I think it's my Josie I saw
him take a couple minutes real

quick to introduce our panelists beginning
with dog to miss Winchell dog or

just one song receives Bucy and

molecular soul ology the University of
Connecticut and has been at the C.D.C. for

the past thirteen years he's a laboratory
achieved here you know your response and

surveillance laboratory within
the respiratory diseases range

is you scientists design as well as Little
days ass's disaster as it were pathogens

around the globe and is the primary labs
response of respiratory outbreaks He's

also been outside her visor in the school
biology since two thousand and three D.

Jing forces and
are all as you know microbiology.

Dr Dougal is a health sciences one that
will hold security branch and the Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention here
in Atlanta Dr goes work with the C.D.C.

says nine hundred ninety seven holding
several different international program

management policy decisions is in our
small science and with the C.D.C.

include such a cool assistant
visits to countries including but

not limited to being on Philippines
Serbia Macedonia Kurdistan is bogus and

we're rocking Nigeria Uganda
South Africa Norway Bolivia and

Argentina just to name a few.

Dr Boyer his P.H.D.
and whole policy ministers and

from the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill where he does this edition

research on immunization uptake
in Bolivia Dr Margaret zone is

an associate professor in Assam one school
International here is here in Georgia site

where she is currently the associate
director of the salmon security

fellows Murray within the Center for
International Strategy technology and

policy She recently returned to
the non-school after serving as

a senior advisor to the sheet
of staff of the U.S. Army.

Before joining George is a doctor who was
a science in technology you guys are so

used to since I guess air defense for

chemical biological and nuclear
defense she was a doctoral degree and

him history from the University of
Illinois under vanishing where she

works on violin got it and assertions your
views Dr Kozol is all this is has been.

You see that Stanford Northwestern and
the Naval Postgraduate School and

EDITION a lecturing both here in the U.S.

and abroad founding since a company
that researches biological chemical and

slows attention and
closing the book nanotechnology for

chemical and biological defense Doctorow
there's a point to this is morning saying

as it goes Reagan I was in she left
Mexico Guatemala and United States

as you completing his undergrad an
economics that you know doctors ones whose

are his not just as easily from MIT I sure
wish humans who go to Hollywood where you

were the only receipt I got fired like
the U.S. Institute of Economic and

Social Research as well as
United Nations Development Program

he returns in my seeing two thousand
times or is he she doing his dissertation

research on the process ease of industrial
transformation and mining Merica I think

it says you for organ Employment Research
in the Sloan School of national

youth teams you see in September of this
year his her leave her stalker will follow

in the school where he teaches courses
on international development well for

you I was reading the words your hit
list beginning with Dr Germ this

Winchell.

Thank you so much for the invitation
to pull your crew will be here.

Before I start I know we have a limited
time for each of the segments that we have

here so I will go through quite quickly on
something that you have a question that

you have never seen through the life also
before I begin although I work at C.D.C.

as those are like the whole of both of
us or you're on the U.S. government or

the Center for these people for you to get
that claim are out of the way right for

the big house so I would have further.

Do from start on what
exactly is the virus and

I were doing something extremely small so
we're done for the next year and my.

Nine years and it's a Friday so
I just give you

a perspective Yeah it was somewhere
in the in the five kilometer.

Range where he died of you
within a one hundred M. years.

Similar to influenza which I'll show you

is about one hundred one hundred
twenty million years and

I'll put that in perspective with
people only get a few flies in.

Viruses are made out of a horror nucleic
acid surrounded by a protein coat for

protection that is the essential component
components of all fires just the clothes

the nonstructural instructional
routines What does it mean.

To make an analogy to a house calendar
your foundation and your your walls and

roof for all your structural proteins
in your nice circle proteins

would be the inside her home is your
house the furniture still microwave

things that injure viruses
how saying I may go.

On what you will level the genome
is your D.N.A. or R.N.A.

again these are new Clay gases they are
the genetic makeup of what makes the virus

have specific traits and
after a few years.

And some are very simple the only hope for
a few proteins.

And some of these still
envelopes from a cell and so

they are considered envelopes
viruses now one critical component

that you must understand are viruses
is they all absolutely require

metabolically active cell sac so
you can't grow the line and kernel media

like a little blood accurately like
you would with that here here so

to put it in perspective with the size
we're seeing up in the upper.

Upper corner here is a typical animal
cell like your your liver cell or

your a fuel cell would be huge
compared to a day of virus for

instance and
down here is a schematic of a bacteria and

you can bacteria can be in fact there
was a call sieges So this is a relative.

There's scale of things and
even though both of these pathogens

or microbes can be actual half the genes
and they're very tiny There are no where

near similar OK just because they're small
you can't prove that you gather OK so

to of ours the bacteria
are as different as a dog and

the goldfish I mean
they're very different OK.

So some common viruses that you obviously
are very familiar with the as a virus here

is an envelope virus and you can see
around the outside here the spikes

of the envelope glycol through things and
are you see that

this virus critical of these kind of morph
is more like your kind of weather balloon

looking up whereas this one is
me was to the Thomas source of

our cervical cancer in women this is
on more structure in a protein is

just right there's only that it doesn't
prove he looks very geometric and

your god vastly different viruses over
there both on the scale and then yours.

And here's a schematic of here's your take
you know each other people use your key so

here in the second he saw was that there
is on each of these areas and I was

part of those kind of here this was an
exact process of putting out of the cell.

So you're the classic.

Pictures that you'll find
associated with Ebola and

you'll see their long legs filaments and
he's getting laid with

kind of your AIDS and eye hooks and
those sorts of things and evil is

a number of classifiers in the family
cause I love your day now stands for

need for thought and
this raises very long Sona like so

these are Stream Long Well they can deal
with nine hundred seventy nanometers long

words that yeah so the whole the most
range of viruses of between twenty and

three hundred and metres this one usually
sees that the resolution though this is a.

Hurry because all across here such
studies are still of ours and

you can now see under normal
a microscope sees the need for

higher powered cars to be down here
you have the actual arm section

taken from the side of it so
these are your Ebola Heriot here and

these little ones you see here you know
now just in this cut in cross-section

planes are the viruses are actually coming
out of the screen you raise of the many

different planes they are looking at but
nonetheless this is in fact the issue

here here's a beautiful shot of the second
cell inside the cells that are really high

powered things occasion this is an organ
outside the cell with all these little

black kind of string particles that
you see all layer here are the Furia

are all the ball of waters
that are inside of one cell so

after a virus gets into the cell and
exponentially replicate and so it can you

can insert this cell for instance polio
you know one polio virus in the cell and

it's forty six hours later you have
the six one the only thing I can is

just one period inside one's self.

So if I if we look at closer at
the furious offices the virus in our

new poll of ours here comes
Nick Clegg though he said and

one couple things I want to
point out here one this green.

Protein here is what rocks like gases so

inside here are people that has an oily
virus so the single strength pieces

of R.N.A. is highly protected inside this.

Green prove me.

The outside is an envelope so
this isn't a little fires and

a couple things one point out here is
this kind of mushroom shaped yellow thing

this is called local routines or this is a
shooter who could be routine This does two

things the virus one it allows you to find
in the target cell OK Jack the current.

So gain entry The second thing is because

it's cover we should use
it makes it a really.

Bad target for your view system to perhaps
the virus sugarcoated should resign and

I speak already kind of images for
you for the virus to both your

users and then inside this wire Supreme's
indifferent routine one of those call one

reason this guy is responsible for
replicating the nucleic acids inside your

now interestingly here is the genetic.

Setting of the arming of fires and

listen along here of the different
genes there's not many of them and

you see this is the one at the end
is that all gene which includes for

this one reason does a lot of work so this
far astray is really crucial but the other

really important part of our desires is
this area through global proteins G.D.P.

so that you can eat when it's red when
you always threw in a simple protein and

you see the product that you see here
which starts the entire period and

allows the entry OK So
this is important but

the plume race does another trick because
fires three see if anything in the bowl

only doesn't do with his cousin the whole
Marburg virus which is in the same family

but within your bowl or
what it does is it makes kind of like a.

Marshall form of this like a protein
that's called as you created good clear go

through here and what happens in
this reading frame which ends up

with a truncated fruitiness it
doesn't enclose of this little stalk

region that inserts into
the envelope region so

in instead is secreted out
into the into the body and

what that does is it provides a decoys for
your users.

And so in this business line we have if
I focus you OK We have an infected now

with the drill excels These are cells that
are part of your body that are GA I think

you early on faces when you're exactly and
what happens is after this game.

Injuries of yours are equal of your EON
which will attach to a solar cell here and

then use this and
who will use with the cell membrane and

then the inside core will
be done in his her cell and

then what happens more importantly
is the cell will become.

Her generating a lot of virus go home
now in addition to this this cell was

responsible for sending out a lot of these
chemical signals called cytokines and

these are incredibly potent and that's
what gives you a lot of your symptoms when

you're sick you do the general cold or
allergies or those sorts of things these

are high in chemical molecules that
are released in give you all your

symptoms that you see but what happens
here is this becomes a source for

virus and what'll happen between the site
you can use it all and only other cells

of your abuses don't know this for what
that's called is programmed cell death so

will actually go all the cells to die and
the other thing will happen is.

The the release of the period
after this initial groups.

After the initial stage of the section
they will those you bystander cells and

these are in your in the fuel cells
which are lining your blood vessels and

what will happen here is these will
become also the viral factories and

bleak period because also happening
as you'll see just he's a red

light going through things that are
secrete you know virus well living do they

act as if the boy do sort of these black
while living things these are called and

bodies and
those are there to protect you and

your immune system will have generated
antibodies to neutralize any form apogee

and so what happens is the virus and
is kind of out there as a as a little red

herring to sop up these antibodies
therefore the anybodies cannot

actually target the actual Heriot
itself so it's a very sneaky virus.

Now what happens inside this car and

the fuel cell is our source of down really
regulate these are these molecules and

why is that boring because this is what
causes folks to bleed out when her

back to the bowl because during
the session write your initial Mars or

McAfee's will be gone back to release
a whole bunch of these period which was

a blow up here and this is your blood
vessel here and after that it's released

there's a lot of your yarns now in your
blood vessels they will then infect

the lining which will be your end of new
cells and what happens inside that and

the fuel cell these guys are completely
down each other using what's called

a junctions if you can really really fine
so that your blood pressure stays high and

you do not lose through vascular
leakage but after being infected people

will downgrade you later the molecules
that are supposed to keep these guys nice.

And so these guys start to degrade and

slough off and when that happens
you know how nasty your leakage and

this is why he's hemorrhage is
also why people go in shock.

Slowly so you get this done right you get
caught in session of the immune cells and

this thing called a sidecar story where
you get all these inflammatory chemical

messenger the least then you get out of
control viral replication The reason for

five or so of your immune response in your
ability to harm that virus goes down and

then the virus continues to repeat
unchecked and you're asking the rebuild of

the pieces which allows the virus
then spread to all your other primary

worries and issues so this is why people
end up getting your liver kidneys and

you get basically the vascular leakage
you shot and that's what you see

in most of our patients who down
the track so some of the early.

Symptoms here in blue.

Most people first result we had a fever
fatigue muscle aches those things and

then people progressed begin to take
more of the diarrhea vomiting and

some of the rashes they see in.

This next slide it shows more
symptomology throughout the horse

by days right so
early on the first week or so

you get that heavy use of the femur So
this can often times be confused for

other things that you find in Africa such
as malaria and then I think Hello and

welcome you continually kind of get
to the final stages with a hammer and

chisel and ultimately an organ
shutdown and massive bleeding.

For those that are destined to recover
usually by that have a hemorrhage Well if

you use start to show improvement
if you don't show it by hand or

twelve least in countries that
don't have great health facilities

what usually happens is
they're progressing.

Usually through this release before there.

Here are some.

Classic.

Symptoms after you get recruits her
blood look blisters all all out and

then you reduce they don't coagulate
because the virus also impacts your

platelets and your play with her and
her little blood clotting so

after in a livery you
lose he believes you.

To climb love so you the needle sticks and

try to get medicine patients
are trying for I do I can probably.

Hear some some.

Well some very sources.

And I'm often asked how
these marshes John from.

How these are nice how they jump
from places where we're not seeing

the sun getting virus outbreak in these
are the perfect examples as to why.

Between the swine flu's other highly.

I was just telling you you.

Were losers.

By the markets and
pool school this was just

home life and
were full of the questions are you.

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you it's rough.

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Three.

Years and
they are just three week period this is.

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Darker red areas as in some.

Cases.

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in countries but it's also.

Getting.

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about.

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the body pieces are on the yes.

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sit there for years and

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years away they talk fast.

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undergrad that we have.

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this is more than a biological.

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issue.

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United States.

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national lay shoes policy.

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Not yours to use of
chemical weapons by Syria

not in response to the issue or

on what responsibility.

Do you.

Blame and most likely.

Response to write.

Home about.

To be.

Our start.

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from.

Us.

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should be noted that USA and me then.

In responding for

months they did not store brands
of time or just the C.D.C.

in response outbreak for months.

By.

Already nearly sixteen tons.

Ten personal protective
equipment transferred.

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Of State Department.

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Liberia.

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on the ground for.

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Developing World.

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Brought me.

To Billy's this.

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Very.

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It was.

Recently that the secretary.

Has resigned.

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Senior Executive Service has to be.

Approved by Congress he's
resigned his position.

To become the deputy.

Response.

Or near.

His former.

Leaders who.

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opposition party.

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Action.

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be drivers for national security.

That much.

I

am.

Right thank you very much for
your patience and all I receive.

In the much of your own Imagine.

This initial play a little time
is very simple very important

this is not just a health epidemic
this is a humanitarian crisis a.

Broad economic social and
perhaps even political consequence.

To blame or completely the ball is
not only the people say it is a major

destruction also has ways of life it is
really a hard economic and the social

fabric of this country this is undermining
the national institutions national but

it was a fusion and it is wiping out
the services are provided by the state.

And then sends it it's not clear to me
that we should be comparable as are things

such as the MERS outbreak in
the Middle East racially and

why in Mexico we do not have a.

Broader environment or humanitarian
issues I think the better comparison here

a better source of guidance comes from
other cases of humanitarian crisis such as

a he said earthquake that you mention or
the two thousand for the.

Tsunami.

And the distinction is important because
a humanitarian crisis like the one that is

unfolding in West Africa as we speak
requires a much broader probably

longer term response than when he says so
we focused on actions he's up in heaven.

So what I want to argue is that
based on his previous cases of

humanitarian crisis the broader
response should involve and

should have been shown to be led by the
national state up the affected countries

while initially the international
communities of certainly

plays a significant and
this is on control the outbreak itself.

The response to it to
evolution also simultaneously.

Focus on the child of the national
states of life here you

give me a seer only you know.

Can assume the long term responsibility of
dealing with a humanitarian consequences

I was out.

However before I talk about a response
itself it is important to recognize that

their current forms these three hassles
days and most rarely even Center

either failed states or very fragile
states so as this chart shows you

the three countries have some of
the most fragile states on earth.

These are countries are coming out
civil wars are bloody civil wars and

there's days of Certainly not you.

Nor have the national economies at
all that even this is what most of

the populations in these countries you can
also see here the countries rank among

the lowest in the world when
it comes to human development.

Now given this conflict the kind of
kneejerk response that you usually hear

is that we should they demanded
the international community step in.

And recently taken troll of
the situation now I should say I

partially agree with this insofar as I
go here in international responses and

as you certainly know the national stage
as your own the only union Liberia at this

time lack the necessary resources and
the US is very capacity to face

this health care which by the way there
is not only the local population but

the population of the world at large.

But in doing so in advocating that we have
this international response we should fire

high water goals are if the only goal
here is to stop this epidemic and

perhaps a largely internationally
led intervention is warranted.

But if our goal is not only to
stop this particular epidemic but

also address Kolker author and I would say
perhaps more complex humanitarian crisis

that it has created and usually we are
aware of this problem this approach this

idea of involving only international
responders carries a certain risks

now that he's even though he's on the
Haitian earthquake such as for example so

you know lateral international response
creates an enormous companions in

the country who's on foreign aid and for
N.G.O.s So essentially you have this for

these foreign organizations assuming
that's hasd out of the state.

Now that might be your Haiti while we're
going as Asians are in the country but

once they leave you have an enormous
impact on an enormous void right and

the state which is so weak is really
unable to take over those responsibilities

now the departure of these international
organizations that create all these

questions for starters who will fill
my boy which is in Syria especially

countries such as Liberia that unions here
early on where this is actually were born

as you know I'm number of the most
educated people in the country.

And we're going to take charge of actually
rebuilding these countries and ensure.

The recovery ones as if
the damage is controlled.

Now again these questions are especially
your relatives in these countries

are plagued by where in the recent
past by a loose surgeon

who filled similar voids similar
vacuums and triggered civil wars

Moreover the post-war recovery in all
of these countries is still very much

an unfinished task but we do you know the
national stage by bringing in all these

international organizations and they you
know they're just going to perform all

the tasks internationally as they should
be performing will only delay the long

term recovery of these countries.

And for this reason as I said
before a response to a humanitarian

crisis of this magnitude must
involve the essential role for

the national state of light here again and
of Sierra Leone.

Now even I should emphasize that I'm
not advocating that these international

aid agencies if you
international response N.G.O.s

withdraw from active participation
in controlling the outbreak.

Rather what I am saying is that as
part of the response to the broader

humanitarian crisis we should seriously
emphasize the importance of also

building up the capacity of these
national states and doing so

requires involving these national
states in the response effort itself

now we transfer you all
the decision making to outsiders.

And this I really believe Brazil is not
only in urgent need of these countries but

might also actually even offer
an opportunity to contribute to their long

term development which I hope
is what we hear about here.

Now is the causes of inclusion and
construction of the Nationals.

I see Sure major avenues that we can
pursue both of these have strengths and

weaknesses but first is to build
up the traditional European

version of the state you know if you would
have to go about recruiting a competent

trained your rockers including you have
your ocracy of response teams find

different sources of funding for
national ministries and set or.

Do the first one is you the idea would be
an authority or an intervention force were

gradually devolve power to
the increasingly functioning state and

this strategy might avoid leaving behind
a board which is a major concern but

I should note that it also
Harry's important risks.

Most prominently building the stage from
the ground up like this is no easy task

it might take too long to rebuild right
securely when we have these tight

tight histories all humanitarian crisis.

Furthermore I think that history of these
countries obviously has essentially it's

traditionally a small elite often
this phonecall from the social and

political life of the rest of the country
has controlled the state there for

strength in this existing state in these
countries with his headquarters in

the capital where there's bureaucracy
drawn from the more educated wealthier

members of society might not necessarily
represent the national interests and

might actually use it all kind of
serious breach of them obviously and

not represent stations in these countries.

I think an alternative approach here
involves preconceive the state and

pushing beyond the standard
European peace understanding and

his formal structure of national news for
us and the argument here is that we

should focus on the more he tends to
be the right version of the state

one that is better suited to the local
conditions of these countries.

And when the second alternative suggestion
is if it was right you know the state

shouldn't call or
have been until now non-state local

level lacquers in their power structures
so here we go they go mobile chiefs

of community organisations
even state health response use

these non-state actors all of them have
been in many cases heavy hand to take on

this has at this stage what have
traditionally performed in this society.

Somehow learn through the experience
of facing the Savoy to them and

become relevant here and dealing with
not only its health consequences

more broadly at him as
humanitarian consequences.

And the destruction of the state and

its involvement in the response to
that help and humanitarian crisis.

We include these non-state actors and
can bring them into full of the stage and

give them high level missions abilities
in responding to the humanitarian means

created by you bowl at him.

Now again like the previous alternative is
alternative also offer the benefits and

risks among the benefits we can talk
about our building here our local cases

our success we can also talk here about
how we get more simply create a space you

know you're not building a from the ground
up you're taking most of our users in so

you can build more strictly toupees
the humanitarian crisis and

lastly I could also involve adopting
a much more democratic structure for

the state what is not only representing
the elites in the capital but

a much broader as well as
weight of the population.

However I view other one this approach
also has had falls more as a part

of the I think there is a risk here
of real internal rifts between these

different groups which could undermine
not only the national cohesion but

the capacity of the city.

Now as some as you can look over me let
me point I want to me really back to this

initial premise that man made before
this is a humanitarian crisis

we saw react to it as such it demands a
longer term response one that I think can

only be adequately provided by a whole
issue that includes the national states I.

Thank you.

Thank.

You so much for
your Francis on how inviting all for

working here was sick locally and we're
going to ensure each having a question

the answer session I don't we've already
got over a sudden T.-O. time on it so

you have to leave that he says So
are you have a convenience but

what I'm going to ask you to use your
question please raise your head high speed

answer like see hardly I didn't fire salt
if you're your balance you know girl or so

you think you just hit I didn't fire
her that are you close your question or

if you have really.

Survived I will hit my hood and
she will give you some

information.

That is very basic to me that
you talk about like things

like My understanding is.

You.

Go.

Through.

This kind of right around the.

Same use of I

have.

A lot.

More.

Well.

A while.

Back.

Thank you.

For.

Their.

Government.

This is.

Like.

They're.

Very.

Worried.

Things

like.

My life.

Long.

Live.

Your.

Life.

Like.

There.

Is specific.

For the city.

OK Josh joins us on the.

Phone My question is this being
a national security issue.

My question is is one
of President Obama's.

One of the.

Boys to contain the disease while
this young air travel not been shut

down this area I mean obviously
this is you know you.

Marshal or private sector but

it becomes a national security
issue why have things like this is.

This really.

A mosque where you're trying to
Israel during this crisis so

why is this not going
on right now to prevent

the transmission.

I work hard.

Now.

Very probable.

Cause there.

Was a lot.

There that was very
very specific very near

your.

Life like a.

Life.

Like your you.

Your.

Life.

Your stop lights.

Out.

That.

Doesn't.

Say.

It's also.

Thought.

You know he's so.

Liquid I think.

What was.

That.

War.

Was.

Just a simple idea of having
a password I mean I just don't see that

on Iran are you at all saying there's so
much as a password that is

the standard says I've been to this
country there's no way that the U.S.

government or there's no they're not
political worlds you basically prevent

these people from getting on fine after
visa these get them in their areas and

then for you why is the United States
there always do you agree with mentions

goes that is true this would be much more
difficult to start flights from here or

from wherever but it's not always you we
have also acknowledge looking at houses

where you know we can look at it and
saw the person going on or actually.

Like.

You know.

Like.

We see us.

All.

There feel.

Free.

To look away yes.

Really.

Most of

your.

Life.

I think we have time for
one more question here the.

Caller.

He's over it I see your cousin James and
I actually be working.

With the C.D.C.
from a senior design project.

With regards to the deployment
of the we're very.

So I'm here to learn a little bit more
I want to know I want to learn how

important this brutal tears
are because I know that.

A lot of people get infected well
getting caught up with the price and

I want to know what are your
sources that we have.

For real teams and where are the main
challenges of transportation as you can

see.

By.

One.

Read that.

British scientists thank.

You for that.

Stat Yeah the.

Last I got.

So far was what was
the trade me go on C.B.C.

for ease of.

Holiness rather for their release.

OK so.

There's a little worried that.

There are only a limited number of
people anywhere in the world actually.

Train yourself more low so
you can see quickly how we.

Just design skills.

So you.

So what if the.

Folks there are wrong laboratory
three years old really.

The.

Answer is just friends.

Other.

More years off three levels
of the field is level.

Higher level Well we'll see what happens

there you.

Fall file low.

With one person who is obviously
off work for a science.

But even with the free will.

Which is why they hold all the.

So say.

You well.

So those are where you live with gas.

At least.

In training for very little.

Plays.

It's a.

Survivor.

World.

People.

Size.

And.

It's a very dangerous job.

That

just.

Bodies.

Like period.

All live.

Bodies.

Raise.

Your.

Very.

Life.

You can.

You.

Elaborate.

Start

training.

Every week.

I don't think we're going to come because
they're OK just do was follow possible

thanks.

To us losing my reversing is the most
you guys are thinking to this and

I hope you guys are very high it will
bring home to new questions for the US.