[00:00:06.05]
Thanks for braving the cold
coming out sights of this lecture
[00:00:10.11]

[00:00:10.11]
this is the final all I'm sure
you are your long series of.
[00:00:15.01]

[00:00:16.03]
Talks covered you for
facets of the periodic table and
[00:00:20.23]

[00:00:20.23]
as you probably know we're celebrating the
International Year of the periodic table
[00:00:25.22]

[00:00:25.22]
it's a 150th anniversary
of the lives discovery
[00:00:31.06]

[00:00:31.06]
periodic table we wanted to highlight
this year in a different child's.
[00:00:36.21]

[00:00:37.22]
Always the Periodic Table of Elements
has changed our lives not just in
[00:00:43.01]

[00:00:43.01]
chemistry which is a very obvious
weight but in all sciences even.
[00:00:48.23]

[00:00:50.05]
Terms of other things that we don't
necessarily think of it is just times like
[00:00:53.19]

[00:00:53.19]
2 of the 60 side of a particularly
excited for this lecture.
[00:00:58.15]

[00:01:00.14]
Because we'll see how science and.
[00:01:04.05]

[00:01:05.06]
The world and.
[00:01:06.10]

[00:01:07.21]
Politics culture all interact
with one another and.
[00:01:12.04]

[00:01:14.10]
Let me tell you what's interesting here.
[00:01:15.20]

[00:01:17.19]
Over the 4 of you that we give you a t.
shirt at the end of every letter so
[00:01:22.08]

[00:01:22.08]
stick to it after the rest of
your answer session teachers.
[00:01:27.17]

[00:01:29.15]
It was a speaker so
we're going to close all.
[00:01:32.02]

[00:01:33.20]
This truth as external scientist and
she has a 50 year history for
[00:01:38.10]

[00:01:38.10]
her civil rights.
[00:01:39.07]

[00:01:40.17]
And there she is an associate professor in
Syria School of International Affairs here
[00:01:45.12]

[00:01:45.12]
Georgia Tech and directs.
[00:01:47.17]

[00:01:49.18]
The security program and
the program on a Virgin technology and
[00:01:53.12]

[00:01:53.12]
security and she's also a member or 2.
[00:01:58.07]

[00:02:00.00]
Says.
[00:02:00.12]

[00:02:01.18]
She's written a book called
You know technology for
[00:02:04.16]

[00:02:04.16]
chemical biological defense.
[00:02:06.20]

[00:02:08.01]
And she's here she's from politics and
life sciences the spirits of the think she
[00:02:13.04]

[00:02:13.04]
is also the senior advisor to the chief
steps are being science technology wise or
[00:02:20.03]

[00:02:20.03]
her defense so it's a great
pleasure to introduce our clothes
[00:02:24.18]

[00:02:24.18]
off who told us geopolitics
of the Isle of.
[00:02:28.20]

[00:02:34.00]
Man thank you very much for
[00:02:35.07]

[00:02:35.07]
the kind invitation on the introduction
thank you all for coming out so
[00:02:41.13]

[00:02:41.13]
I'm going to be talking about
the geopolitics of the elements and
[00:02:47.16]

[00:02:47.16]
how elements in particularly
through an American lands
[00:02:52.16]

[00:02:52.16]
as well as a broader world
lens have interacted
[00:02:57.20]

[00:02:57.20]
with political social in
particular in the construct
[00:03:02.20]

[00:03:02.20]
of conflict so I'm going to go back and
[00:03:07.08]

[00:03:07.08]
here we have the Secretary
of War cap this is a.
[00:03:13.06]

[00:03:13.06]
They writing it to
the come to Congress and
[00:03:18.15]

[00:03:18.15]
what is doing here is he is saying
that Congress should follow and.
[00:03:25.03]

[00:03:26.21]
George better stone ha
to complete his survey
[00:03:33.11]

[00:03:33.11]
of America especially
the Louisiana Purchase at this time
[00:03:38.18]

[00:03:38.18]
identifying specifically what our minerals
[00:03:44.05]

[00:03:44.05]
what are our natural resources for use
[00:03:48.21]

[00:03:49.21]
in the growing America of 1833
[00:03:55.10]

[00:03:56.19]
now this is coming from the Secretary of
War at the time that would be equivalent
[00:04:02.01]

[00:04:02.01]
to the secretary of defense because
there was no Department of Defense.
[00:04:05.06]

[00:04:06.10]
This in and of itself shows how
important in the recognition
[00:04:11.17]

[00:04:11.17]
of the importance of some
of these minerals in terms
[00:04:16.14]

[00:04:16.14]
of not only just
the Department of Interior but
[00:04:21.13]

[00:04:21.13]
in a much more strategic or
geo political way again this
[00:04:26.13]

[00:04:26.13]
is coming from the secretary of war it's
not coming from the secretary of interior
[00:04:32.08]

[00:04:32.08]
which is who we usually associate with
things like surveying American Lance.
[00:04:37.21]

[00:04:39.05]
I should know that what
this effectively is is
[00:04:43.14]

[00:04:43.14]
what we would today think
of as a research proposal
[00:04:48.17]

[00:04:48.17]
instead of submitting
to an agency this is.
[00:04:54.13]

[00:04:54.13]
Weatherstone ha has submitted
its fence memoriam but
[00:04:58.16]

[00:04:58.16]
he's very much alive he has
submitted an initial report so
[00:05:03.15]

[00:05:03.15]
you might call it initial results and then
those initial results the secretary of war
[00:05:09.09]

[00:05:09.09]
is submitting to Congress to say please
fund this because Congress appropriates So
[00:05:14.10]

[00:05:14.10]
a little bit different of a funding
mechanism than we deal with
[00:05:18.12]

[00:05:19.12]
moving forward I want to talk about
Einstein's letter to Roosevelt
[00:05:26.12]

[00:05:26.12]
now through this talk there are probably
going to be things that you've heard
[00:05:32.04]

[00:05:32.04]
of before many of you might have heard of
Einstein thought or to Roosevelt before
[00:05:36.16]

[00:05:36.16]
hopefully there's going to be something
that you haven't heard of before.
[00:05:40.00]

[00:05:41.05]
So Einstein's letter to Roosevelt in
some ways is a Trivial Pursuit question
[00:05:47.19]

[00:05:47.19]
because Einstein didn't write it he
saw he did it was actually written by
[00:05:54.05]

[00:05:54.05]
Leo says large and I know I am not
pronouncing his last name correctly but
[00:05:59.01]

[00:05:59.01]
that's the way I'm going to continue to
pronounce the apologies to the family
[00:06:04.14]

[00:06:04.14]
so says wow who was a physicist wrote.
[00:06:08.16]

[00:06:11.13]
Actually wrote composed the letter and
[00:06:14.14]

[00:06:14.14]
I recognize that it's going to you're
probably not going to be able to
[00:06:18.16]

[00:06:18.16]
make out the details unless perhaps you're
an undergrad it was really good eyesight.
[00:06:23.08]

[00:06:24.17]
Says word composed of
a letter even in the 1940 s.
[00:06:30.03]

[00:06:30.03]
he recognized that if
he wanted to get this
[00:06:34.03]

[00:06:34.03]
to the attention of the political
people who could make things happen
[00:06:39.16]

[00:06:39.16]
leveraging the pristine
age leveraging the.
[00:06:44.09]

[00:06:46.03]
Nature of Einstein as
a celebrity was something he
[00:06:52.03]

[00:06:52.03]
would be would be worthwhile so going
through this see outlines and again this
[00:06:57.03]

[00:06:57.03]
is written by suppose it's written by
says large signed by by Einstein or
[00:07:02.10]

[00:07:02.10]
says look some more recent work by for
me and says lard he's making sure
[00:07:07.11]

[00:07:07.11]
that he gets his name mentioned in there
you know so here we have the citations.
[00:07:11.09]

[00:07:13.08]
Which has been communicated to me in
a manuscript reason we don't expect
[00:07:17.09]

[00:07:17.09]
that the element you're radium
may be turned into a new and
[00:07:21.02]

[00:07:21.02]
important source of energy
in the immediate future.
[00:07:24.19]

[00:07:25.22]
He goes through and articulate
[00:07:30.16]

[00:07:30.16]
again we get Fermi and so
slower along that that they've done this
[00:07:35.10]

[00:07:35.10]
work that may become possible set
up a nuclear chain reaction and
[00:07:40.07]

[00:07:40.07]
then here's where we get to
the geo strategic piece number one
[00:07:46.07]

[00:07:46.07]
this new phenomenon we're also
lead to the construction and
[00:07:50.21]

[00:07:50.21]
it is conceivable though much less
certain that extremely powerful
[00:07:56.02]

[00:07:56.02]
bombs of a new type made
the speak constructed so
[00:08:00.22]

[00:08:00.22]
I How do you like that to
illustrate how at the time
[00:08:06.04]

[00:08:06.04]
the role that nuclear weapons
would play in dominating
[00:08:11.07]

[00:08:11.07]
the structure the Strategic Forces of
the 20th century was not recognized
[00:08:16.05]

[00:08:16.05]
initially these weapons were conceived
of as just bigger conventional box
[00:08:21.07]

[00:08:21.07]
wasn't known even talked about here
unless think it might be too heavy for
[00:08:25.20]

[00:08:25.20]
transportation by air the engineers and
[00:08:29.13]

[00:08:29.13]
scientists of the Manhattan project
to clear Los Alamos take care.
[00:08:32.20]

[00:08:34.06]
So then we get to the 2nd
critical strategic piece
[00:08:39.02]

[00:08:39.02]
United States has only very poor
oars of uranium in moderate
[00:08:44.08]

[00:08:44.08]
quantities there is good or
in Canada the former Czechoslovakia
[00:08:49.22]

[00:08:49.22]
by the most important source
of uranium is Belgium Congo or
[00:08:54.10]

[00:08:54.10]
what we would call the Democratic Republic
of the Congo today he goes
[00:08:59.12]

[00:08:59.12]
on to recommend setting up an advisory
panel and some funding for scientists.
[00:09:04.15]

[00:09:06.21]
So then let's move to the mine where over
[00:09:11.14]

[00:09:11.14]
40 percent of the initial You Raney I'm
came from and I'm not going to
[00:09:16.14]

[00:09:16.14]
try to pronounce this I think it's a law
book mine this is the name of the mine.
[00:09:21.09]

[00:09:22.12]
Open pit mining that for
reasons of geology
[00:09:27.18]

[00:09:27.18]
naturally is high in the rhenium or
[00:09:33.22]

[00:09:33.22]
that is used to then isolate down
eventually to fissile material.
[00:09:39.07]

[00:09:40.23]
This was the source of the radium year or
that was used for
[00:09:44.17]

[00:09:44.17]
the 1st atomic weapon used in wartime.
[00:09:48.01]

[00:09:49.13]
This is General Leslie Groves
the army general who was
[00:09:54.15]

[00:09:54.15]
in charge of the man Manhattan Project
by the way his warm up act for
[00:09:59.15]

[00:09:59.15]
the man Manhattan Project was he managed
the construction of the Pentagon and
[00:10:04.18]

[00:10:04.18]
he got it to be built under time and
under budget is next big
[00:10:09.16]

[00:10:09.16]
thing was can you oversee the building
of a nuclear war the 1st nuclear weapon
[00:10:13.14]

[00:10:14.19]
this is an image of growth meeting
with Ed are saying here so
[00:10:20.12]

[00:10:20.12]
here is the director of this ma in
Congo and they're meeting because.
[00:10:29.13]

[00:10:29.13]
He held ready has prepositioned all
they are under a bridge in Manhattan
[00:10:37.20]

[00:10:37.20]
that is just waiting for
the Americans to come and
[00:10:42.18]

[00:10:42.18]
say hey we need this for
purposes of the war because you have these
[00:10:47.14]

[00:10:47.14]
He's a poser and at this time
the Nazis have occupied Belgium so
[00:10:52.12]

[00:10:52.12]
he is representing the government in
exile which is at the time in the u.k..
[00:10:58.09]

[00:11:00.01]
This was fairly well known
1950 onwards more recent and
[00:11:05.23]

[00:11:05.23]
Susan Williams recent book highlights
this was the role that the predecessor
[00:11:11.04]

[00:11:11.04]
to the CIA play so
the Office of Strategic Services O.S.'s.
[00:11:16.05]

[00:11:17.15]
They were the CIA along with some other
things sort of CIA plus special forces of
[00:11:22.19]

[00:11:22.19]
the time he dispatched
the director Wild Bill Donovan
[00:11:28.12]

[00:11:28.12]
who then became one of the 1st directors
of the CIA dispatches Wilbur Doc Hogue
[00:11:33.23]

[00:11:33.23]
to be the chief of station hope happens
to be someone who's an engineer by
[00:11:38.22]

[00:11:38.22]
training and they are initially sent there
[00:11:44.02]

[00:11:44.02]
to to ensure that
the Germans do not get this
[00:11:49.02]

[00:11:49.02]
you're a new more so
it is such a secret mission
[00:11:54.09]

[00:11:54.09]
that they never mention uranium they
talk about it it's called the diamonds.
[00:11:59.12]

[00:12:01.01]
Because there are diamond mines there but
really we were not concerned about
[00:12:04.09]

[00:12:04.09]
the diamonds we were
concerned about the uranium.
[00:12:06.14]

[00:12:09.03]
This my remains are major
source of you Raney and
[00:12:13.15]

[00:12:13.15]
as ardor clear Arsenal was
developed into the mid 1950 s.
[00:12:18.20]

[00:12:18.20]
In fact there was a NATO air
base in Camino was built for
[00:12:23.02]

[00:12:23.02]
defense of the central Africa of Central
Africa against international communism
[00:12:28.04]

[00:12:28.04]
aka making sure that we have access
to that you're a Nehemiah and.
[00:12:33.10]

[00:12:35.15]
So moving forward.
[00:12:36.19]

[00:12:37.22]
Western Sahara and this may be one that
people have not heard of midnight or
[00:12:42.16]

[00:12:42.16]
heard of Western Sahara Western Sahara
sometimes called the last colony in Africa
[00:12:50.04]

[00:12:51.04]
so initially Western Sahara
was a Spanish colony.
[00:12:55.16]

[00:12:57.08]
The Spain left Westerns are kicked out
[00:13:02.16]

[00:13:02.16]
in the $970.00 s.
it was then seized by Morocco.
[00:13:07.19]

[00:13:11.12]
We know the importance of phosphorous
particularly as chemists were fell for
[00:13:16.08]

[00:13:16.08]
milieu with the importance of phosphorus
because of the green revolution of
[00:13:20.08]

[00:13:20.08]
the 1960 s. the original green
revolution not the current sort of
[00:13:24.18]

[00:13:24.18]
green road pollution or mentalism so
[00:13:27.19]

[00:13:27.19]
Western Sahara this is the areas
where more than 70 percent of known
[00:13:32.17]

[00:13:32.17]
phosphate reserves are located this
is where the phosphorus comes from.
[00:13:37.17]

[00:13:39.04]
This one specific mine book book Roma here
[00:13:44.06]

[00:13:44.06]
is about 15 percent of
the world's production.
[00:13:46.15]

[00:13:47.16]
Literally has the longest
conveyor belt hundreds of miles
[00:13:52.21]

[00:13:52.21]
that goes from this mine
to the seaport and it is
[00:13:58.06]

[00:13:58.06]
well armed because you've got an insurgent
group technically there irredentist
[00:14:03.15]

[00:14:03.15]
a group called the polo Polisario
front and these guys are serious.
[00:14:08.20]

[00:14:10.02]
And this is some of their
capabilities they have been fighting
[00:14:15.20]

[00:14:15.20]
in They've been fighting for
their own nation hood
[00:14:20.22]

[00:14:20.22]
because they are a unified specific
ethnic group sense before the Spanish
[00:14:25.23]

[00:14:25.23]
left formed in 1975 I recall
the Spanish left in 1975.
[00:14:31.08]

[00:14:33.11]
So you've got there now is still
fighting against Morocco Why
[00:14:39.22]

[00:14:39.22]
does Morocco want to have Western
Sahara Well there are multiple reasons
[00:14:44.22]

[00:14:44.22]
one of them was in the Cold War This was
seen as an area that they wanted to limit
[00:14:50.01]

[00:14:50.01]
the movement in of communists states
communist influence States but
[00:14:56.10]

[00:14:56.10]
there certainly is a component of this
that Morocco could wants to continue
[00:15:01.23]

[00:15:01.23]
to hold this play and because of the
phosphorous purse prosperous production.
[00:15:07.09]

[00:15:10.07]
U.n. wing has been that in and out of.
[00:15:14.18]

[00:15:15.20]
Western Sahara there's this menu or so
[00:15:20.02]

[00:15:20.02]
this is a peace keeping group between
the Western saw harnes and Morocco
[00:15:26.11]

[00:15:26.11]
code been characterized as the worst
police state that I've ever seen by one un
[00:15:31.18]

[00:15:31.18]
of the observer something that we often
don't hear about in the United States.
[00:15:36.23]

[00:15:39.15]
We have all heard of Wiki Leaks Well
there was a Moroccan version
[00:15:45.04]

[00:15:45.04]
of Wiki Leaks and
this was called muckle leaks.
[00:15:49.08]

[00:15:50.18]
They call them referred to
as the Moroccan Snowden in
[00:15:55.16]

[00:15:55.16]
which u.s. French and
other diplomatic cables
[00:16:01.23]

[00:16:01.23]
were leaked in starting
in October 24 teen.
[00:16:06.18]

[00:16:07.23]
This is the Twitter feed of the individual
who is doing mostly is leaking it's
[00:16:12.15]

[00:16:12.15]
Chris Coleman This is this is
this is just a fake name so
[00:16:17.12]

[00:16:17.12]
this individual's been leaking
a variety of different documents
[00:16:22.18]

[00:16:22.18]
ones that highlight what's
called the mock sun and that is
[00:16:27.21]

[00:16:27.21]
the Royal Courts of the king and all of
the government that goes around in that.
[00:16:33.02]

[00:16:34.12]
Claims that Moroccan officials have bribed
diplomats to ensure that they support
[00:16:39.20]

[00:16:39.20]
the king's position this is an example
of a real document now some of
[00:16:47.05]

[00:16:47.05]
these in the the Morocco
leaks are fabricated or
[00:16:52.12]

[00:16:52.12]
forged others are legitimate
real documents this is one
[00:16:57.19]

[00:16:57.19]
that appears to be legitimate This is from
the embassy in Canada so dealing with
[00:17:05.04]

[00:17:05.04]
the Australian government pressure to
try to make the Australian Government.
[00:17:11.06]

[00:17:12.23]
Not deal with West.
[00:17:15.01]

[00:17:16.06]
And asserting that there
were bribes that were paid
[00:17:22.00]

[00:17:22.00]
to ensure that the Australians turned
turned a blind eye to what was going on.
[00:17:29.01]

[00:17:30.05]
As sponsored a number of social media
campaigns if you go today on Twitter and
[00:17:35.13]

[00:17:35.13]
try to find the site you'll find that it
doesn't exist anymore it's been turned off
[00:17:41.15]

[00:17:41.15]
but given the world that we are in
today in the social media today
[00:17:46.14]

[00:17:46.14]
what this initial Markel Leaks
has spurred that is a number of
[00:17:51.13]

[00:17:51.13]
other sites Sahara voice being
one of them this western so
[00:17:56.12]

[00:17:56.12]
hard another one which has created through
social media and this broader network.
[00:18:03.06]

[00:18:04.17]
And effort to raise awareness and then
also to target back to those countries so
[00:18:11.05]

[00:18:11.05]
here's what has to Bermuda
one fascinating example
[00:18:16.19]

[00:18:16.19]
this was New Zealand so
you see there December 20th
[00:18:21.18]

[00:18:21.18]
the Sahara inside Western Sahara side
saying this is what's going on New Zealand
[00:18:27.07]

[00:18:27.07]
is starting to put together to try to make
this new agreement with West with Morocco.
[00:18:33.05]

[00:18:34.12]
Ignoring the Western Sahara inside.
[00:18:37.17]

[00:18:38.22]
You then get the New Zealanders
protesting and
[00:18:44.18]

[00:18:44.18]
then the next level of iteration
you've got the Western so
[00:18:49.21]

[00:18:49.21]
hard social media using
that which they got
[00:18:54.14]

[00:18:54.14]
started as part of their propaganda or
[00:18:59.09]

[00:18:59.09]
you could say campaign furthering
their political interests and
[00:19:04.10]

[00:19:04.10]
we get why is Morocco concerned about
Western Sahara at this point since
[00:19:09.19]

[00:19:09.19]
communism is no longer the threat
it is purely monetary only driven.
[00:19:15.06]

[00:19:16.10]
You have a group of people an ethnic
group nation of the Western So
[00:19:23.22]

[00:19:23.22]
Harlan's who all are being subjected to
[00:19:31.15]

[00:19:31.15]
8 extremely repressive government
connected to phosphorus.
[00:19:37.12]

[00:19:39.11]
Cobalt in we've all probably
heard of blood diamonds so
[00:19:45.03]

[00:19:45.03]
Cobalt sometimes has been
called the blood mineral.
[00:19:47.23]

[00:19:49.17]
So Congo crisis of 196065 this was
the initial anti-colonialist war
[00:19:57.13]

[00:19:57.13]
time shut down the production of clone
production of cobalt more recently
[00:20:03.19]

[00:20:04.20]
this is an example of what you
call international relations or
[00:20:10.01]

[00:20:10.01]
International Development
the resource curse these developing
[00:20:15.04]

[00:20:15.04]
nations that have large
[00:20:20.05]

[00:20:20.05]
natural resources instead of
[00:20:25.19]

[00:20:25.19]
investing those into the population
what you end up with is corruption and
[00:20:32.22]

[00:20:32.22]
you end up with typically
a great disparity
[00:20:38.05]

[00:20:38.05]
and lack of international development and
[00:20:42.03]

[00:20:42.03]
it correlates places where there's large
amounts of oil typically you do not have
[00:20:47.13]

[00:20:47.13]
the development particularly in Africa so
looking at.
[00:20:51.19]

[00:20:51.19]
Cobalt through this resource curse
idea and you've got one mind d.r.
[00:20:58.03]

[00:20:58.03]
see in the southeast province province
this is a province that has a significant
[00:21:03.20]

[00:21:03.20]
amount of conflict going on in
sectarian conflict Beth supplies about
[00:21:10.00]

[00:21:10.00]
60 percent of the Cobalt globally coal is
used a variety of electronic devices and
[00:21:15.20]

[00:21:15.20]
is becoming more important
in terms of batteries and
[00:21:21.05]

[00:21:21.05]
some other energy devices and
here we connect it to
[00:21:25.07]

[00:21:26.08]
other geo political issues
which is China out the p.r.
[00:21:30.23]

[00:21:30.23]
sea increasingly becoming
involved in Africa so we have a.
[00:21:37.06]

[00:21:38.09]
Condo lease if you want to be the king of
the world the next 10 years you need to
[00:21:41.20]

[00:21:41.20]
have Cobalt next 10 years that will be
will be everything Ok so he's the general
[00:21:46.13]

[00:21:46.13]
manager of this mine of course he wants
to push that this is mine is a subsidiary
[00:21:52.01]

[00:21:52.01]
of a p.r.c. a state owned enterprise so
you're seeing.
[00:21:57.03]

[00:21:58.19]
An example of a significant.
[00:22:01.21]

[00:22:03.04]
Geo strategic mineral
China having control of
[00:22:08.23]

[00:22:08.23]
the single largest source greater
strategic issues than Cobalt alone.
[00:22:15.18]

[00:22:17.23]
And there has been as fair bit of.
[00:22:21.04]

[00:22:23.05]
Press there's been a fair bit of attention
that's gotten to the issue particularly So
[00:22:28.11]

[00:22:28.11]
this is an 11 year old
boy who is carrying.
[00:22:31.15]

[00:22:32.17]
The Cobalt mining.
[00:22:34.04]

[00:22:35.06]
Carrying away some of the raw material
now they have if you're going in you're
[00:22:41.13]

[00:22:41.13]
supposed to have to pass through into the
mine here you say you don't know pregnant
[00:22:46.06]

[00:22:46.06]
women no one no children and you're not
allowed to bring it alcohol either.
[00:22:52.00]

[00:22:53.23]
How effective this is you know
that remains to be seen but
[00:22:59.07]

[00:22:59.07]
due to attention tickler early this
fortune piece has gotten a fair bit of.
[00:23:06.22]

[00:23:08.07]
International attention so
we seeing some changes dealing with
[00:23:12.22]

[00:23:12.22]
the development the human rights issues
this is the next issue to deal with.
[00:23:17.08]

[00:23:18.09]
Which then brings us to the rare earth
elements God Talk about rare earths
[00:23:22.19]

[00:23:22.19]
because they're in the media in
a number of different ways so
[00:23:27.09]

[00:23:27.09]
these are the rare earth elements
that are in your Apple i Phone or any
[00:23:33.12]

[00:23:33.12]
Apple product and these are not all these
are not all of the rare earth elements but
[00:23:38.05]

[00:23:38.05]
those are just the ones that are in your
Apple i Phone that is put together and
[00:23:43.01]

[00:23:43.01]
Fox come and shines and in China.
[00:23:46.07]

[00:23:47.19]
So why are the rare earth elements
significant Well 1st of all it isn't so
[00:23:53.03]

[00:23:53.03]
much that they are rare in the sense that
there isn't a lot of them is they are so
[00:23:59.04]

[00:23:59.04]
dispersed and I'm going to talk a little
bit more in a few slides about the process
[00:24:05.03]

[00:24:05.03]
rare earth elements were things that
were formed a supernova and that.
[00:24:10.01]

[00:24:11.09]
Came to rest in the in the earth.
[00:24:13.11]

[00:24:15.01]
There are incredibly important for
a variety of applications
[00:24:20.23]

[00:24:20.23]
I'm going to highlight the applications
that have defense significance but
[00:24:25.23]

[00:24:25.23]
there certainly are commercial
applications that are of economic
[00:24:31.06]

[00:24:31.06]
significance as well as biomedical any
of your other critical infrastructures
[00:24:39.04]

[00:24:39.04]
looking at really worth elements so
guidance and control systems
[00:24:44.15]

[00:24:44.15]
whether we're talking about
Tomahawk missiles off of a naval
[00:24:50.13]

[00:24:50.13]
ship unmanned aircraft so
you're drones any of the munitions
[00:24:56.06]

[00:24:56.06]
that we build our deterrence
capabilities on now have.
[00:25:00.23]

[00:25:01.23]
Rare earth elements that are part of the
guidance and control systems command and
[00:25:06.07]

[00:25:06.07]
control.
[00:25:06.22]

[00:25:10.07]
This is targeting in weapon systems
we're talking about laser targeting.
[00:25:15.17]

[00:25:17.12]
All means depend on different rare earth
elements some of it's part of the actual
[00:25:24.15]

[00:25:24.15]
laser some of it is part of
the amplification you need
[00:25:29.16]

[00:25:29.16]
to have small amounts of these elements
in order to have these capabilities
[00:25:35.02]

[00:25:35.02]
in da di speak you don't usually
don't talk about technologies percent
[00:25:40.04]

[00:25:40.04]
you talk about you have capabilities and
that's a code word for technology G.'s.
[00:25:44.14]

[00:25:46.00]
One way or so
communications whether we're talking about
[00:25:52.04]

[00:25:52.04]
being able to communicate
through water sonar radar
[00:25:58.07]

[00:25:59.10]
while radar proof well predates
most of the rare earth
[00:26:04.20]

[00:26:04.20]
elements modern version of
radar given commanding control
[00:26:10.10]

[00:26:10.10]
in the communications is dependent upon
having access to different where it's.
[00:26:16.11]

[00:26:16.11]
This is one close to my heart the mike had
so here we have a chemical agent alarm.
[00:26:21.23]

[00:26:23.12]
As was mentioned in the introduction I
previously spent time working the office
[00:26:28.01]

[00:26:28.01]
of secretary of defense part of
it was with in the development
[00:26:32.22]

[00:26:32.22]
of countermeasures for
chemical biological and nuclear.
[00:26:36.09]

[00:26:37.17]
Incidents or weapons so this is taken
from the defense national stockpile
[00:26:44.06]

[00:26:44.06]
this is part of this is the Dio Dini
publication you can see that I've just
[00:26:49.16]

[00:26:49.16]
pulled out the odd numbers I wasn't going
to go through and belabor all of them but
[00:26:54.04]

[00:26:54.04]
there are more applications
that these are important for.
[00:26:58.15]

[00:27:00.16]
This is a issue that has
gotten a lot of attention.
[00:27:03.23]

[00:27:05.19]
And there's an example this coming out
of the office of secretary of defense
[00:27:10.23]

[00:27:10.23]
the accusations technology and logistics
also the folks that have all the money in
[00:27:15.10]

[00:27:15.10]
the d.o.d. And we're hearing about
new programs that the d.o.d.
[00:27:21.18]

[00:27:21.18]
is funding to ensure that we have
access to these capabilities so
[00:27:27.21]

[00:27:27.21]
why is why our rare earth elements
of a geo political issue.
[00:27:35.04]

[00:27:36.15]
The United States actually has.
[00:27:38.23]

[00:27:40.10]
Excellent natural areas to find
rare earths there's a place called
[00:27:47.23]

[00:27:47.23]
Mountain Pass in California that is a mine
that was one of the original mines for
[00:27:53.19]

[00:27:53.19]
rare earths it closed
initially in the 1990 s.
[00:27:58.01]

[00:27:58.01]
it was real opened in 2010
again closed in 2012 so
[00:28:04.00]

[00:28:04.00]
we do have rare earths.
[00:28:07.16]

[00:28:07.16]
Sources of these minerals within
the United States as well as with a whole
[00:28:12.12]

[00:28:12.12]
number of allies other places Australia
[00:28:17.11]

[00:28:17.11]
we have an agreement with Australia for.
[00:28:21.21]

[00:28:23.01]
If we need rigorous for something or
if they need rare earths.
[00:28:26.14]

[00:28:27.18]
Bilateral agreement another
place that there's a great
[00:28:33.02]

[00:28:33.02]
interest actually as Afghanistan has some
significant supply of rare earths But
[00:28:41.01]

[00:28:41.01]
what we hear about mostly is China and
there are 2 main areas in China
[00:28:47.10]

[00:28:47.10]
that are sort of the rare earth
sectors Inner Mongolia and
[00:28:52.23]

[00:28:52.23]
then in sort of the Juan Joe fish
sort of that the southern area
[00:28:59.04]

[00:29:00.16]
now why do we get our
rare earths from China.
[00:29:06.11]

[00:29:08.23]
We have to go a little
bit into the process
[00:29:12.05]

[00:29:12.05]
of how you get these rare
earths the other one of.
[00:29:16.04]

[00:29:18.01]
Them that up here one of the most concise
[00:29:22.09]

[00:29:22.09]
graphics blatantly stolen
from foreign policy.
[00:29:25.07]

[00:29:26.10]
You know you start with
40 metric tons of rock.
[00:29:29.23]

[00:29:31.05]
To get.
[00:29:32.02]

[00:29:33.17]
750 kilograms of some rare earth and
[00:29:40.11]

[00:29:40.11]
250 kilograms of the really critical
[00:29:46.01]

[00:29:46.01]
rare earths this is an incredibly
intensive process and
[00:29:51.17]

[00:29:51.17]
they're called Rare Earths because
there are such small concentrations so
[00:29:58.13]

[00:29:58.13]
you have to go through and start with
a whole lot of rock and repeatedly.
[00:30:06.21]

[00:30:06.21]
Subjected to a variety of physical and
[00:30:10.05]

[00:30:10.05]
chemical intensive
processes to separate that.
[00:30:13.21]

[00:30:18.03]
It is environmentally devastating.
[00:30:22.17]

[00:30:24.09]
Or extremely expensive and that is why
[00:30:29.09]

[00:30:29.09]
mountain pass mine in California
is not economically viable
[00:30:35.03]

[00:30:35.03]
because if you want to
do these steps in a way
[00:30:40.12]

[00:30:40.12]
that does not kill people and
other living things.
[00:30:45.23]

[00:30:47.06]
You can't do it cheap enough or
[00:30:51.13]

[00:30:51.13]
you can't do it in
competition with the p.r.c.
[00:30:55.21]

[00:30:55.21]
because yes they do have regulations that
[00:31:00.20]

[00:31:00.20]
does not mean that those regulations
are forced this is where rule of law
[00:31:05.15]

[00:31:05.15]
becomes critical where you're
actually enforcing the regulations.
[00:31:10.13]

[00:31:11.14]
This is from Inner Mongolia
in a fair bit of attention
[00:31:17.02]

[00:31:17.02]
one of the mines where they're
just pumping out acidified
[00:31:22.11]

[00:31:23.20]
effluent and it has destroyed
[00:31:28.07]

[00:31:28.07]
a what had previously been
a lake where people would.
[00:31:32.23]

[00:31:34.08]
Fish and
booze it was of a source of water.
[00:31:38.17]

[00:31:40.07]
To get a couple other images
this is a typical lab is part of
[00:31:45.08]

[00:31:45.08]
the few steps down the road
down in the process so
[00:31:51.09]

[00:31:51.09]
when we look at is it a strategic issue
[00:31:56.13]

[00:31:56.13]
yes we need to have access to
unquestionably to these minerals.
[00:32:02.12]

[00:32:02.12]
Currently this is a political question
how much money do we want to spend
[00:32:08.12]

[00:32:09.16]
to have access to these in
a way that fits with our
[00:32:15.09]

[00:32:15.09]
ideals and our expectations for
not killing our own citizens.
[00:32:21.03]

[00:32:22.07]
So currently we can still get
the minerals we need from China
[00:32:29.09]

[00:32:29.09]
this is changing if Pickel is
China is increasing in its
[00:32:35.17]

[00:32:36.19]
status economically the Chinese population
[00:32:42.04]

[00:32:42.04]
is not going to be putting up
with this sort of the same
[00:32:47.05]

[00:32:47.05]
way as the United States because
the p.r.c. and communist Chinese party but
[00:32:52.07]

[00:32:52.07]
you do have groups that are pushing back
and this is the triumph of capitalism
[00:32:58.02]

[00:32:58.02]
at some point that that they're going
to be making too much more money come
[00:33:03.11]

[00:33:03.11]
still small compared to us that this
won't be worth more be viable any longer.
[00:33:08.19]

[00:33:10.09]
Ok couple who insists the fishing
boat inst incidents become really
[00:33:16.22]

[00:33:16.22]
important in the sense of
a example in which China
[00:33:23.15]

[00:33:23.15]
asserted or
it is asserted that China used their
[00:33:28.09]

[00:33:29.12]
rare earths to influence another nation so
their group of islands
[00:33:35.18]

[00:33:35.18]
in China to their group of islands
that are disputed between China and
[00:33:40.14]

[00:33:40.14]
Japan and
frequently they have interactions and
[00:33:45.16]

[00:33:45.16]
there been multiple ones where
you've got Japanese coast guard
[00:33:51.02]

[00:33:51.02]
with a Chinese fishing vessel
this was from one incident 2014
[00:33:56.12]

[00:33:56.12]
in which the captain of
the fishing vessel was.
[00:34:00.23]

[00:34:02.01]
Arrested.
[00:34:03.18]

[00:34:03.18]
In response China threatened to.
[00:34:07.23]

[00:34:09.03]
Limit sale of rare earths to Japan Japan
[00:34:14.11]

[00:34:14.11]
makes a lot of high
intensity electronics so
[00:34:18.17]

[00:34:18.17]
the other question we China threaten
that there is you know you can
[00:34:23.18]

[00:34:23.18]
go see the the statements that they
threaten us what often doesn't get
[00:34:29.16]

[00:34:30.20]
followed through on in discussions
is they threaten it but
[00:34:36.09]

[00:34:36.09]
they never follow through on that so
[00:34:40.05]

[00:34:40.05]
it's more complicated it isn't just
[00:34:44.17]

[00:34:45.18]
one or 2 it's even China's
looking at their ass and
[00:34:50.07]

[00:34:50.07]
going Ok is it in our interests to.
[00:34:54.10]

[00:34:56.00]
Use this to start
an international incident because
[00:35:02.06]

[00:35:02.06]
there are a lot of markets
that they want to sell to so
[00:35:07.15]

[00:35:07.15]
what I'm highlighting that is
to show how complicated it gets.
[00:35:11.17]

[00:35:14.23]
Into yield politics the things
you say the rhetoric
[00:35:19.23]

[00:35:19.23]
is called signalling and it's very
it is very important it's hard to
[00:35:24.23]

[00:35:24.23]
measure in the way this that we measure
things in the physical sciences or
[00:35:29.16]

[00:35:29.16]
engineering but in the world of politics
critically him often critically important.
[00:35:34.14]

[00:35:36.04]
The other piece that.
[00:35:37.08]

[00:35:38.13]
Is of significance with regard to.
[00:35:40.23]

[00:35:42.08]
Us in China.
[00:35:43.08]

[00:35:47.02]
After the mountain pass mining closed in
2012 China did start hiking the prices.
[00:35:54.20]

[00:35:56.07]
So so Japan the United States and
a few other countries.
[00:36:01.21]

[00:36:01.21]
Appeal to the World Trade Organization.
[00:36:04.18]

[00:36:05.23]
2014.
[00:36:06.23]

[00:36:08.04]
World Trade Organization rules in
support of the United States and
[00:36:14.14]

[00:36:14.14]
Japan saying look you can't
artificially increase these prices.
[00:36:19.04]

[00:36:20.14]
So we've got international institutions
[00:36:23.10]

[00:36:23.10]
that are functioning the way
they are supposed to.
[00:36:25.21]

[00:36:28.10]
Keely a.
[00:36:29.00]

[00:36:32.06]
Second most common element
in the universe however
[00:36:37.07]

[00:36:37.07]
we're writing out of it
on the planet Earth.
[00:36:40.18]

[00:36:43.02]
Helium is used for a variety of different
applications one that most of us
[00:36:47.18]

[00:36:47.18]
are familiar with in one
form of another m.r.i.
[00:36:51.17]

[00:36:51.17]
our eyes or Around here people
might be familiar with an arm are.
[00:36:56.07]

[00:36:57.23]
Used in a number of different
defense related applications.
[00:37:02.02]

[00:37:03.18]
This cliffside gas is
considered a national resource
[00:37:10.05]

[00:37:10.05]
40 percent of the United States
helium comes from
[00:37:15.14]

[00:37:15.14]
this single source of helium it's actually
in some ways you can think of like
[00:37:20.23]

[00:37:20.23]
Aqua firs except there are huge
reservoirs it's under Texas and Oklahoma.
[00:37:27.12]

[00:37:28.17]
And recently there was
a discovery in Tanzania's
[00:37:34.05]

[00:37:34.05]
rep Bally that is estimated to represent
about another 40 percent of the world's
[00:37:39.07]

[00:37:39.07]
helium supplies this was discovered by
physicists from a British university.
[00:37:44.12]

[00:37:45.16]
So looking at Helium in Tanzania hopefully
[00:37:52.05]

[00:37:52.05]
as it is being developed
people will be cognizant and
[00:37:56.07]

[00:37:56.07]
avoid falling into the resource
curse in international development.
[00:38:01.08]

[00:38:03.13]
So I conclude found this fantastic
slightly American chemical soup
[00:38:08.20]

[00:38:08.20]
association that highlights what they
call the endangered elements and
[00:38:14.23]

[00:38:14.23]
these are elements that either have a some
[00:38:19.19]

[00:38:19.19]
sort of limited availability because
they're being used up because they
[00:38:24.11]

[00:38:24.11]
are finite in some way or
because they have specific.
[00:38:29.20]

[00:38:30.23]
Uses that are making them more attractive
that's a whole lot of the periodic table.
[00:38:37.11]

[00:38:40.06]
So with that.
[00:38:40.23]

[00:38:43.05]
I'm going to conclude I want
to say thank you all for
[00:38:47.08]

[00:38:47.08]
your contention and
I'd be happy to answer any questions.
[00:38:51.17]

[00:39:02.20]
We're.
[00:39:03.08]

[00:39:07.10]
Sure there's a lot to take in there and.
[00:39:13.04]

[00:39:13.04]
As you may have noted I tried to put
some of the references there are all
[00:39:17.01]

[00:39:17.01]
the references but critical ones you are
welcome to reach out to me via email and
[00:39:22.06]

[00:39:22.06]
I'm happy to share the p.d.f.
share of the slides with you this is
[00:39:28.06]

[00:39:28.06]
it was a fantastic project that
I'm faithful Maureen asked and
[00:39:34.09]

[00:39:34.09]
Matt asked me to do because the something
I don't isn't my usual work.
[00:39:38.13]

[00:39:41.03]
Questions.
[00:39:41.18]

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Is.
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In what sense.
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Will.
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It depend if I can you can answer that in
general because it depends on the specific
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application that we're talking about
there are some things that we can
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either substitute
something else you know for
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example a it was recognised that.
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We did not have any longer any
place in the United States that was
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[00:40:19.01]
producing computer chips so
this was 10 years ago and
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I say set up something called the National
foundry that produces computer chips for
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[00:40:28.22]
national security significant applications
and American tax dollars go to pay for
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that now who blinks 1st
Again it depends and it.
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Drives my students crazy I'm sure and
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this is also why I frequently
don't get invited to.
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A 2nd time too many t.v.
interviews it's complicated
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you know I do it there isn't a 10 2nd
sound bite it's what are we talking about.
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Yes this.
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Was.
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A great question so
there we were attempting to get uranium or
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from Czechoslovakia or
the former Czechoslovakia now or
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[00:41:31.20]
a national estimates intelligence
estimates of how far they were along were
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[00:41:37.22]
we actually were over optimistic and what
they could do now we're after mystic and
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some other things have with us a rocket's
button that case that yeah they
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were depending on the Eastern European or
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and they did not have to
rely on the African or.
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You know.
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Or.
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Or.
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Or or wonder why one of.
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The low silk silver and
think also are applications
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that have to do with electronics and
energy.
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Now but I think I can give you
a rough order of magnitude but
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I wouldn't want you to take it because
I just have a look at that sort of
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my estimation would be probably
in terms of the rare earths
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less than it's probably 10 to 15 percent
is military just because you got so
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many more civilian applications but
this is where it's
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What are the application I love my i
Phone You know I'm part of that cult but
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[00:43:04.09]
my i Phone is not a national strategic
resource we don't have to have that.
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There are.
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What are.
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That's a fascinating question so as we
dive into things like sources in some ways
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my answer is it's complicated so
some of the best medals for
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[00:43:44.17]
solar cells and some of the other
photovoltaics are actually
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[00:43:49.13]
ones that we don't use a lot because
they have incredibly environmentally
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[00:43:55.16]
problematic applications if they
are in the wrong poor nations system.
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So here's a place where China
not having environmental
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regulations has continued
to be explore and
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[00:44:14.13]
we need focused on some of these more or
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[00:44:20.03]
these images environmental it's human
health to human health often is the driver
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[00:44:25.04]
we've focused on a regular elements for
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[00:44:29.16]
photovoltaics because those are things
that are likely to be approved for
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commercial use as well as if you
have to go through the ministry of
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hurdles to work with them
in a commercial way so
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that's that would be the piece that's
driving it again it's the money
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at the end so much more complicated
question but a great what.
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Bush knows.
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This.
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There are reasons for.
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This.
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Series.
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He says.
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So if we're talking about the rare
earths and you're you're getting
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to a limitation of my knowledge from
the geopolitics not the geology.
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So it's my understanding that
as you go deeper New York
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these are less likely to be found so
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this is not something you know it's
going to keep the earth and get iron But
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[00:45:52.14]
again back to the money how so
my understanding no do we know more.
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Within places that are technically
feasible to get to today and
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tomorrow I don't I don't have
a good answer for that one.
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Was so.
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Tense any other a fairly.
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Soon.
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Since.
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He.
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Sort of discover the.
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Place.
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So here the helium
reservoir us timpani is is
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doing a trying to be thoughtful and
learn from previous
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[00:46:58.20]
countries you know they're setting
up Essential a sort of like their
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[00:47:03.21]
version of the Muslim Atomic Energy
Commission kind of her and stuff to
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[00:47:09.05]
be able to do this as a natural
resource more intentionally
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[00:47:14.20]
now talking about Chinese acquisition
of natural resources in the Congo and
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other places they just come in and
offer to buy them or they come in and
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they say hey we're going
to build you wrote or
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[00:47:29.08]
we're going to build you a stadium and
where is the United States when we
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do foreign aid it is tied to things
like Do you have good governance
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do you not imprison people randomly you
know do you have fair and free elections.
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Try to come in so
we don't care about that.
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And there been a few examples
of states that have.
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Made agreements with China and they've
said you know what we don't want to be
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[00:48:11.04]
letting a potentially a 2nd
Chinese colonize Asia
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[00:48:16.19]
where they are making
these long term leases or
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[00:48:21.14]
China wants long term leases so
this it's a.
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Deferment it illogical or different
philosophical approach to foreign aid.
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And it's sometimes it's very hard if
you're going to a group of people and
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China just built you a stadium.
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And so the people look at that and
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go all that's fantastic Well I've
got a stadium we've got a row it's
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[00:48:47.21]
harder How do you get people to measure
Well you've got free and fair elections.
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Different political systems.
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I think there is another yes.
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So.
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It's.
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That is it that is speculative and
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that that is where that's coming from is
this idea of as we are looking forward.
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What is going to drive and why how or
how are human beings going to
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[00:49:28.05]
deal with moving beyond the trest
real sphere So currently there
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[00:49:33.05]
are a number of different treaties
they're all really weak treaties so the.
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Big what is called the Outer Space Treaty
which really just has to deal with
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[00:49:42.20]
you cannot put w m d in space.
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This is an unanswered question to be
problematize probably need to bring and
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[00:49:51.10]
asked that question more to a lawyer
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rather than a chemist turned political
scientist it's a good point.
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Yeah.
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We might my initial answer is one that
I'm quite comfortable saying which is I
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don't know.
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We have some trying to make
analogies we know that because of.
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[00:50:39.21]
Climate change we are seeing
interest in the Arctic
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[00:50:45.20]
because people can access or
will I haven't seen
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[00:50:50.23]
anything where climate change is going to
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[00:50:56.15]
change the economics sufficiently
in any of these places and.
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[00:51:04.13]
It's.
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[00:51:06.08]
It may be 11 thing with respect to climate
change that we don't need to worry about
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[00:51:10.18]
the whole lot of other things that we do.
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[00:51:14.02]
You know so it's nice to put
one thing off the table because
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[00:51:18.15]
the table it's got all sorts
of other things on it.
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