really have very much contrast

in those experiments Well the slide
just basically tells you I mean you're

not going to step through this but you to
the rear of the paper did so in any way.

The the vailable data support
the hypothesis that there's an interaction

OK a long way to go to optimize that and
you can't use for

way but I think it points in the direction
generally of taking rod like polymers and

using them as templates for
the saw the rub like.

OK So actually I have now come to the end
of my talk you see the little circle

is empty and if you chose to read
the handout that I gave you from

N David Mirman instead of listening to the
talk will bully for you good choice OK.

And you would realize
that he said this and

mermen is controversial he's physicist so
he's entitle to be controversial right

he says you don't even need a conclusion
there's war and peace have a conclusion

no but there are book reviews will have
a conclusion slide in a minute OK But

anyway I'm basically I'm done if you
insist on a conclusion here it is

basically that the proteins in Pike have
ties maybe they can be harnessed to do

useful things this is an example of a
protein that actually you know insults and

damages trees we could try to
get money by curing trees but

will be the point of that other people
are doing that here we would like to

actually use that kind of protein to do
something in a material science way and

then be inspired to make other
polypeptides and other materials

to do the same and so with that I've hit
the end and I'll take your questions.

This.

To you the question is to use it as
a tag of what to tag some some link or

what should I tag with it.

I said.

No I we haven't it's a great idea
I like that because you know you

if you're going to.

Do that it should it should want to go and
you know sit on a surface of VESA go

particularly we have sort of a hydrophobic
comp maybe list Barry in there

a little bit maybe but one of the problems
with doing it is doing anything with this

protein that one travel in particular is
very hard to label it so we would like

to fluorescent label that and we've tried
that for years I mean literally years and

I think all of the reactive groups
it has groups that are react but

we haven't been able to get them
to react in any large amount so

it's a little bit disappointing
in terms of fluorescence.

Probably be good to make that protein and

just include something else on
it that's even more reactive

otherwise I really like
that suggestion Yeah.

Yeah.

No So your question is you know they they
go to the interface and lower the surface

tension we clearly see the strengthening
What's the mechanical reason right.

I don't think that they're forming
more deisel five bonds that's over OK.

The.

I can only offer you sort of
pitifully we cancers about that

what I would say is that they are probably
jammed on the surface in some way.

We've been thinking can we are something
we can pick up in the spectroscopy that

shows conformational change no not really.

There are things you can do to get
to get them out of there you can

reduce persimmon ethanol.

You can think about circular
diagram experiments where you

just a temperature and watch for
conformational changes and

we haven't done those things yet and
so we really don't have a very good.

Explanation that we do know that
it is reversible eventually

you can agitate them and
get them off the surface.

By the way if you get these on a tough
one coated surface God help you there

are very hard to clean off.

What is there what.

Is.

I don't know if I included it in the talk
amigo I sometimes take the slide and

let's see what else I got
here there it is there it is.

I don't think it's got anything to do
with a minute Alex OK if so one of the I

teach the embassy two thousand and
one class and one of things I teach them

is thermodynamics is grossly overrated
OK and almost nothing is a terminator

Thank God we would all none of us are
thermodynamically stable right or wrong so

this is just an image of our
a wave curling on the way so

what we could imagine is that the height
of problems are here on the surface of

the same make this much smaller than
a real way and we think they just roll up

like cigars OK but why that always that
that particular shape I do not know.

OK I really do not know but it's a
mechanical thing I don't think it's really

a thermodynamic thing because
when we pull on with a vacuum

they go to a ground shape of
density you can make them go.

And they will they won't they don't snap
back to this shape after that and so what.

Difference.

Yeah what a good idea to mix different
hydrophobic to see if this happens so

often asked what that's just one
hydrophobic do their sixty of them do them

do some more right well we don't have
that kind of money and resources but

we have got really two others
that we've looked at and

neither of them are as prone
to make these extended shapes.

One of them will do it but not very
high not high acceleration shapes and

with much more effort so we think there's
something special about this one but

we need to do a whole study of them
to see and something's gotta pay so

hopefully it'll be a material science
application that pays for that.

Thank you.