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Doctor of Philosophy with a Major in Architecture

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"Benevolent Anarchy": Siting Marcel Janco, 1916-1966

2024-07-27 , Pavel, Carrie H.

Figuring in the indexes of an international, multidisciplinary array of anthologies, Marcel Janco (1895-1984) is known as a founding member of the Dada movement in Zurich, a pioneer of modern architecture in Romania, and a central member of the New Horizons group that conceived a national style of painting in Israel. Over the course of his remarkably prolific career, he produced hundreds of paintings, woodblock prints, plaster reliefs, sculptures, works of scenography, and designed over forty residential and institutional buildings. Yet his peripatetic career and diverse output complicate an integrated understanding of his oeuvre, which, crucially, comprised many experimental works that sought to occupy the often porous boundary between visual art and architecture. In scholarship, international borders suggest firm disciplinary distinctions—to Romanians, Janco is an architect; to Israelis, a painter—that belie the variety of forms and methods that characterized his interdisciplinary practice. This study seeks to integrate these multiple interpretations through a framework that allows comparative study between his art and architectural work, as well as between the disparate sites that hosted or promoted it. The biographical structure of this study is divided into three parts defined by an initial immigration—to Zurich in 1916, to Bucharest in 1921, and to Mandatory Palestine in 1941—that situate his work within national borders having distinct cultural implications and expectations. A central question raised concerns the separate, often unarticulated ways that distinct art forms are permitted to interpret or lay claim to cultural material. If the methods of the historical avant-garde were predicated on strategies that aimed to render material culture meaningless, what is the result when these strategies are deployed at an architectural scale? By eschewing disciplinary distinctions to locate Janco’s creative work along a continuum of scales, methods, and functions, this study ultimately seeks to clarify and confront the complex dynamics involved in the reception of his work.

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Hybrid Concept Formation Through Interaction with a Situated Reasoner

2023-12-12 , Bermek, Mehmet Sinan

Contemporary building design tools face limitations in offering designers a comprehensive understanding of the models they create. The inherent structure of these tools do not align with the ontological principles of the designer, and the user's experience reflects only a simulated snapshot of the model at any given time. This results in designers grappling with ill-fitting protocols and the challenge of maintaining semantic integrity in the digital encoding process. Initially, this research aimed to address these limitations by developing a novel design companion. This companion, powered by a semantic reasoner—an inference engine capable of deducing rule based, case-based, or hybrid conclusions from formalized information—was envisioned to provide designers with contextualized insights into their models. Positioned as an integration into existing building design tools, it would interact with designers in real-time. However, the research findings indicate that the prevailing technical rational paradigm has not enhanced design but, instead, has fostered tools for design manufacturing. These tools prioritize efficiency and productivity over creativity and discovery, falling short in providing designers with the necessary insights for inventive and contextualized designs. Consequently, the initially established milieu for the reasoner proved to be overly rigid, reductionist, and tangential to the essence of design. As a response, this dissertation critically examines computerized design tools and computer assisted design (CAD) education. A historical overview traces the evolution of design approaches and perspectives since the inception of CAD systems, aiming to redefine our understanding of design, professional deontology, and the quest for a design companion. It identifies a profound ix clash between the declarative and protocol-based nature of current computerized tools and the tacit and situated qualities inherent in design. Despite hesitancy in acknowledging the vulnerabilities of the designerly approach to human activities, the practice of design has succumbed to an efficiency-driven paradigm. This paradigm dismisses any social and humane contributions as extraneous, conforming to dominant forms of symbolic exchanges. It reinforces the spectacular and speculative aspects of design, increasingly practice has become reliant on commercial tools developed with linear logic to simulate solutions. Instead of supporting an informed co-evolution of problem and solution dualities by designers with their tools. The dissertation advocates for an embrace of more fluid and adaptive paradigms in design tools, that incorporate fuzziness in both algebras and geometry while embracing ambiguity over certainty. It acknowledges that design, as practiced, is inherently subjective and context dependent. The assertion is that this can be well achieved through the use of the pencil and collaboration, rather than relying on computerized solutions and isolation.

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Data Governance and Control For Performance Based Design. An Aspect System for Data Reliability And Completeness

2023-07-28 , Panagoulia, Eleanna

Architecture is a discipline that is, ultimately, concerned with linking different systems of knowledge from diverse disciplines together to produce the artifacts of our built environment. Nowadays, the field is aspiring to augment this function with the aid of advances in technology and tools. This process would convert the Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operations (AECO) industry to a digitally transformed field that would improve the working practice for architects and engineers and the quality of the data they produce and share. This digital transformation requires the ability to transform knowledge from one discipline to another seamlessly and interpreting information from multiple sources on demand. However, due to the high degree of federation amongst the disciplines that comprise the current AECO industry, knowledge and information are frequently lost or are miscommunicated between disciplines, which has impeded attempts at transformation and resulted in data siloing. The phenomenon of data siloing is exacerbated in some areas more than others, depending on the degree of ontological difference between systems of knowledge, such as is the case with performance-based design. Design and performance analytics are two domains that present a high degree of difference in the interpretation of building elements and functions. Hence the interface between them is challenged by information loss, both operationally, in attempts to communicate concepts or requirements, and technically, due to loss in data transformation and incomplete exchanges. These impediments impact the reliability of the process and undermine the quality of the outcome and limit the ability to mobilize information from various resources. The challenges in data operationalization stem from the lack of a governance and control framework to describe the design and performance aspects of buildings, leading to a reliance on experience and intuition as a means of representing, retrieving, and exchanging information. This research contributes to the field of performance-based design by providing a data governance and control framework for reducing the complexity involved in communicating, capturing, and validating the increasingly intricate demands placed on architectural design and engineering. The work seeks to develop an approach for data governance and control that can be adopted broadly to facilitate field in creating easier exchange processes, more consistent data that is ultimately more available and accessible. This is achieved by the proposal of a pair of frameworks, one for modeling data and a second establishing process control for management and transmission of data between distributed parties. The frameworks codify the requirements for stakeholders that would allow for implementations that, when adopted, would significantly improve the ways that can be computed, validated, and transmitted.

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Development and evaluation of a design tool for occupational therapists to facilitate co-design of assistive technology with designers

2022-05-05 , Lee, Su Jin

Development of effective assistive technology (AT) for individuals for disabilities necessitates close collaboration between occupational therapists (OTs) and designers. Currently, their successful collaboration is hampered by absence of a common language; as a result, clinical insight necessary for creating effective AT are poorly integrated into the design process. This problem can be attributed, in large part, to OTs’ inability to communicate with designers in design-actionable language. For successful ATs to be developed, OTs must be able to translate their clinical understanding of task-performance deficits into task-relevant design attributes that are necessary for designers to make informed design decisions. To enhance OT’s ability to communicate their expertise to designers and, therefore, be a better co-design partner in the co-design process, the aims of this dissertation were to: 1) develop the Dyadic Transfer Performance Instrument (DTPI), a tool designed to help OTs articulate, in design-relevant terms, clinical knowledge pertinent to designing AT interventions for caregiver-assisted transfers, 2) Conduct co-design workshops to engage OTs and designers to i) identify task-related problems with transfers from a pre-recorded video; ii) generate concepts for AT solutions, with and without DTPI, for a real-life case (based on a caregiving dyad experiencing transfer performance difficulties), and 3) Evaluate the usefulness of the DTPI, as measured by the extent to which its use: 1) increases OT’s active engagement in the co-design process; 2) increases OT’s use of design-relevant terms, and 3) improves the experience of participants during the co-design process. The primary output of this dissertation is a tool that empowers OTs to be co-equals in the co-design process, a pre-requisite for co-design teams to create more informative design criteria grounded in task-relevant design characteristics. The DTPI consists of several features: 1) a tag function that allow users to analyze environmental interactions during performance at fine-gained task levels, 2) prompts that facilitate consideration of all relevant design characteristics and attributes, and 3) compilation of data to easily visualize results in a way that supports generating design insights. Analysis of the co-design workshops indicate that the DTPI helps OTs to anchor their clinical assessments in more design relevant terms, increase the efficiency at which their assessments are communicated to designers, and increase their proactive contribution in the brainstorming phase of the co-design process. This project has several short- and long-term outcomes. Most immediately, it demonstrates the feasibility of a tool-mediated co-design method to foster more effective collaboration between OTs and designers. Adoption of more effective co-design methods will, over time, result in more effective AT solutions for transfer performance for which there are persisting unmet needs. Further, more effective AT solutions will improve transfer performance, thus enabling individuals aging with disability to remain at home longer, as well as reduce the physical strain on caregivers.

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A Design Case Study to Support the Inclusion of Temporal Factors in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF)

2024-07-27 , Liu, Yilin

Despite being the most comprehensive model so far for capturing the factors contributing to disability, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) developed by the World Health Organization does not recognize a set of time concepts that are relevant to activity engagement as contextual factors. The unrecognized time concepts (i.e., available time and required time) interact with one’s body functions and other ICF components (e.g., environmental factors) to affect one’s engagement in activities and participation. As a result, the ICF model failed to identify the challenges related to time that limit one’s activity engagement and could not facilitate the design of technologies that address those challenges for individuals with disabilities. This dissertation project presents a design case study about the design and evaluation of a travel planning mobile application named ALIGN 2.0. The design case study aims to provide primary research evidence to support the inclusion of temporal factors in the ICF model (i.e., the modified ICF model). The ALIGN 2.0 app was designed and evaluated according to the proposed modified ICF model to facilitate the management of time-related challenges faced by travelers with mobility impairments. Specifically, different types of travel information provided in ALIGN 2.0 were designed to reflect the various interactions/pathways between temporal factors and other ICF components and were evaluated for their effects on travel time allocations by travelers with mobility impairments. The evaluation outcome supported the existence of the pathways in the modified ICF model thus serves as evidence for supporting the inclusion of temporal factors in the ICF model. The direct outputs of this project are the designed ALIGN 2.0 app and the modified ICF model that includes temporal factors as additional contextual factors. The outcome of this project is the recognized role of time in activity engagement and its interactions with other components within the existing ICF model.

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Sketches Count: The Mies Van Der Rohe’s Dirksen Courthouse Archive Redrawn

2023-12-06 , Park, James

Mies van der Rohe’s Everett McKinley Dirksen United States Courthouse in Chicago built in 1964 is arguably one of the most significant buildings in the history of judicial architecture in the United States and abroad because of its transformative role in the formulation of the conventions underlying contemporary courthouse design. Archived in the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the Museum of Modern Art New York, a significant resource associated with the design of the courthouse is the extensive documentation of the design process at the office of Mies. This body of work consists of 135 sketches, diagrams, and drawings, features alternative solutions, variational schemes, and sectional innovations, and provides an untapped resource to allow a closer look at the expressive range of the architectural language and the technical innovations proposed by one of the most influential architects of the twentieth century. The research takes on the Mies van der Rohe Archive and begins to flesh out the implicit design possibilities that the preliminary representations from the design process of the Dirksen Courthouse present: Are all these possibilities parts of the final scheme that was promoted in the end? If not, are there common themes that pervade each one of them? How important are some design ideas that belong exclusively to some of them but did not appear in the final design? To speculate these in depth, how much effort would it take to complete each of the design variations outlined by the preliminary representations? Can they be completed given the clues in the final design? If not, is it because they are not productive or they are just not compliant with the final scheme? In the end, how significant is this design process to contemporary courthouse design? The work here attempts to address these questions through a formal specification of a shape grammar that foregrounds common characteristics and unique ideas presented in the set of preliminary representations. Ambitiously, the work proposes a formal reconstruction of the final courtroom floor plan of the Dirksen Courthouse and an automated completion of the preliminary representations of key courtroom floor design variations from the design process of the courthouse, materializing the unrealized possibilities embodied in them. More specifically, a generative description of Mies van der Rohe’s courthouse design language is presented in the form of a shape grammar designed and implemented in the Shape Machine, a pioneering recursive shape rewriting technology. The grammar is proposed as an open-ended set of shape rules that can be readily expanded to complete an increasing number of design variations documented in the archive and generate some hypothetical ones that can be, in principle, generated by this dynamic grammar. Significantly, at any moment, new shape rules can be introduced seamlessly, as an intrinsic part of the design process of the grammar, without requiring the reformatting of existing rules or advocating the design of a singular Miesian grammar. The work concludes with a critical assessment of the sequences of the rule applications for the generation of complete courtroom floor plans. The contributions of the dissertation are (a) a generative description of Mies van der Rohe’s courthouse design language in the form of a shape grammar that is designed based on the final design of the Dirksen Courthouse and its design process documented in the Mies van der Rohe Archive at the Museum of Modern Art New York; (b) a formal reconstruction of the final courtroom floor plan of the courthouse; (c) an automated completion of the preliminary representations of key courtroom floor design variations from the design process of the courthouse; (d) a critical account on the significance of the design process of the courthouse in the contemporary courthouse design discourse with an emphasis on the innovative sectional idea of the courtrooms as an unrealized possibility in the making of the final courtroom floor plan, which still remains to be rediscovered in the designing of new courthouses; and (e) some speculations on the significance of the computational method developed for the research in the field of shape computation and on its potential role in bridging the gaps between sketching, diagramming, drafting, and modeling in the digital workflows of architects and designers.

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The Global Role and Impacts of Building Performance Diagnostics Under Climate Change Considerations

2023-04-25 , El Masri, Yasser

With climate change becoming an existential threat for all living beings, and a matter of national security for states around the world, urgent action is needed to meet the challenges it poses. Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions globally, therefore they present an important sector to target as part of a global strategy to address this problem. This work relates the field of building performance to modern-day challenges of climate change, international relations, and national and energy security policy. The goal of the dissertation is to develop a viable and applicable strategy that can ultimately address these issues through a novel approach. Initially, it will identify current issues with approaches to climate change strategies and national and energy security that are predominantly supply-focused, then help synthesize solutions to these problems through a shift to an energy demand-reduction focused approach for buildings. The research utilizes building energy modeling, non-destructive testing techniques, and computational tools to create workflows that can help policymakers assess the benefits, costs, and feasibility of applying such a strategy. The dissertation aims to bridge the gap between climate change, energy security policy, and building energy consumption on various scales and present it as a realistic solution that helps bypass many of the impediments to currently applied approaches.

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The Afterlife of Roman Amphitheaters in Italy And Their Role in Shaping the City

2024-05-06 , Toth, Anna

The amphitheater stands out as the most recognizable among all the Roman building types for public spectacles. Serving as a venue for gladiatorial contests, the amphitheater became a symbol of Roman entertainment and grandeur. Its colossal scale and innovative design distinguish it from other structures of its time, making it a cornerstone in understanding ancient Rome’s architectural expertise and cultural impact. These buildings of secular entertainment were significantly affected by the decline of the Roman Empire, leading to fundamental changes in social, religious, and cultural life in Italy and beyond. The fading tradition of public entertainment contributed to the deterioration of the buildings, often subjected to spoliation. In some contemporary cities, such as Rome or Verona, within the Roman Empire’s territory, we can easily identify these ancient structures, which still possess the monumental impact they once embodied. However, in cities like Florence, centuries of transformations have seemingly erased these constructions from the urban landscape. Nevertheless, a careful analysis of urban morphology can trace the lingering effects of the amphitheaters that used to adorn the most important Roman cities. In some cases, the gradual fragmentation of ruins, as seen in Lucca, was interrupted by the re-employment of the structure, providing it with a new function. The reactivation process visibly affected not only the building itself but also its surrounding area. This dissertation explores the relationship between the reutilization of Roman amphitheaters and the transformation of their urban context, emphasizing the evolution of architectural structure and the re-imagination of public space. Rather than treating amphitheaters as discrete objects, the analysis places them and the large voids they contained within the changing post-antique cityscape. It seeks to interpret their role in the dynamics of urban transformation. The presented case studies reveal how the evolution of this building type in various cities had different implications for the continued public vitality of the sites. The study goes beyond mere description, analyzing these urban artifacts to determine if they act as propelling or pathological elements in their urban context. The conclusions center on the architectural attributes, historical circumstances, and topological factors contributing to the amphitheater’s ongoing urban presence and public identity.

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Stadia, Urban Science and Data Vizualization

2023-08-24 , Do Amaral, Gustavo Garcia

Sporting events attract hundreds of millions of people each year. Most stadia built in the last two decades to host such events were advertised as if they could perform extensive processes of urban regeneration. Curiously, in spite of their significance and monumentality, stadia remained mostly unstudied by Architecture academia. Much of the discussion about the impact of sports venues is too limited to reflect the significant impact that true mixed-use sports districts can bring. In effect, the analysis of contemporary urban stadia projects necessitates the incorporation of new technologies in shaping a method capable of quantify the urban socio-economic implications of these large scale sport and leisure architecture. The success of a sports facility at any scale requires a careful and detailed analysis of its urban context, to comprehend the ways in which these buildings would be able to become an anchor for socio-economic growth This doctorate dissertation is focused on the analysis of large-scale urban stadium projects and the relationship of this building typology to the city, leveraging the convergence of architecture, urbanism, and computer science concepts in order to develop software systems able to use location-based social network data to evaluate the performance of existing urban mega-projects through their connection to the street network and surrounding socioeconomic activity, offering new ways to model and understand the impact of large-scale buildings on urban landscapes. The goal of this research is to provide the design industry with a new understanding about the urban impact of sports-related Architecture and Urban Design, revealing unexplored economic opportunities and amplifying the legacy to be achieved by sports in their local communities. With the information generated from the described methodology, it is now possible to offer a quantitative and qualitative dimension to the relation between stadia and the city—one not just limited to one geographical location, but instead allows the user to quickly have a global perspective about this relationship. In light of this, the present research aims to provide place-making professionals with reliable information-driven system related to the impact of large scale urban stadia in the city, adaptable to a broader range of users, and ultimately able to benefit the entire design and planning community involved in the design and operation of sports and leisure facilities.

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Haptic Interface Design Support: Assisting Designers in Analyzing the Design Space of and Prototyping Haptic Interfaces

2022-05-27 , Lin, Hongnan

Haptic interfaces, which enable human-computer interaction through touch, have the potential to benefit a wide range of life activities, including communication, education, creation, entertainment, and transportation. The development of practical haptic interface design requires the involvement of designers with their user-centered design perspectives and creative design expertise. Designers entering the haptic domain need support. Previous efforts have focused on providing hardware and software platforms for designers to design haptic experiences on top. In this dissertation, we study how to support designers to create new haptic hardware with emerging technologies. Specifically, we focus on two main challenges: analyzing the design space of haptic interfaces and prototyping haptic interfaces. Our inquiry is embodied in two projects respectively: Hapticology and FlexHaptics. In both projects, we design, build, and evaluate artifacts, i.e. tools and approaches, to transform haptic interface design from its current state to a preferred state and reflect on implications for future efforts on supporting designing haptic interfaces. Hapticology project proposes a rational design process for haptic interfaces adapted from design space analysis and morphological analysis. It provides a combination of design artifacts needed to perform the analysis, including a space of design options, discussions of the impact of the design options, and data visualization of the design options and impacts. FlexHaptics project studies the prototyping problem, focused on passive haptic interfaces. FlexHaptics method to design passive haptic interfaces comprises the modules, mathematical models, and editor. It combines important advantages of previous techniques, including extensive and fine-tunable haptic profiles and computer-aided design and fabrication. It also introduces beam structures to the field of passive haptic interfaces, which benefit predictable haptic properties, accessible fabrication, and compact form factors. The workshop explores passive haptic inputs with novice designers using FlexHaptics method. It reveals the design process followed by novice designers, challenges encountered in designing haptic hardware, and informs implications for future design support for creating passive-haptic interfaces. The two projects form a T-shape research structure; Hapticology builds the horizontal line as it navigates through extensive possibilities of haptic interface designs, and FlexHaptics builds the vertical line as it focuses on one haptic interface type identified from Hapticology and dives into the design processes. Synthesizing the findings from the projects, we discuss haptic interface design processes integrating the outcomes of this work and depict a framework to promote innovation in haptic interfaces.

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