very pleased to have nll governess
joining us to talk about her research on

impact of epilepsy and memory
performance and non-human non-human

primate models of temporal lobe epilepsy
and did her PhD in France with the very

famous professor been a bit has been
emory versus a is a research scientist

or postdoc undertook an and is now
assistant professor in neurology located

at the research center where she directs
the neuromodulation and epilepsy lab so

very pleased to have her here as she's
starting her lab and telling us what

she's going to be doing over the next
few years

yeah thank you thank you for the
invitation place so like Chris was

saying I just started my lab maybe two
years ago so it's a work in progress so

what I'm going to present today it's
what we are currently doing in my lab

and what we plan to do do can you hear
me well that's good okay so first I find

I didn't know what kind of audience I
was going to face so if I will give good

idea to have if you're watching remotely
will you please mute your microphone

thank you okay operate disturbance in
the brain with a deeper activity of the

brain and epilepsy is the disease and
it's characterized by recurrent seizure

so the seizure is the same term of
epilepsy you can have only one seizure

but you're not going to be epileptic
there is three million of America that

has epilepsy so it's around one percent
of the population 200,000 Nuuk

each year still and it's not really age
related so it's not like for packing

tsundere people for heavy lips it can be
it can touch very young child or very

whole people so there is absolutely no
age related and in most of the case the

cause is unknown so we don't know the
utility or the reason why you're going

to have a seizure and why you're going
to have recurrent seizure

it can happen once but for some people
it's going to happen more so every

single brain and it in all animals you
can introduce the seizure so that's

something that is very interesting and
that's something that we are going to

discuss that as long as you have neurons
that are connected between each other

you can have a seizure and the way you
are going to be able to induce the

seizure there is many different way to
do it so there is not one one model of

epilepsy
there is many modern of seizure so we

have different type of seizure so just
you again go back to the generalization

so we have we call them partial fuckin
but they are the same generalized and

status epilepticus not the right
computer the seizure is only going to

affect one part of the brain to the
place where the seizure is going to

start is called the focus and the focus
can do anywhere in the brain you can

have a so it can be with or without lost
of consciousness and but it's still the

main characteristic of the focal is that
it's going to stay in very small area of

the brain at the beginning at least so
if we also look at the different type of

Pokemon we have the simple version so
where

the seizure is going to stay at the
focus it's not going to spread and

you're not going to have a lot of
consciousness the complex portion it's

when your decision is going to spread a
little bit and you're going to have a

loss of consciousness and the second
secondarily generalized seizure it's

when that evolved and barfed missed
where are going to be involved and in

this case you're going to have
convulsive seizure so it's starting as a

focal seizure it's spreading to called
the brain and that's where you're going

to have a generalized seizure so going
back to the generalized seizure so the

focus will there is not one focus it's
like it's more spreading and you're

going to have an implication of both
hemispheres of the brain seizure

generalized seizures of the tonic in
this case you have a loss of

consciousness and it can last in between
so it's a very long you have the most of

this is found in children

then they're going to stop what they are
doing stare at nothing and resume okay

yeah I know you're good good good okay
so for the absence sorry

going back to that so you have the
children that behave completely normally

then they're going to stop what they are
doing so if for example they are playing

they are they are just going to stop and
stare at the thing for a few minutes

then resume their activity very normally
though for them nothing happened but if

you look at them indeed they were like
blinking and nothing happened during

this time most of the time this so it's
not all of the children that they've

loved absence that are going to have
recurrent seizure later but most of them

are very young so it's very freaking
that the children that have absence are

going to develop more clonic and tonic
clonic seizure in the future the atonic

seizure is another case when you have
like a sudden loss of muscle tension so

it's basically all of your muscle that
just let go and you form so that's very

dangerous because as you can imagine you
don't know when a seizure is going to

happen and in most of the case with the
generalized seizure you're going to form

ok the status epilepticus are the last
one so in this case it's any type of

seizure
that can develop and become a status

epilepticus
so in the status epilepticus case it's

when you have one seizure that is
following another one without giving the

brain the time to recover though there
is no there is lost of consciousness and

you don't recover consciousness in
between this seizure so it's very

dramatic and it's very dangerous for the
patient so in most of the case it's a

medical emergency so it's very very
difficult to and that's from poor

patient it's very dangerous but for the
animals so when you induce a model of

seizure and you have status epilepticus
it's very difficult to recover at least

poor monkey when we have a monkey under
status epilepticus 90% of the time I

know that I'm going to love the animal

so that's why I don't te this type of
seizure or I don't see the generalized

seizure in my lab we focused on simple
partial seizure the very token and and

it's very already very difficult to
manage on monkey because we as you can

imagine we have a tons of regulation
that we have to follow do that's why we

want to have a model of seizure that we
can control and that we can make sure of

the safety of the animal that's our
highest priority to do in my lab we

focus on two type of seizure
the temporal lobe seizure and the

frontal lobe seizure do we have to see
I'm going to focus after and on the

temporal lobe seizure but I just wanted
to give you an idea of what's going on

and what we are doing but in the
temporal lobe so the the seizure so the

focus is going to come from the
hippocampus so and it's going to spread

but stay into you this network
so if you start the seizure for example

in depo campus it's going to spread to
new nuclear second vents and all of this

network but it's not going to generalize
at least not on the model though the

temporal lobe epilepsy are the most
frequent type of epilepsy the onset is

often in childhood or early child
adulthood though the symptoms are very

variable you can have like aura or like
him it's like feeling most of the

patients sometimes tells you that they
didn't realize that they were having

seizures they were like smelling like
smoke for example and after when you do

the heat you realize that they were
having seizure for years without knowing

it though it can be a strange smell it
can be like a feeling in your stomach

for example one of my monkey when we
induced seizure

it was vomiting every time not every
time that he had was having a seizure

but that was his symptoms
he was like feeling nose ears and he was

literally booming so we had to give him
and she would and she vomiting even

medication some of the patients are
going to hear voice or like having like

sensation different sensation also in
their limp some of them in some cases

you can have motor manifestation with
like some chewing for example or lip

smacking or people that are doing that
and rubbing and some but it's very very

I'm going to shout out to laugh
hysterically the VCG are pretty short

they can last one or two minutes and
after the seizure you have like a kind

of a confusion from the patient so he
didn't really lost consciousness but it

is not you know you need sometimes to go
back to its normal state the second type

of Eclipse unit we are studying in the
lab is the frontal lobe epilepsy so in

this case we induce seizure here in the
frontal lobe and we can induce as you

can imagine the frontal lobe is
implicated in a lot of different things

if you induce a seizure here or if you
induce a seizure here you're going to

have different type of manifestation the
frontal lobe are the recurrent seizure

rising from this area the possible cause
at least in human it's most of the time

a tumor head trauma or it can be genetic
in this case it can be with or without a

clusterf consciousness - again what we
are targeting in my lab is not lost of

consciousness we don't want the animal
to lost consciousness and as you can

imagine the symptoms are going to vary
in function of the focus so here you are

if you induce a seizure here you're
going to have a motor symptoms if you

induce a seizure here in the prefrontal
area you're not going to have much motor

symptoms except if the seizure is going
to spread but in this case what we

notice well yeah very not nothing much
so if you just look at the animal you

will not know that he is having a
seizure and I'm going to show you some

videos of animal under seizure so while
studying this to specific type of

seizures so first it's because this to
specific seizure are pharmaco resistant

does that mean that they don't respond
very well to medication so pharmaco

resistance is defined by if you tried at
least to antiepileptic drug in a patient

and they were not responding there
consider as pharmaco resistant and also

because as you can imagine one of the
treatment for epilepsy is to remove the

focus and if we serve if we do the
surgery and we'll remove the focus so

imagining that turning to imagine that
you remove this part of the brain

and you're going to have some memory
loss for example and so that's very

indicating for the patient and here if
your focus is here in the motor area if

you remove the motor from here area
obviously it's not good for the patient

so that's something that is very
difficult to treat and one of the option

is the neuromodulation in this case but
to be able to apply our modulation and

to try to treat the patient you need to
know the network you need to know how it

works you need to know what's going on
during the seizure what's going on at

the focus but also how it's going to
spread because if you induce a seizure

right if you induce a seizure if the
focus of the seizure is here or here the

network that is implicated in the
propagation and the in the control of

the seizure is going to be different so

the other question that I you know I
need to you address is why are we doing

that in monkey we can do that in the
house we can do that in rat but I choose

to do it in monkey though first if we
looked at the hippocampus on rats human

and monkey as you can see here I'm not
going to go into much detail for that

but it's quite obvious that there is a
lot of stimulated between the human and

the monkey and a lot of discrete
discrepancy with the with the mouse the

directory yeah and so that's for the
temporal lobe epilepsy project the other

project that I told you it's studying
the implication of the basal ganglia

during frontality let's see
and so that's the secret of the basal

ganglia and what I really want you to
study needs to look at the telomere

cortical loop in this case in during the
propagation and during we during the

focal cortical seizure so in this case I
am very interested in

the vessel can be a receiving area of
the thalamus and one major difference

between rodent and moon and primate that
drink in the thalamus for at least

hinder basal ganglia a receiving area of
the thalamus you have interneurons in

primate that you don't have in rodent
and so I really think that this

interneuron I'm going to play a very
major role in the control of seizure so

I think that's why I decided to go with
non-human cremate okay so very briefly I

just wanted to talk about the type of
model that we could use and the

difficulty we have you have a right and
a good model for seizure in monkey

though as I told you there you can
induce a seizure by modulating the

GABAergic system the cholinergic system
and and you can also induce seizures by

doing a lesion so everything has been
tried in rat monkey and it's very

difficult to have a sustainable model in
monkey so for example just your list you

this one so IP injection of pillow
caffeine that you can use for example

for rat in monkey you're going to in to
last a lot of monkey so in this study in

the incheon marmosets I think they they
lost a deal around 80% of the monkey

died after the injection of pilocarpine
so that's absolutely not something that

I will be agreed to do on my animals so
there is other models so for example one

thing that will be interesting it's to
study the genetic models so some of the

papua popu so it's the type of baboon
have developed a genetic seizure so if

you flash a light in front of them they
are going to have an absence seizure

though the kid Ling has also been tried
in in monkey but without really good

success so the kindling can be an
electrical killing or chemical clean

kindling and so the way it works is that
you inject a drug like many times and

after a certain amount of time so for
example if you stimulate the first

stimulation is going to induce one
seizure the let's say one week after you

stimulate again and it's going to induce
two seizure and the third week and so

and so on and at some point the animal
is going to develop spontaneous

recurrent seizure so that's something
that is it's a very interesting model

it's just that in terms of regulation
it's very difficult to manage so it's

it's something that we are working on
but we are not there yet

the model that we choose to use is the
penicillin model do penicillin is a gaba

antagonist and it's very it has been
where I used that for years to be honest

and it works pretty well you just inject
the pennies in where you want to have

your focus and you're going to have
seizure for like up to six hour I would

say even sometimes eight and after that
the day after the use the penicillin

injection the monkey is only going to
have intellectual activity the

intellectual activity is just an
abnormal activity it's like a spike of

abnormal activity but no seizure were
detected 24 how were the injection so

you can inject the penicillin directly
into the brain so if you want to target

for example the temporal lobe you just
lower your injection system into the

temporal lobe do an injection of
penicillin and you know that your animal

is going to have cereal for six hour so
it's a very good model if you want to

study if it's because when you do
electrophysiology specially on the

monkey
have to bring the animal upstairs you

have to put him on the chair you prepare
everything and if you don't know when

the seizure is going to happen it's a
real nightmare though with this model at

least we know that we are going to have
a good amount of seizure for up to six

hour okay so I guess I can just spoke a
little bit about this project then we

will move on to the next one though like
I said I'm in this project that's the

motor cortex that's where we are going
to induce the seizure then what we will

do is to record the activity into the
thalamus and see if we can modulate the

activity of the thalamus and if we if we
are able to modulate this activity by

doing either electrical stimulation have
they add the outputs level of the basal

ganglia or later directly into the
thalamus the other option that we have

it will depend of the type of activity
that we are going to record into the

thalamus but if we can see that there is
an increase of bursting activity in this

thalamus during the seizure so for
example I imagine that every time that

you have an anecdote spike in the motor
cortex you're going to have a burst in

the telomeres and is if this bursts a
certain characteristic we could

eventually try a t-table calcium
blockers to try to stop this bursting

activity into the thalamus and if we're
able to stop this bursting activity I

hope to be able to disrupt this loop
that generate and propagate the seizure

though just to give you an idea just
going to show you very briefly the type

of seizure that we can have on a monkey
so it's a monkey that I recorded long

time ago and he's a half so how she will
see is going to have Tony clonic seizure

so just something like that but it's
very focal

you're going to see that it doesn't
affect the other area of the brain if it

works so just focus on is harm here and
you're going to see that during this

activity you just have like small
tonic-clonic movement of the arm it

doesn't spread to any to his face or to
his lab and you can see on ECG it's very

focal though that's the type of activity
that we call in Toretto and so you're

going to see that draining character he
has a small turn more movement over you

so that's exactly what we are going to
do in in my lab so we are going to

induce this activity this type of
seizure on the monkey and record the

dynamic activity at the same time the VA
project is about

I think her new super compost emulation
so it's one new type of stimulation to

treat temporal lobe epilepsy so it has
been tested in a rat and it seems to be

working pretty well on right so he had
decided to test that in monkey so for

that we induced temporal lobe epilepsy
by injecting penicillin into the

hippocampus and sorry the we are testing
like I said the new type of stimulation

that is called a synchronous distributed
multi electrode stimulation though I'm

not going to talk too much about that
today and I'm going to focus about the

other stuff that we are doing in
parallel in this monkey because there we

don't have the results yet of this study
so we had this monkey and we know that

patients are suffering from epilepsy
if suffering from this specific type of

epilepsy also suffer from memory
impairment and so I was curious to see

if we were going to be able to find the
same type of memory lost and how a

synchronous distributed multi electrode
stimulation was going to affect this

memory in because we were going to we
are going to more

the activity of the hippocampus we know
that the hippocampus is very implicated

in memory though there is a chance that
if we reduce seizure it's good but if

the patient don't remember anything
that's not so good that we also want to

make sure that the patient remembers and
so that's why we decided to do it also

in army so here I'm going to show you a
completely different type of seizure so

that's a monkey that has any temporal
lobe seizure it flips some pile of

seizures do you have the eg trace on the
bottom here and you're going to see is

just started to have a seizure here too
because if we don't do any unit activity

recording on this monkey it is
completely free to move who is just one

cable that is attached to his head but
over then that he can move freely the

decision is still going on

it's a long one and as you can see
nothing happened do if you had not seen

the electrophysiological activity you
will not have guessed than be sanding

animal was under seizure and that's what
happened to patient also that's why they

consult only when there is a
generalization but a lot there is

potentially more patient that have this
type of seizure because they don't know

and investigate so for him the clinical
manifestation was vomiting okay so we

already induced this type of seizure
into monkey so we have monkey a that has

received 16 injection of penicillin and
monkey B that I received 17 - what we do

it's always give them a week in between
each injection to fully recover

so we induce seizures they have seizure
for six hour and after that we give them

the full week to recover completely
though and that's what you're going to

see so that's for example if we just
record the number of seizure and after

the penicillin injection so as you can
see not much after 20 minutes but after

40 minutes you already have five
seizures per 20 minute or e yeah

so three to five seizure well bye-bye
sorry right a lot of 20 minutes so it's

a very good amount of seizure and each
stage will last in between 30 to 60 s a

second so when you really do with your -
so if you want to true that's the new

treatment it's very useful to have a
high frequency of seizure though we just

started that do you look at the anatomy
and the effect of penicillin injection

because we were very curious to see if
the monkey we're going to develop a

pokémon's sclerosis
as a lot of patient have though I'm not

going to go into too much too much
detail because it's not my part but as

we have seen here and there is a loss of
neuron in C a1 and c4 but also in the

tunnel cherries and an increase of ghee
activation so we are currently looking

at the Cephas so to see the spreading of
activity after after the seizure into

the temporal lobe so the good thing is
that like I said this model can be used

for Tara particular to develop and also
to test her petting method but it also

gives us the opportunity to get to study
cognitive impairments that are

associated with major temporal lobe
epilepsy so in this case what we did was

to use a visual pair comparison test so
the monkey is facing a screen and you

present a new object in front of the
screen you make sure that he is going to

look at it for 15 seconds though I don't
know for right but monkey are very smart

and they are looking at the screen and
you present something at the screen and

they have the hard fix but they don't
look at the screen so that's something

that is very if we were not expecting
that but they don't they don't really

want to do the task and you cannot
really force them to do the task because

that's not a task that implies any
reward so it's it's a task that takes a

lot of time and I'm going to show you
here that we can start with let's see

100 picture and at the end to put the
bass line you can only use 40 of them

and after penicillin only 25 of them do
it yeah we need to repeat that and it's

very intense so the first thing to do is
to make sure that the monkey is going to

look at the screen so we have a
stopwatch and I'm going to show you a

video - the monkey is facing the screen
and we have a

that is looking at the monkey's eyes so
we can see exactly what is looking at

and after a certain delay we present
again the new object and sorry we

present again the old and the new object
and we compare which one is going to

look at most so if you remember this
object is going to spend more time on

this one so let me show you an example
and I'm sorry there is a an issue with

the encoding of the video so there is a
flash and it's not supposed to be there

it's not to injure Caesar but it's just
an encoding issue so we present a new

object so we make sure that is going to
look at that and each red dot here it's

where the monkey is looking at so we
know exactly in real time what is

looking at and where and we just have
with the stopwatch we count 15 seconds

and when the monkey reached this 15
seconds sorry

it goes back to the delay so a white
screen and as you can see it's looking

all around during the white screen so
that's the flash that I was making

reference to then we present a new and
the hold object and as you can see is

going to spend more time on the new one
then a delay then we reverse so the new

is going to be on this side and the
haunt one will be on this side so the

side is randomized so one time it's
going to be and the first time on the

right or first time on the left just to
make sure that they don't have any side

preference okay so what did we found on
our monkey is so patient as you know you

and use a lot of Caesar into deeper
compass the compass is implicated in

memory we expected that the monkey we're
not going to be able to remember the

picture well that's not what we found in
both monkey so at baseline they remember

very well the picture but after
penicillin they remembered the picture

too and that's for the first monkey and
that's for the second

though the factory induce repetitive
seizure

we're not affecting at least this
short-term memory though this one has

you have seen was tested really like a
short interval so it was between thirty

to sixty second and what we also we were
interested to see if it was any linked

with the cumulative volume of penicillin
that they receive because I told you we

injected penicillin and I record the
seizure tested the monkey then the week

after we did the same thing so maybe
it's just because after the first

seizure they were very good and after
you know the fifteenth you know fifteen

times they were not that great but in
fact it's not it's not related and the

only thing that we found that was
related was the cumulative dose of

Penniston that they have received in the
percentage of time that they are looking

at the screen meaning that and I'm not
it's just print very and we need to do

more data analysis on that but it looks
looks like they are losing their

attention they just let us get bored
they don't want to look at the screen

and they look at it less and less with
the time that will be the problem with

that we need to do the same thing with
the control monkey to see if it's really

related to the penicillin if it's just
because you know after a while the

monkey just get bored and don't want to
do the task anymore so that's what we

are currently doing with some of our
monkey that are right tamo for monkey

that don't have any in seizure
also we are going to do that with the

monkey that have front-row seat have
motor seizure so it should not have fact

their memory because the hippocampus
should not be implicated in that sorry

so the other thing that we did was to
test and their long-term memory effect

and in this case we presented the new
and

so the whole sorry and a new picture 24
hours before the after the memorization

and in this case the monkey was not
remembering the the picture no

difference between the new and the hold
one after the penicillin and again and

there was something the cumulative link
cumulative amount of penicillin was

negatively related to the percentage of
time that the monkey was looking at the

picture though that is only on one
monkey and we didn't had a lot of that

time behind - I am very less confident
on this result to be honest so we are

still trying to had more animals on this
part so the other thing that I'm really

interested in that we started was we
know that mr. Pollard epilepsy is going

to affect memory ok that's a fact we
looked at it was affected okay the other

thing that is very important in memory
and that is going to affect memory is

sleep so if you have about night you
know that your memory is not going to be

as good and the thing is that temporal
lobe epilepsy is going to affect your

sleep activity the sleep activity is
going to affect your let's see the

frequency of your seizure or near the
the risk you have a seizure so if you

have a very short night you're going to
have more risk to have a temporal lobe

seizure so as you can see it it's a bit
of a mess right now so that's what we

propose to do exactly the same thing but
on the modern of motor seizure where

there is no link in between motor
seizure and memory so we should be able

to see only the effect of a bad night
and to do that right so what we did we

have to create
new system or like to adapt a system

that was using in rat Oh monkey do we
and decided to go with the system that

is called encounter it's not showing up
here but it's gone yeah and it's going

the road and back that's something that
if you're familiar with telemetry so

what we wanted to do was to record the
eg activity of the monkey at night so

the telemetry system there is a lot of
them but most of the time you need to

implant the telemetry system on the back
of the animal but this animal are going

to have another implantable device then
is called air surpluses it's for the

stimulation of the hippocampus so I
couldn't equipped my honeymoon with that

so I needed to find another way to do
telemetry system recording so what I did

was to use this system which is a very
good system for seizure detection that's

the only one I found that is able to
detect leisure online and to stand like

a
triger so you can send me a text message

or an alarm or like a phone can make my
phone ring something like that every

time that the monkey has a seizure which
is a great thing because right now in my

regulation I have to wake up every hour
at night to make sure that my monkeys ok

so that means that we have a rotation
system in the lab and we wake up after

inducing seizure so the day where we
induced issue we have to rotate so one

is going to wake up at 3:00 the other
one is going to wake up at 4:00 and stow

and so on just to make sure that the
animal is fine so if I'm involved you

use this system and she proved that the
system is working that would be great so

that's also what I'm working on though
because if not I'm going to study my

sleep activity so for that we had you
because as you may know if you work on

rat you can put that on the rat head
it's going to stay there the rat is not

going to
damages I put that on my monkey's head

it doesn't last one second he's going to
grab it and he's going to destroy it to

a higher to build an enclosure system
for the monkey and because it's a

telemetry system we had to make sure
that it was not in metal so we came up

here with different design to be honest
the first one didn't last a week it was

destroyed the second last the second
device lasted maybe a month and the

third one has John the monkey's head and
it's still working so we're making

progress but it's it's difficult to be
on something that is monkey proof it's

really not something that is easy you
just want to make sure that they cannot

destroy it and they can destroy a lot of
things though this system has many

advantages
so it's cost-effective because you can

remove it and move it to another
monkey's head the day after so it's not

something that you can implant so you
can really move it you can do your

online analysis and and because it's not
a fully implanted device and that's

something that I really like you have
your connector that is implanted into

the monkey's head so that mean that I
can use the same each electrode to

record my telemetry system but I can
also plug it to you my a phase system

and I can record the EEG activity at the
same time that I'm recording hippocampal

activity or at the same time that they
are doing their memory tasks so that's a

very good advantages dueling and like I
said we need to validate this system but

it's in progress because well the two
first monkey where with temporal lobe

epilepsy so meaning that you don't
record any abnormal activity at the

cortical level so you cannot validate
that because you were we were not able

to make sure we had to induce porticoed
seizure to be able to validate the model

to validate the system so that's
something that we are going to be able

to do with the Newman
that we are using with the focal motor

seizure but that we couldn't deal with
the temporal lobe seizure right so what

we have will be system it's to ecog one
EOG and one accelerometer plus the video

so we are currently working on an
identification of the Vigilant stage so

the different stage of sleep using a
22nd epoch we do that manually and we

are going to compare with the automated
scoring so we currently have two states

wakefulness light sleep deep sleep and
non REM do Ansari and Ram so it's going

to be difficult to identify the RAM but
we are trying one of the thing with Ram

is that it really looks like wakefulness
but what is very important is there we

don't have young EMG unfortunately in
our monkeys so that's going it's going

to rely on the power spectra of the on
the power spectra your video but I hope

that we are going to be able to use the
ug for that so we are working on it and

you conclude and just to give you an
idea of what we are hoping to do next do

ya
Penniston is not perfect but it's a good

model at least and we know that we every
time that we are going to you want to

have seizure we can have this on demand
stager in the monkey and it's also safe

probably anymore so that's really my
point is that I know that they are not

going to have any generalization because
that's really what I want to avoid it

also allowed us to study over parameters
so that are affected by seizure like

memory or sleep or different type of
things and so what we would like to do

next in you know model of temporal lobe
epilepsy so like I said we didn't see

any effect on short-term memory - what
we can

do it's to continue or work on long-term
memory effect and also try to we just

created a new task do do to test the
spatial memory during this task we are

going to present objects to like five
objects that are randomly positioned

then we are going to select three of
this object that are going to be moved

and we'll see if if the monkey can
identify the new versus the whole

picture that's going to be interesting
if we just started that like they the

monkey should be currently doing it
right now

at bad line to see if it's working on us
and if it's working we will test that

after injection of theater and here's
the team so we like to thank you all of

my collaborators so I work a lot with
dr. gross Don still with Clara and yet

against that is in charge of the anatomy
back my Mooji that is in charge of the

data data analysis for the temporal lobe
epilepsy in the asynchronous stimulation

dr. Whitman who was my mentor and still
working with me on the telomere cortical

project and so that's our lab members
and the different that we currently have

in the lab and also we have a strong
collaboration with a lab in France and

we just obtained NIH grants together

though you were I need to repeat so you
were asking why we didn't use the

reward-based pants for the task for the
monkey and so it's because it takes a

lot of time to train them just to train
them to do that took a lot of time and

this specific task was not something
that was that was not the point the

point of the study is to study a
synchronous dispirited stimulation and

so we just wanted to know if it was
affecting memory but if we use a

different type of task like you were
suggested and that will be create it's

just that it's going to take a lot of
time but the monkey and we didn't have

this luxury at the time yes yes yeah so
the sorry the pennies you were asking

your opinion and how the penicillin is
going to work that there is a lot not a

lot but most of the paper using
Palestinian we're in the ad so when you

were not born and it just fade away
after a while so what happened in

epilepsy and seizure model is in the ad
a lot of people were using makkac we're

using dogs we're using cat and after a
while it's just I think it's because

it's because of the gyres
I'm pretty sure no but and they discover

some genetic modern in rats and Rodan
and so everything moved from that from

the monkey to the rats then the monkey
is starting to go back so we have new

studies that are coming with the pillow
caffeine with the penicillin and so the

Peniston has been arisen recently also
used in rat too so it's a very

it's a very good model because so you're
going to it's it's a very basic thing

you just block the gaba intact it's a
very simple way to induce this easier do

you just block the inhibition so you
have a massive excitation so it nothing

like opto genetics or something like
that it's basic mechanism

yeah

yes but it's not it's not very easy to
study so what we there is some way to

study it just you need the attention
deficit and this in the monkey again

that's something that we need to explore
but that's something that we were not

expecting so we really need to think
about again I think in make change in

our paradigm to see exactly what we are
doing to the upper campus and how we can

really evaluate the deficit that we are
interesting to our monkey so it's also

so it it's surprising to some extent
because the seizure is going to spread

it's not something that is very that
stage today per campus but at the same

time there is also some studies that
have shown at least in monkey that if

you do a lesion in the hippocampus the
monkey recovered very well and so you

have some plasticity in the hippocampus
that are going to you to make sure that

the monkey are going to remember so for
example and just link - evaluated study

where she was doing some small lesion
into deeper campus and she almost didn't

see any effect on the memory only small
effect on special memory so I think

that's really the direction that we have
to go it's in to spatial memory but we

are going to also look at the attention
deficit by looking at for example the

number of picture that they completed
though as you have seen so we don't know

if you noticed but one of the monkey had
decreased but the other one was stable

so right now we've only to honeymoon
it's very difficult to conclude on

something but we are going to continue
to look for that