Nonlinear mixing of two collinear Rayleigh waves
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Morlock, Merlin B.
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Abstract
Nonlinear mixing of two collinear, initially monochromatic, Rayleigh waves propagating in the same direction in an isotropic, nonlinear elastic solid is investigated: analytically, by finite element method simulations and experimentally. In the analytical part, it is shown that only collinear mixing in the same direction
fulfills the phase matching condition based on Jones and Kobett 1963 for the resonant generation of the second harmonics, as well as the sum and difference frequency components
caused by the interaction of the two fundamental waves. Next, a coupled
system of ordinary differential equations is derived based on the Lagrange equations of the second kind for the varying amplitudes of the higher harmonic and combination
frequency components of the fundamentals waves. Numerical results of the evolution of the amplitudes of these frequency components over the propagation distance are provided for different ratios of the fundamental wave frequencies. It is shown that the energy transfer is larger for higher frequencies, and that the oscillation of the energy between the different frequency components depends on the amplitudes and frequencies of the fundamental waves. Furthermore, it is illustrated that the horizontal velocity component forms a shock wave while the vertical velocity component
forms a pulse in the case of low attenuation. This behavior is independent of the two fundamental frequencies and amplitudes that are mixed. The analytical model is then extended by implementing diffraction effects in the parabolic approximation.
To be able to quantify the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, β, general relations based on the plane wave assumption are derived. With these relations a β is expressed, that is analog to the β for longitudinal waves, in terms of the second harmonics and the sum and the difference frequencies. As a next step, frequency and amplitude ratios of the fundamental frequencies are identified, which provide a maximum amplitude of one of the second harmonics as well as the sum or difference frequency components
to enhance experimental results.
Subsequently, the results of the analytical model are compared to those of finite element method simulations. Two dimensional simulations for small propagation distances gave similar results for analytical and finite element simulations. Consquently.
this shows the validity of the analytical model for this setup. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the mixing technique and of the models, experiments were conducted using a wedge transducer to excite mixed Rayleigh waves and an air-coupled transducer to detect the fundamentals, second harmonics and the sum frequency. Thus, these experiments yield more physical information compared to the case of using a single fundamental wave. Further experiments were conducted
that confirm the modeled dependence on the amplitudes of the generated waves. In conclusion, the results of this research show that it is possible to measure the acoustic nonlinearity parameter β to quantify material damage by mixing Rayleigh
waves on up to four ways.
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2013-08-26
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