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School of Public Policy

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Now showing 1 - 10 of 19
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    Lessons from Ten Years of Nanotechnology Bibliometric Analysis
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016-09) Youtie, Jan ; Porter, Alan L. ; Shapira, Philip ; Newman, Nils
    This paper summarizes the 10-year experiences of the Program in Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) at Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in support of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University (CNS-ASU) in understanding, characterizing, and conveying the development of nanotechnology research and application. This work was labeled “Research and Innovation Systems Assessment” or (RISA) by CNS-ASU. RISA concentrates on identifying and documenting quantifiable aspects of nanotechnology, including academic, commercial/industrial, and government nanoscience and nanotechnology (nanotechnologies) activity, research, and projects. RISA at CNS-ASU engaged in the first systematic attempt of its kind to define, characterize, and track a field of science and technology. A key element to RISA was the creation of a replicable approach to bibliometrically defining nanotechnology. Researchers in STIP, and beyond, could then query the resulting datasets to address topical areas ranging from basic country and regional concentrations of publications and patents, to findings about social science literature, environmental, health, and safety research and usage, to study corporate entry into nanotechnology, and to explore application areas as special interests arose. Key features of the success of the program include:  Having access to “large-scale” R&D abstract datasets  Analytical software  A portfolio that balances innovative long-term projects, such as webscraping to understand nanotechnology developments in small and medium-sized companies, with research characterizing the emergence of nanotechnology that more readily produces articles  Relationships with diverse networks of scholars and companies working in the nanotechnology science and social science domains  An influx of visiting researchers  A strong core of students with social science, as well as some programming background  A well-equipped facility and management by the principals through weekly problem-solving meetings, mini-deadlines, and the production journal articles rather than thick final reports.
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    Innovation in Manufacturing: Needs, Practices, and Performance in Georgia 2016-2018
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016) Youtie, Jan ; Shapira, Philip ; Li, Yin
    2016 report of the Georgia Manufacturing Survey (GMS) - a statewide study conducted every 2-3 years by Georgia Tech's Enterprise Innovation Institute and the School of Public Policy to assess the business and technological conditions of Georgia’s manufacturers. The theme of GMS 2016 is smart manufacturing.
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    The contribution of public funding to science: an investigation of research quality
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-17) Shapira, Philip ; Wang, Jue
    This study attempts to investigate the impact of research funding on the quality of scientific publications using the funding acknowledgement analysis approach. A two-stage regression model is used to test the effect of funding on research quality. The results show that publications from funded research do exhibit higher quality in terms of both journal ranking and citation counts. In the meantime, different funding sources and patterns are of different implications to research quality.
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    Perceptions and Actions: Examining the Relationship between Societal Perceptions and Citation Actions of Nanotechnology Scientists
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-16) Carley, Stephen ; Corley, Elizabeth A. ; Scheufele, Dietram ; Shapira, Philip ; Youtie, Jan
    This study links survey data on scientists societal perceptions of nanotechnology with publication data to understand the extent of association between societal perspectives held by nanoscientists and publication actions. We find that perceptions about moral limits mediate citation actions whereas attitudes toward government regulation have no significant effect.
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    Commercialization of New and Emerging Technologies:A Cross Country Comparison of Graphene Firms
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-09-15) Arora, Sanjay ; Gao, Lidan ; Ma, TingTing ; Shapira, Philip ; Youtie, Jan L.
    This research employs a web-scraping methodology to 1) investigate country level differences among twenty graphene SMEs and 2) devise several measures that gauge the extent to which firm specialization in graphene coincides with other market factors. We identify three groups of SMEs to develop some early evidence of graphene commercialization.
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    Assessment of fifteen nanotechnology science and engineering centers? (NSECs) Outcomes and impacts: their contribution to NNI objectives and goals
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-03-31) Rogers, Juan D. ; Youtie, Jan L. ; Porter, Alan L. ; Shapira, Philip
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    MOD measurement and analysis of highly creative research in the US and Europe
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-02-04) Shapira, Philip ; Rogers, Juan D. ; Youtie, Jan
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    The CREA Project – Measuring and Analyzing Highly Creative Scientific Research
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011-01-24) Shapira, Philip ; Youtie, Jan L. ; Rogers, Juan D. ; Heinze, Thomas
    This project investigates the features of the research environment that enable and foster highly creative research in nanotechnology and human genetics in the US and Europe. It also examines the influence of career patterns. The study contributes to the methodology of science studies by further developing and extending curriculum vita (CV) analysis. The identification of factors in the research environment has broader implications for research and human resource management, and the design and implementation of funding schemes. The use of comparative fields extends the range of impact to two different emerging fields. Public datasets containing variables related to the creative researcher nominees is made available for use by others.
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    The Globalization of Innovation in Nanotechnology: Some Empirical Evidence for U.S., Japanese and European Firms
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-03) Fernández-Ribas, Andrea ; Shapira, Philip
    Globalization of science and technology has long been a topic of interest to academics and policy makers. Despite extensive research, we know little about how and what firms globalize. Some recent studies suggest that the geographic distribution of inventive activities remain highly concentrated in industrialized countries. Arora and Yoon (2007) find that inventive activity in software remains concentrated in locations within the United States and among U.S. firms. MacHer, Mowery and Di Minin (2007) find similar results for the semiconductor industry. In a previous study, Fernandez-Ribas and Shapira (2009) show that the most technologically active U.S. corporations in nanotechnology develop an increasing number of inventions abroad. However, our results also indicate that the surge of new inventive locations outside the U.S. has not substituted the inventive activities developed at home. In fact, we find that nanotechnology inventions developed at home more than doubles the number of inventions developed abroad. By contrast, other studies suggest that R&D and innovation are moving to emerging markets. For example, Wadhwa et al. (2008) find that western pharmaceutical companies are shifting substantial preclinical and clinical-trial work to India and China. Several field studies show that indeed the globalization of knowledge, technology and capital is rapidly changing the way companies compete in the market. Increasingly companies appear to develop competitive advantages through intellectual property (Rivette and Kline 2000), open innovation approaches (Chesbrough 2003), global exploitation of technology (Archibugi and Iammarino 2002), and complex global value-chain relationships. These parallel processes suggests that globalization of innovation takes different forms, ranging from international research cooperation, international exploitation of technologies or global markets of technology, and has encouraged the emergence of new business relations. In this paper, we seek to contribute to this area by better understanding strategies of innovation by large businesses in new domains of technology characterized by rapid globalization. We focus on the emerging field of nanotechnology and study innovation strategies of the most active U.S., European and Japanese companies. We expand our previous work about the geographic distribution of inventive activities of U.S. firms (Fernandez-Ribas and Shapira, 2009), and investigate similarities and differences across companies. In addition, we investigate other characteristics of the inventive and innovation processes of nanotechnologies, including university-industry linkages, and the international exploitation of technologies. Our database is the nanotechnology publication and patent database developed by the Program in Research and Innovation Systems Assessment (CNS-ASU Center for Nanotechnology in Society) at Georgia Tech, complemented with WIPO PCT national phase reports and companies' profiles. Overall our sample consists of 60+ large multinational corporations and their subsidiaries. References Archibugi, D. and Iammarino, S. (2002) The globalization of technological innovation: definition and evidence, Review of International Political Economy. Arora, Ashish, Chris Forman, and Jiwoong Yoon (2007) Globalization of Software Innovation, Sloan Industry Studies Working Papers, 2007 Number WP-2007-2. Fernandez-Ribas, Andrea and Shapira, Philip (2009) Technological diversity, scientific excellence and the location of inventive activities abroad: the case of nanotechnology, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol. 34/3, pp. 286-303. Jeffrey T. MacHer, David C. Mowery, Alberto Di Minin (2007) "Non-Globalization" of Innovation in the Semiconductor Industry, California Management Review, Vol. 50 (1) Chesbrough, H. W. (2003) Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press. Rivette, K.G and Kline, D. (2000) Discovering new value in Intellectual Property, Harvard Business Review January-February 2000: 54-66. Wadhwa, Vivek, Rissing, Ben, Gereffi, Gary, Trumpbour , John and Engardio, Pete (2008) The Globalization of Innovation: Pharmaceuticals: Can India and China Cure the Global Pharmaceutical Market.
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    The Role of Brazilian Firms in Nanotechnology Development
    (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009-10-03) Invernizzi, Noela ; Kay, Luciano ; Shapira, Philip
    Brazil has been at the forefront of developing countries in implementing policies to promote the development of nanotechnologies, with the first programs implemented in 2001. Previous research has demonstrated that this country is also the leader in research and patenting activity in this field in Latin America, yet industry involvement in nanotechnology is relatively low considering its research output in terms of scientific publications and patents granted in recent years (Kay & Shapira, 2009). Yet, at the same time, nanotechnology policy in Brazil has promoted the development of research networks and suggested economic targets related to industrial development. For instance, the National Program of Nanotechnology includes goals like reaching one percent of the global markets for materials, products, and processes based on nanotechnology and exports of about $10 billion within 10 years (Goncalves da Silva, 2003). Although the existing evidence at the aggregate level suggests that Brazilian firms are not participating actively in nanotechnology development, when looking in detail the data show that several firms are involved to more or less extent in nanotechnology research and commercialization (Table 1). For example, some preliminary analyses show that at least 36 firms have published or co-authored nanotechnology articles in the last 15 years, more than 20 of them have applied for nanotechnology patents, and several others are mentioned in official data sources as institutions forming part of research networks supported by government programs (MCT, 2003, 2006). These more detailed data suggest some incipient industry activity in developing nanotechnologies, yet it is not clear what role these firms have in the overall process of nanotechnology development pursued by Brazil. At least two hypothetical paths of development of nanotechnology are suggested for Brazilian firms. Considering the important presence of state-owned firms in Brazil and the existing nanotechnology policy, it is expected for these firms to engage more in basic research in areas more aligned with social or broader economic goals, collaborating more with local research institutions than other types of firms. Meanwhile, Brazilian private firms and subsidiaries of foreign firms are expected to target research areas aligned with their overall commercial strategies, patenting their technologies after undertaking research in-house or in collaboration with local or foreign research institutions. For testing these hypothetical roles of firms, other variables like firm location and industry sector will be considered. Research question What is the role of Brazilian firms in the development of nanotechnology? What type of research and commercialization activities are they undertaking? Do they collaborate with other research institutions? Method Based primarily on Georgia Tech global databases of nanotechnology scientific publications and patents,[1] this work will identify the firms undertaking nanotechnology research and commercialization in Brazil. Their scientific publications and patents will be identified and matched to the industry sectors that those firms represent and to collaborations that they maintain with other national or foreign research institutions. In addition to this bibliometric analysis, this work will produce case studies of the leading Brazilian firms based on secondary data, describing in more detail their research and commercialization activities by analyzing thoroughly publication and patent records. Preliminary Results The levels of scientific publication and patenting by Brazilian firms are still very low compared to the overall nanotechnology research level in the country. The top-5 firms undertaking nanotechnology research and applying for nano-patents in Brazil were identified and shown in Table 1. The top four research firms are large state-owned firms in the sectors of agriculture, energy, and communications. Meanwhile, the top-5 patent applicants are private companies in the sectors of chemistry, medicine, electronics and optics, and engineering. In principle, these data suggest that the two hypothetical paths of nanotechnology development suggested before are plausible for Brazilian firms. That is, public firms may be more likely to target basic research in priority areas for the country, while private firms may be more likely to target the development and patenting of nanotechnologies related to their overall commercial strategies. [1] Primarily, ISI-WOS and Patstat databases.