There was one.

There the.

The.

Thank you very much.

This is a very kind introduction.

So the reason this is a big deal.

And this may not be
obvious to some of you.

We point out seeing a lot of neutrinos but

these neutrinos were
not physical in nature.

They were in fact of nature
an ice cube itself was a physical

neutrino seeing them for
the first time is very interesting and for

ice cube itself this began fifteen
years ago but as an idea detecting

physical neutrinos was very large on the
water on their eyes detectors the idea.

You know almost fifty years old by now.

So here's the punch line Ice Cube
has really strong evidence for

us for physical neutrinos and
this has not been done before and

they observations themselves first that
this tick limited that means we only have

a handful of events themselves that
we think are physical origin and

we do not have a clear correlation
between a specific physical objects and

the specific neutrinos but as you can
imagine this is really the early pine.

All of these is going to change.

I think very rapidly over
the next few months and years.

And it usually goes back to the slide
this is like is that you know somebody

made it fifty years ago and
everybody has shown it ever since it is so

big there has discovered cost me Grace.

About one hundred years ago
he took trips in balloons and

he made sure of radiation levels
as a function of height and

as you went higher he discovered
that it levels increased so

it means the natural really of the here
is most of the foam coming from above and

not coming from the ground itself and and

he called that cost me grace and people
back then didn't know what they where and.

And we know now what they are but
we don't know where they come from and

he got a Nobel Prize for in one thousand
thirty six and costly gray saw are for

the most part protons helium
nuclei heavier nuclei and

they are arrive on Earth more or less
isotropically or or to a very good degree

isotropically and they have been measured
over our very wide energy range.

So here's the particle
the spectrum here is the flux.

Here is energy.

This is an electron balls of these ten
to nine electron balls all the way

to the template twenty of them balls.

You see how many orders of magnitude
the flux uses it spends thirty

orders of magnitude.

Down here.

The sun itself which produces particles
with significant kinetic energy

that this solar influence have
been the only one of the high or

low a state of flux dramatically but

once you get past a little bit
these region here once you get into

these part in the flux it's a lot
more stable as a function of time and

is somewhere here is not
known exactly where it

is believed that in the nature of course
and Grace changes from being produced.

In our own galaxy to reproduce
the outside of the galaxy

part of the argument is
related to the magnetic field

strength in our galaxy which is
in the scale of one microgram.

If you have charged particles that are
exceeding roughly these energy and there.

There will not be able to be
contained within the galaxy and

through ice with topical studies
we have an idea of how long

these cost me Grace have
been in the galaxy and

the containment time is longer than
you know what would be expected.

Anyway so he is expected to be extra
locked to these reunions supposed to be

galactic see that the spectrum
falls very steeply

with with energy this is usually
described as observed out of earth

as having a spectrum that goes
up our low on the energy within

the next minus two point seven There
are some features here but over the board.

These are reasonable first approximation.

This is not the spectrum
that we expect the sources

to produce the cosmic rays instead
is that it will serve a spectrum

a nice view to the fusion
of the costly Grace.

They get to was that
the spectrum is changed.

It is believe and there's thirty reasons
to to think about it but the production is

a lot harder to minorities eat to
the minus two or thereabouts and I also

want you to remember that ten to twenty
electron volts is quite a few jewels.

So you know all very macroscopic energy
associated with a single proton or

a single helium.

I think that's very impressive.

And cosmic rays being charged
particles then that means

they've been in many fields so that's
where we don't know where they come from

the information of direction
has been lost completely.

Because I'm going to be talking
a lot about energy scales and

because some people sometimes say but

how many neutrinos being seen from us for
physical sources let me clarify that.

In these a slide so.

Here you have a look at the Asian in this
part and here you have the neutrinos from

these part and then even in yellow up with
boxes and the arrows corresponding to

a specific instruments and
if you talk to the astroparticle people

at Georgia Tech Eagles and
take long before these names come up and

and these orange bands
are specific energy ranges or

over which neutrinos have
been have been observed.

For example earth earth
these full with uranium and

thorium and that the cage
change of uranium and for you.

I'm a lot of.

The K. and those are going to be producing
neutrinos the physically half and

maybe energies those have been
seen nuclear reactors that's how

neutrinos were for the first discover in
the meeting one nine hundred fifty S.

by rinds and Cal and
they set up a new truth factor.

Only ten meters or so away from
the core of a nuclear reactor and

this is the supernovae but it should be.

There's only one supernova that
has been seen you will support or

in one thousand nine hundred seven and

support all of twenty neutrinos that
were seen from the specific supernova

that you normally the flux is for
that's one of ours where so

you know where restricted to look at our
galaxy and or the immediate neighborhood.

We cannot see the next
big big galaxy which

would be in drama with a neutrino
detector that's just too far.

So you know we're restricted
to once every fifty years or

whatever of the lock that supernova.

Happens for for seeing these things.

What but they have been seen.

We have quite famously we have seen
the solar neutrinos but notice that all

the center use are sort of like the
nuclear energy scale immediate scales but

Ice Cube use all the way here are six
orders of magnitude in energy higher.

We're going to bout P. and the observation
that I'm reporting is even higher at

the P. and G. energy scale and.

Later because they're very
relevant to that we're making now.

There's a connection between
gamma rays and neutrinos and

Grayson is the following You have
these potential source of greys and

this is producing protons and
other charged particles here and

these charge particles
interact with Photon fields or

matter that are close to the to
the source or the source itself and

you don't have to follow all
the details here but these photon.

And some resoldering in neutral PI ohms or

charge Hyams and charge neutral.

DK into neutrinos are into photons
respectively so if you have a cosmic

ray source you expect to also have
a neutrino source and I got my ray source.

Now a way to find the cosmic ray
source would be to use neutrinos or

gamma rays because unlike the programs
that are travelling in a straight line so

we want to point back at them.

Photons have several disadvantages
compared to neutrinos

when that man says that they're
easy to see the disadvantage for or

the sources of costly grace is
that they are all their way.

Besides of course with great production
can generate photons with a picture is

really unclear at this point that P.V.

energy is there are about one hundred
fifty known gamma rays sources.

However is not proven that any single
one of them is a costly great source and

is because when you look at
the properties of the specific sources.

You can explain the mushroom and
their cost of grace or

not depending on what you
are a specific theoretical bias this.

Would they would treat it
as that is not the case.

The only way that we reasonably know that
we can produce neutrinos is with cost and

great production itself
a neutrino star for

finding the source of course
we graze probably more in.

Trusting them.

Then if you're looking now beyond
the galaxy when this stance is

because I'm large then photons
have another of these advantage of

these that the universe you so pay.

To very high energy photons and that is
because the photon will interact with on

or Starlight if you are a photon photon if
the center of mass energy is high enough

then you produce an electron positron pair
and the universe because these photons.

So this is sort of very
cartoonish way of putting it.

If you have these batteries for
supposed to be new.

If you have here the energy these are sort
of the range in which photons an interest

in these sort of their energy range with
which you can do gamma ray astronomy.

The cost of grays they've been
around the magnetic fields.

If you go to the really high energies
maybe potentially but we don't really know

the bending is so small that you can
probably point back at the caustic

resource of course we graze themselves but
nobody has achieved that yet.

Neutrinos don't suffer for
the disadvantages.

So here are some pretty pictures
of some potential sources and

here you have acting like the new clay
they have a super massive black hole at

the center anywhere from a million
to a billion the mass of our sun and

some of the people like that we will have
these jets and in these jets you me.

Across me great production the seas day.

They preferred the preferred candidate for
the sources of grace in our own galaxy.

You saw the remnants of
a supernova explosions the sequel

support all about that happened.

You know quite famously five hundred
years ago and you know I think

the shell here is what he would see you
know with the traditional methods and

then the blog here in color.

You see if you look at it
with the with the guy.

A race.

And these are illustrations of or
you know art is be you

of what a microprocessor would be or
a gamma ray burst this a micro or.

Binary system in which one of the members.

It's a black hole and the seating
material from the companion the star and

then you also get cost me great
production along these jets and

then gamma ray bursts which
are these gigantic explosions

which is one of the subjects of that
that we study here Georgia Tech

in related often but not always with.

Supernova.

And not only you get the implosion of

the Koran the explosion of
the outer part of the star but

you also get these jets that the Borro
through the they still are envelope and

whatever use one of those jets pointing at
you you see these gamma ray burst and all

of these are being proposed and actually
this is very far from comprehensive.

Decease this is ice cube.

And is very large is one cubic meter and
the reason is very large is because it

has to compensate for
the very small cross-section or

neutrino interaction
with with matter the odd

the South Pole and this is the and
Partick ice cap and

the part of ice cap itself all
these almost three kilometers deep.

This is highly transparent
dice that source

of ice there is about one hundred meters.

If you get high quality ice from a lab

in probably are going to get up sort
of links of about up to ten meters.

So this is this is a very transparent dice
and that's the reason we have it there

because we will use light detection
to see to see the neutrinos so

Ice Cube is composed of these the strings
you have eighty six of the strings and

you open these holes that
are about these diameter and

two and a half kilometers deep in the
bottom kilometer you instrument optical.

Sensors and over over one kilometer so

this is one kilometer
high one kilometer area.

Eiffel Tower roughly two to scale.

And you know why do we do that.

We do that before you get there.

This is the ice who collaboration where
about two hundred fifty people and

these are dot.

And you know we're spread throughout
the world and this is summer catarrh

projection I think or maybe not so
you can draw the South Pole.

But there's also a boat there.

What happened there.

OK.

OK fine.

So these are pictures of South Pole and
this is the station.

You saw about one hundred fifty people
in summer and about sixty people going

in winter and geographical
softball these actually there and

then this is the this is actually a big
building this is a two story building and

houses are electronics and

this will be the they want to work longer
footprint of the attack from the surface.

This is Jacob already sitting there

with the Georgia Tech flag
pole the more is the marker.

I don't see the marker is in
the other side here they put this

marker on their side.

That's weird.

That's the wrong place to put the marker.

So how do

we how do we see neutrinos with Ice Cube
So there are essentially two big methods.

One is the truck channel and
the other is the cascade channel and

the track channel you have a mule
neutrino and immune tracks close or

the detector and
one that neutrino interact with matter.

I mean warn me only highly.

Penetrating right the Asian meaning that
he will travel through ice or rock for

order several kilometers of the energies
that we care about a nice cube and

the particle is traveling highly
transparent ice that is traveling

essentially the speed of
light in vacuum almost there.

And that is fastened ice so
means that he will produce

the ation and his directional not drawn

I will show you why this embarrassing.

And then you have the ation

being captured by the optical sensors
that are that are in the eyes.

And you know you have a long lever arm and
they mean one enters from one side and

exits from the other side you
have a long lever arm for

telling where the new one went through so

that I would be gives you a very good
idea of the direction of the me one and

that already gives you a very good idea
of the neutrino neutrino direction so

these things we can reconstruct
the direction really well.

However in all the new moon was
generated who knows where and

when he leaves he knows
who knows where it stops.

So the visible energy is a poor
measurement of the neutrino energy and

the other channel which is the cost
a channel or shower channel.

Instead the neutrino in tracks and
produces a particle that will travel

a short distance typically about this
in ice and then he will track and

produce two or more particles on each
one of those with two or more particles.

So you get all the energy being deposited
it in the in these geometrically

increasing number of particles a cascade

that is very very small ball you compared
to the cubic kilometers size of the.

So for all intents and

purposes the she's like a point source
of light is not a nice with tropic point

source of light there is such still
retained there but it is still up.

Source of light relief more
looks more like a sphere and

this looks more like a truck and
let me show you a few of this example.

So there's this one.

So this is some of you on
that one hundred T.V..

And.

So what you're seeing here.

Isa simulated me one in the center of the
attack from the side it is traveling that

away and each one of the tracks that
you see is a simulated photon and

the photons are emitted
at the sharing of angle.

However because their
impurities see nice doest and

things about the photons will scatter and
as they scatter in or

if they get captured by a photo sensor
about a spalt then they will have a delay

with respect to the direct travel
time off of light and that direct

way is shown in color so photos that
are arrived in time are in red and

photons that arrive late will be sort of
the bluish sort of the bluish color and

then here you see very very clearly the
long lever arm how it helps to reconstruct

the event and also you see very
clearly the sharing angle at least

when the light these is produced and
see the beginning again you see

the sharing of angle here at the head
near the Mulan very very clearly and

then you get the effects of
a scattering later on and the zero

point one percent of the photos that
we seemingly four hundred T.V. me one.

So we you know I'm showing you less photos
so that it is clear you know what is that

you're looking at or worse you read too
many and let's look at a cascade now.

And

you see that it looks like a sphere.

However is not symmetric you see
that the time delay here is.

Small compared to here so

there is no lever arm but
you can still tell the direction.

Based on that pie aiming their relative
pining over the photos as they are to

the photo sensors and these are again zero
point one percent of the photons but this

is a much lower energy says one T.V. and
then these diameter here will be about.

I don't know three hundred meters or
so yes.

So we have our own in-house tracking for

four ice ice is actually very very
complicated and at South Pole even more so

because the ice is not a homogeneous So
to begin with

the dots the position is time dependent
depending on depending on past weather.

So we sample eyes that is from you know.

Seventy.

Let me think from twenty thousand
to eighty thousand years old and

they weather has changed a lot
on that along that time and

that changes how much dust you see and not
only that is that you break all symmetries

because the the surfaces are not perfectly
flat they get a little bit away goals and

we've got to control that.

So it has no choice but we costumed code.

It's really cool.

The

pattern.

I'm

going to show what pattern
we were talking about.

Well that's how we build it.

So we have the burdock aligned we open
these holes we inject the water and

the device goes down by
gravity in a straight line.

And it doesn't leave more than
a metre from a straight line and

you get this hall that is twenty metres
long and then you lower your cable with

your OP sensors and
do this hole that is still full of ice.

And eventually grief rhesus and that's it.

You have eighty six holes so about and

then you get lost when
you're full time sensors.

Yes.

The whole.

Well we didn't.

Sample eyes with core samples we actually
sampled the eyes with optical sensors and

optical meters so we have we have another
light sensors of different wavelengths

of different strings and then we have
five thousand photo sensors everywhere.

So you can have more baseline sun angles
on a bunch of things that you can look at

and you can sample that very finely and we
have also dedicated devices that we emit

light that have a laser that he's firing
horizontal that are you before you lower

the cable you put them in and take them
out on to that take the measurements and

then you put your cable
with your instruments.

So we don't do we don't do ice cores.

OK so I already told you about the.

About a high school works and you know
very much about data mining because we've

got a lot of events that are junk that are
background to what we want to study and

interesting you know if themselves
that are that are our background and

here is how it happens you have
a great quote you have a proton

with oxygen or proton with nitrogen
collision in the atmosphere and

you get again these shower of particles
that happens in the upper atmosphere and

then on the ground because you
would build the actor on the.

Purpose to shield us from going round
the nation as much as you can but

we still get a significant flocks of these
mules that as I said are are they be

the penetrated by the Asians from some
of these mules that are produced in

the upper atmosphere rich they factor and
you also produce

will go in principle one side
of the planet to the other but

sometimes you get an interaction in your
detector and you get you get that away so

nice you we expect to see
about ten to eleven per year.

That is and ten to the five atmospheric
neutrinos per year our physical

models predict on the order of ten
events per year depending on the source.

So you have to do what they did
with the auction off a part

of the pens where you get the you
have to use data mining techniques.

And we have several dolphins of
different strategies depending

on what we want to study and I will only
have time to discuss one of them today but

each type of analysis advantages of

these advantages depending on the specific
data mining a strategy that we choose.

So this is sort of the interesting region.

One T.V. here would be here and
one would be here for

these ten to twelve ten to fifteen
electron balls these black line here.

Esau theoretical prediction of
what it should look like and

the Data East our own
measurements of that system so

far these red line is
another component of.

The for the purpose of these talks I
will not distinguish between these two

these red line has a significant interest
for particle physics because you can

features about the they part from
distribution functions and neutrons.

But I would love these things.

Between these two components today would
be too much time is spent in that if you

want to know the background that we expect
then just out of the black line and

these red line and
that red line has not been measured I

guess that's one of the things
that you seem trusting about it.

These blueline here.

These days so-called G C K.

This is one of the so-called guaranteed
neutrino astrophysical sources and

is called guaranteed because
we know cost me great success.

We have measure them and we know the cost
of microwave background exists and

it has to be measured the minute detail.

You can have it in traction
between costly grace and

Korean background the center of mass
energy to produce for the rest once

again you produce those resoldering
neutrinos So these flocks has to be there.

There is significant certainty and
normalization of the flux and

can be higher or lower body that flops
if we believe cosmic way back when

is there cosmic rays are there
these flux has to be there.

I notice that the energies for these
neutrinos is very very high you're talking

about ten to the eighteen electron beam
the interesting being the interesting

energy and these Greenline
theoretical upper bound on the mono.

Physical neutrino the most flux that
a physical neutrinos come preview.

And these works the following way.

If you have a physical source or grace.

Then the opacity for
the grace of that source cannot be

larger than one and because you
are if you assume an impossible one.

And if you normalize then they
cost a great great spectrum then

you have a specific prediction of what
they know to in a spectrum would be and

that and that falls right there.

If you have a source
that is less will pay.

To cost me grace that is more
costly Grace kind of scape and

then you get lower neutrino predictions so
the neutrino prediction could be lower but

it cannot be higher than this with
those sources of still being sources of

costly grace and in fact these
Greenline played a significant role

on the justification of why ICE who has
to be one cubic kilometer because if you

build it back to the house one cubic
kilometer you end the with effect of

the House of sensitivity in a year that
is the factor of two or three below these

and if you look at it when we
submitted the proposal for

building a nice piece actually
you know roughly the same time.

So the first indication that we had seen
something and that is the result of that

house already being published came from
a search using nice Q four cost more.

Janick neutrinos these are the ones
that are product of the interaction of

the quasi microwave background with grace

that at the center of mass
produce a bell to rest on and

then goes into PIOs in the case those
that came through into neutrinos now.

Probably not big enough to see
Cosmo Janick neutrinos the right size of

the probably one hundred cubic kilometers
in water one cubic kilometer but

still in the most optimistic normally
say sions within the large uncertainty.

It is potentially possible for ice cube
to see maybe one event in a year or

in one event every other year so
we have to look anyway.

And so these plots here shows you the
number of events per been in the histogram

and here is the log based ten they are
amount of light that you see in each one

of the events that passes our data mining
criteria and here is a little light.

Meaning that even has a little energy and

here is a lot of light meaning that
the event has a lot of energy.

These two events.

Pass all the selection create the area.

Now let's look at the different
mindset what they mean the blue line.

In all terrestrial background.

So that will be down going up.

And you can see that they they are seeing
two events is very unlikely that

the level of background that you expect
is very low to have seen two events and

in fact we have the background expectation
the background expectation here.

You can also look at the red
curve there red curve

is a prediction optimistic prediction for
cause more genic neutrinos and

up what this is telling you is that we
should be seeing events that are half

a lot more light that should be
center here instead of here.

So these events are not
consistent with being.

There also not consistent
with being background.

However the background hypothesis is
not being rejected very strong These

two point eight Sigma so this is
interesting enough to get excited about.

But you don't call that at this at all.

And then finally here in the line here

these He's taking our previous
searches that one that we have drawn

with the smaller versions of ice cube
before construction was completed.

We have limits on how strong
a flux there could be and

this is at the level of our
most constraining flux and

you see that the events
are right there at that level.

So it is possible that we may have just
barely missed this with our previous

studies.

And these are the two events and
they have names.

This is Bert and this is Ernie.

And and you know one event this
one point one point zero for

P.V. and the other is when
these one point fourteen P.V.

and they're both cascade like mean
that we have very good idea of

what the visible energy is but
we have rather poor a very pointing our.

The individual angle of a solution for

these two events is somewhere
around ten the Greece which is sad.

Good as it gets for cascade like events.

And was exciting enough to make
him to appear on the cover

while they vetoed they veto the Ernie and
Bert names.

I don't know why.

I really don't think it's about ideal.

So they're called even one even two or
something boring like about.

There's your answer.

So here you have just
below one hundred thousand

just below a hundred thousand
in these two events.

So you take all the fault them for I'm all
followed a multiplier to UPS combined.

So their search was not looking for
these events the search was looking for

high energy humans we found
these sort of by accident.

These are this is sort of like
the threshold of these search these

you know if you have thrown
two hundred T.V. neutrinos.

The search there were not being found
this is very close to a threshold so

we decided to do a follow up
analysis that is more sensitive

in this specific energy range and this is
what we came up one is to use a vehicle.

So you know we have to get rid of
the down going me one flock so

this is the tenth of the eleven
events per per year and

what we do is that you know we say we have
a bright new one because we're looking for

very bright events one hundred T.V. or
hundred T.V. main ones were very bright.

So if you look at the background for this.

I'm new in the process a layer
here affordable diploid cubes is

always going to trigger some of
the photo multipliers in the region and

the same thing in the outside
in the outside region here

in the outside region here and and
you know the cool thing about these meth.

Is that we can also experimentally
measure of the fish and

c of the vehicle you could simply take
two layers of beat to use one to pag and

the other to measure the efficiency.

So you have a very good measurement of
what your contamination rate from these

down going you insists and
we use the same pain period and

we're going to concentrate on
energies that are very bright.

Again we're looking into sort of a hundred
T.V. P.V. energy is the interesting thing.

And if you look at the mass
of these region that is.

Contained by the book by
the by the by the beetle.

This is four hundred twenty megatons and

the previous search these has
a sensitivity to four Peiser radiance or

all directions are equally valid in
their previous search that was the case

because of the details from how the data
mining had been drawn the threshold is

probably closer to fifty P.
whereas the cost search had been closer to

the energy of the two events that have
been found and added one P.V. itself.

These method is about three times
more sensitive than the previews and

the previous search.

So these are the these are the results.

So we open up the box after we apply
the two selection criteria and

we find twenty six additional events and

we also find the two events that have
been found being found initially and

these twenty eight events and thirty T.V.
and one point two one point two P.V..

And as I said we have an expectation
of background from that we can.

Estimate from our own data and this is our
estimate and we can calculate the Carlow

and this is the so-called the standard and
this is you know four point six And

there's an additional number that I'm not
showing which is for the certain comp.

That's why these number of these number of
those in that old these number where this

is the total back on this is the total
the rest of the events that we could have

in detector and the she's twenty eight
events on our expectation was twelve and

because we had seemed to events before
then what we did is that we calculated

that it's that this legal significance
we've seen twenty six events over these

background and we combine this that this
tical significance about resoled with

a preview two point eight two point zero
That's not me two point eight results

combined significance
four point one sigma.

Now.

Here I'm showing horizontally.

This is the total amount of light.

So this is ten thousand foot electrons
one hundred thousand four electrons

is the number the amount of
light seen by the detector.

Then you have number of events per
year per been per two years and

and you know these is
the line that corresponds

to the very large down going on.

This is actually measured you know
before we apply the beetle after we

apply the veto.

Then you get the data here.

So you get a very dramatic
reduction in applying the beetle.

And then the red is the contamination
that we expect from humans that enter

the detector and
fail the bodies they should

have triggered that heat the body still
managed to sneak through they went through

when they did in the paucity of light
in the outer parts of the beetle and

then the blue is
the atmospheric neutrinos and

you see that in a lot of low energies
what we measure corresponds to what you

expect from our background but if you go
to higher and higher energies we get more

events of your expectation of background
and then these gray line here.

These gray line here that our surfeit
are best fit for signal plus background.

Some characteristics of the events.

This is the paucity of energy one hundred
T.V. one P.V. So these are the two.

These are Ernie and Bert and
then this is the declination So

these will be the North Pole of the sky.

This will be the south pole of the sky and
you see that there are more events in this

sky that enormous sky
that that the reason for

that is because Earth out of P.V.
energies on a hundred.

T.V. energies is actually opaque to
neutrinos we're used to neutrinos being.

You know being able to go
through everything but

neutrino matter cross-section
rises with energy and

you know below one hundred T.V. or so
we'd Rice is proportional to energy and

about one hundred T.V. or so
we'd write it as a square root of energy.

The point is that he's always rising.

So what so many energy earth is
then that Earth neutrinos and

these is the energy range which is a big
possibly of the planet begins to be in

Portland begins to be important enough and
we find both types of events we find

showers and we also find tracks and
we find seven tracks and

we find twenty one plus Kate's these one
have one degree angle solution of these

ten to forty five forty five sort of like
the the lower energies were very poor

information and ten degrees is
sort of like the higher energies.

The Cascades you get the fifteen percent.

These people enter your resolution here.

You know you measure the same accuracy but
only in the detector for the mean one.

So you really do not constrain the energy
of the neutrino and the interesting thing

is that these ratio of seven to twenty
one is Why do you would expect for

us to physical neutrinos one seem to
take into account the neutrino also.

That is because there are three
types of neutrinos and

we know what ratios they are produce from
pi only K. and once you take into account

that you know what ratio you expect
of Earth and these is consistent.

With that ratio.

And there are several ways in which we
can check that what we're seeing is not

miss understood background one way to
look at it where they bends happen.

So we can look at the place in
the tech toward the light begins.

The first point where
the light is detected.

Here you have the Z. core the net of the
sector and here you have radius the square

for the sector and you know this
is the part of who showed volume.

And this is part of the fuel.

These region here we call a DOS layer.

These would be still very transparent
eyes you would not hesitate to have

one on the rocks using these eyes but
at least large scales.

These are still dos the north that

it's the optical properties
are not very good here for all.

So we exclude the.

If you're interested about
the climatology part.

This is about seventy to eighty thousand
years ago which is the previews to last

glacial maximum.

And then these are the distribution
of the events in that effect are and

you can see that they were
distributed uniformly.

Eve we had misunderstood how go through
the veto and fail it you would expect.

The point where the first light
is detected to be near the top or

the moons are coming from or
the sides when instead we see them

the uniformly distributed and in fact if
you go on you want to be looking at it.

One by one.

If you look at these three or
four that are here.

These are precisely the ones
that are half sort of a hint of

being new ones that may have
missed may have missed the.

So these an indication

that we understand the backgrounds
of these some of our backgrounds.

Here are some of the some of the event.

These are these are two truck likes.

So here the neutrino in tracks here and
then it goes.

Almost perfectly horizontal leave this
is the declination almost perfectly or

recently on the moon take
some of the energy away.

This is the reconstruct that these
are the reconstructed energy here and

you have the non-truth
interacting here and

then you have the outgoing mean one and
this is sort of a special because in

the nutrient fracture you not only produce
some you want but you also produce

a cascade of the some point that you have
the interaction you have cascade track.

These is the reconstruct that energy
away again this is an event that for

also going which means that he's
coming from the northern sky.

And these are they you know we have
a name for all the events softer Muppets.

And these sort of like events these
are different in the way show you

before these are more lower energies
these sort of you know seventy eight.

T. And again you know you see them
they're nice on the ground and if you

want to look at the temporal information
this is their wrong way to look at it but

we can definitely reconstruct these things
probably to within thirty degree accuracy.

So this is the declination distribution

as I said before we don't
expect that to be to be seen

metric because Earth is somewhat opaque
to neutrinos this is the northern sky.

This is the saw there in the sky.

So this is the region of the sky that
is block partially blocked by earth.

So you expect less signal here and
then here and then in red.

You have the down going
you on background and

in blue you have the atmospheric
neutrino background of most fertile

Trina's more isotropic
because these lower energy.

So it doesn't care about Earth apostasy or

earth will be more or less transparent
to atmosphere in which we know.

And then here is our data and
you know if you squint you can

say well there's more events
in the south than you expect.

Anyway even after you explain all this but
the significance of this is very poor but

I mention this because many people in
the community have wondered about this.

So I guess they showed the very same
a slide when I was also showing the region

where are we sold our and don't over
interpret these books this is not a flux.

This is not a faux books or anything like
about our bars this is just the region

where interesting and
that we have a quarter more here.

The spectrum is best to a spectrum which
is theoretically what do you expect for

cost me great sources and because we do
not see more events be your own one and

we should have these methods then
we are best fit includes a court of

of the neutrino spectrum somewhere
around around this region and

our best feed at flocks
is a little bit below.

They they bound that we
expect from them but how.

So you know whether these these related
to the walk some of the process or

not that's open to you know future of
Asians but in these at least consistent.

So that you know those who are on
their own but we have now tried to do.

Two possible correlations one is
the correlation of the events themselves

to see if they have any direction along
which they cluster and then the map.

This is Norman sky southern sky this
is an equatorial core that it's right

ascension declination and here.

These are crosses that track events
the new ones and the plus the sort of

the Cascades where showers and the color
shows are test is that they stick for

the sighting if they half if
they have clustering or not and

or test it that this is such that it means
that you don't have any clustering and

a higher value of that this is this it
means that you have more clustering and.

You have to be five and
decide whether a given.

Bob you have that this that this thing.

It happens by accident or
if it's if it's real and

the way we do that is that
we take the events and

we run the mines the times when you
run them is the time that is for

the ball equivalent to run the mice in the
right ascension where you keep the same

declination means that you're running the
mice in the events along these direction

and when you run them is
the direction of the events and

you look at many many many acts like
this and you can see by accident.

How often you get us that's a statistic
but it's say these high or higher.

So for the real data we found
that these point have the highest

this is that this tick and
in these randomized.

By accident.

We see that that happens at least
eighty percent of the time.

So this is not significant.

Even though we have talked the sport here.

It happens by accident
often enough not to be

able to have any indication
of a point source.

The reason maybe people have gotten
excited in the community about these

hottest ball is that these thing
there is the galactic center.

And these line is they lock the plane.

And this is the galactic center.

But we don't have any indication contrary
what many people are saying we don't have

any indication of a Boeing source.

Then James sitting sitting
there on this war.

And the correlation between gamma ray
burst and these twenty eight events and

he again looked at the same data set and

there are five hundred sixty eight gamma
ray bursts which are essentially all of

the known gamma ray burst that
happened in in those two years and

he has a likelihood of not trying
to explain how that works but

he essentially finds the best
possible temporal and

spatial correlation of the least of
your bees with the least of humans and

he finds that the most interesting
temporal correlations is for

eighty thousand seconds so it's about
twenty hours around each year be.

And when he looks at the temporal
correlation he finds two events.

One is that one of the events the ones
that are really high energy and

there is sixty Both are Cascades and
both are very

close to that one sigma certainty
of the of the direction

of the of the that we think
the discussed event Hass.

And then we James went and
did the same thing

about taking the time son of scrambling
them and finding by accident.

How often it is that you get
one of these correlations and

in fact he gets that seventy seven percent
of the time you can get correlations that

are equally or more significant than this.

So again there's no there's no
evidence for correlation from from vs.

So I'll conclude now.

And the conclusion is that you know
we have really strong evidence for

having seen astrophysical neutrino.

We of course us this was happening.

We looked at our already sold.

And are all resold also
hints if you will of seen

these are pretty past two or three
preview searches for the few squawks of.

Show a mile of very mild excess.

So things are you know.

On their own that would be relevant but

put us a hole that becomes
to be interesting and

we also be going to examine the data that
we finished the data collection season

we do yearly data to finish
in May twenty thirteen

we have something ten percent of that data
and we have already found one event that

has energy even higher than one P.V. and
a single event that is higher than one P..

Adds to the significance of survey
showing in very dramatic manner but

we have not calculated
what that means yet.

So we don't have any correlation
with point sources or.

Gamma ray bursts.

Our best description of the data is that
we are seeing a nice of tropic diffuse

flux studies neutrinos that are coming
more or less equally from all directions

and the spectrum house car train
sticks that are what you expect for

cost me great sources with
some quote off around the P.V.

region and out of a personal matter.

I think these will this will trigger
within these time scale the timescales for

these things or
along with a nice time scale.

Upgrades construction A new ideas
on what to do for ice cube and

how do you know exploit the new avenue for
for doing astrophysics.

OK Thank you.

Thank

you.

That will be the bowman
expensive way that it works.

That is a possibility.

So I scooped construction was about three
hundred million dollars a little bit less

than that but let's say three
hundred to put a wrong number.

So that's that's a big number of
projects that would that cost they

have to go through Congress to
be a line item in the budget.

So it's not easy to get those things and
the only other project that N.S.F.

has that is comparable.

Even more expensive.

So so there are ideas on how you

flamin ice cube in a way that
uses a different technique.

Now would be a lot cheaper and
he would only work.

And he would only work because
you already have ice cube there.

I mean the complimentary technique
by itself would not work but

I don't want to come into
more from the details.

Because who knows what's going
to happen in five years.

Yet.

It's extremely poorly constrained
you have about an order of magnitude

on certainty in the in
the flock study suspected from

the Yes So but you know we

we take that normally sation uncertainty
as one of our systematic uncertainties.

So when the errors that you saw the twelve
point one plus minus something they want

certainty of the promptness we're going
to try to see included in that error bar.

So if you face value the sea is
much better this year the sea.

Should be dramatically better
the bottom of the ocean.

You have a scattering that East's very
very low you have a scattering links

effectively scattering things that are you
know as good as one hundred meters

depend on the site at South Pole
the maybe twenty five meters so

if you want to do tracking if you
want to find direction with me ones

then the bottom of the ocean
is dramatically better.

People began this business in the ocean
first but I soon got there first and

the reason is because logistics
wins big time building

out South Pole there's a lot easier than
a building on the bottom of the ocean.

You know you're building on a sole that
surface not on top of a moving source this

you don't have a long forty
fifty meter cable going to

the shore there is a single failure point
carrying all your data on power you

nice you have eighty six cables and.

You know you don't have to deal
with corrosion in ice cube.

If one of your sensors
leaks put a tiny beat

it doesn't matter because you will
freezing two or three days and

then it doesn't matter if
you'd leaks on and so on.

There are so
many logistical amount of G.'s.

You know there.

Well.

So I want to bring you back to Lisa slide.

OK And you see that you know this is where
neutrinos from supernovae are expected and

this is where Ice Cube is so
the normal way that ice would work not see

neutrinos from supernovae actually we have
a secondary data system that is looking

at how much light is being collected
as a function of time by each one for

them to apply or individually and if you
have a bunch of neutrinos and super nor

you would have a lot of
attrition tracking in matter

their rate at which the light is collected
for each form of the player would rise but

a piney beat me like one hurts or
to hurt for some small number like that.

But when you combine five thousand forum
to pliers that he says that this thickly

significant and they base that this takes

on the time characteristic of
what ice cube would be for C.

for a galactic supernova East's one
matched that is the advantage of ice cube.

But we would have no ability to
distinguish between neutrino flavors and

no abilities to point in the direction
that would be better for

other types of the text or.

They would.

Well I mean you can you can.

So let me see.

So with the current data mining
a strategy that will not happen.

There will always be more theory papers
on events because you know you see for

about you know fourteen events per year
and I think there already are more papers

on the subject than now and
he will take us ten years to you know but

that said there are many different data
mining strategy with a nice group and

I do not discount soon with come up with

different ways of looking at the data
that are far more efficient.

Then we get a lot of more than four
thousand events in for years so

we could have some strides somewhere
that maybe yields a hundred.

It's a matter of extracting
even from the data and

then maybe at that point we win number
of events versus theory papers.

Field.

Nominally ten years after construction and

so ten years beginning two years ago but

when all else I mean you once you
have an expensive to be there.

The operational cost is very small
compared to the construction so

if you can make a scientific case that it
makes sense to continue running I think

there's past evidence that the funding and
uses will try to do that.

Well

I mean that's the way competition happens
in this field you have to go to come.

Your community first and then you
will propose to the funding agency so

you have to go to a lot of conferences and
do a lot of commencing and

then once the community says
yes that's a good idea.

Only then you go on submit a proposal
proposal for Pingu this is an extension

for low energy the Senate's penchant for
G.V. neutrinos that is being proposed.

And has to study neutrino also lation.

The cost of of expanding ice cube would be
miniscule compared to dedicated facilities

for neutrinos salacious and it's not that
the science that we can do is dramatically

better is that we can do the same
science Froch the tenth of the cost and

that's why I think it is very very
likely that he will be from that but

we don't put the proposal
until next month.

Thank you.