Title:
Stability of sodium sulfate dicarbonate (~2Na₂CO₃• Na₂SO₄) crystals

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dc.contributor.advisor Rousseau, Ronald W.
dc.contributor.author Bayuadri, Cosmas en_US
dc.contributor.committeeMember Frederick, W. James Jr.
dc.contributor.committeeMember Verrill, Christopher L.
dc.contributor.department Paper Science and Engineering en_US
dc.date.accessioned 2006-09-01T19:25:25Z
dc.date.available 2006-09-01T19:25:25Z
dc.date.issued 2006-05-23 en_US
dc.description.abstract Research on salts species formed by evaporation of aqueous solution of Na2 in the early 1930s. The thermodynamic, crystallographic and many other physical and chemical properties of most of the species formed from this solution has been known for decades. However, there was no complete information or reliable data to confirm the existence of a unique double salt that is rich in sodium carbonate, up until five years ago when a research identified the double salt (~2Na ₂ CO ₃ • Na ₂ SO ₄) from the ternary system Na₂CO ₃Na₂SO ₄ H₂O. Crystallization of this double salt so called sodium sulfate dicarbonate (~2Na ₂ CO ₃ • Na ₂ SO ₄) is known to be a primary contributor to fouling heat transfer equipment in spent-liquor concentrators used in the pulp and paper industry. Therefore, understanding the conditions leading to formation of this double salt is crucial to the elimination or reduction of an industrial scaling problem. In this work, double salts were generated in a batch crystallizer at close to industrial process conditions. X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, and microscopic observation were used to investigate the stability of the salts to in-process aging, isolation and storage, and exposure to high temperature. The results show that care must be taken during sampling on evaporative crystallization. Two apparent crystal habits were detected in the formation of sodium sulfate dicarbonate; the favored habit may be determined by calcium ion impurities in the system. The results also verify that sodium sulfate dicarbonate exists as a unique phase in this system and that remains stable at process conditions of 115-200℃ en_US
dc.description.degree M.S. en_US
dc.format.extent 6311308 bytes
dc.format.mimetype application/pdf
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11507
dc.language.iso en_US
dc.publisher Georgia Institute of Technology en_US
dc.subject Black liquors en_US
dc.subject Burkeite
dc.subject Concentrator
dc.subject Crystal
dc.subject Crystal habit
dc.subject Crystal shape
dc.subject Crystallization
dc.subject Differential scanning calorimetry
dc.subject Double salts
dc.subject Evaporative crystallization
dc.subject Evaporators
dc.subject Fouling
dc.subject Hexagonal
dc.subject Hydrothermal stability
dc.subject Metastable limit
dc.subject Na ₂ CO ₃
dc.subject Na ₂ SO ₄
dc.subject Polarized light microscopy
dc.subject Powder x-ray diffraction
dc.subject Scale
dc.subject Sodium carbonate
dc.subject Solid solution
dc.subject Soluble scale
dc.subject Spent pulping liquor
dc.subject Supersaturation
dc.subject Ternary system
dc.subject Thermonatrite
dc.title Stability of sodium sulfate dicarbonate (~2Na₂CO₃• Na₂SO₄) crystals en_US
dc.type Text
dc.type.genre Thesis
dspace.entity.type Publication
local.contributor.advisor Rousseau, Ronald W.
local.contributor.corporatename School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
local.contributor.corporatename College of Engineering
relation.isAdvisorOfPublication 54a1d094-6cef-41c7-8168-e36b41eaf4f7
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublication 6cfa2dc6-c5bf-4f6b-99a2-57105d8f7a6f
relation.isOrgUnitOfPublication 7c022d60-21d5-497c-b552-95e489a06569
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