On the day I'd like to talk about
our work on artificial muscles.

I met some very beautiful women
in Korea about a year ago.

When I got closer to them
they were less beautiful.

Because they just didn't
have enough muscle.

In order to smile we're from.

Or show excitement.

You need lots of muscles in your face and
even Here

is her body's powered by a few muscles so

she just didn't have enough capability for
expressing it for appearing human.

But this one seemed to object to something
I did I think I was innocent but.

This is again a Z.

More seriously.

There's a need for humanoid robots for

a variety of different applications
specially as our population is becoming

older and
probably the oldest person in this room so

I'm probably the one who's in
greatest need of eventually helping.

As people become less capable
of handling our own affairs

because a muscular degeneracy
there's a need for helper robots.

And there are so many people in the recent

wars who have lost their limbs that
war in this case because of accidents.

We would like to be able to
provide artificial muscles for

prosthetic limbs that are much more
functional than the present limbs

which look like they come
from the Civil War period.

In fact one of the most important.

Manufactures of artificial
limbs was started making the.

From barrel.

Wood from barrels at
the time of the civil war.

A fundamental problem for
today's humanoid robots.

Is the method of which they're powered.

They can be very athletic league capable.

This Honda robot can run fast.

It can climb stairs.

But a very active humanoid
robots cannot perform wrong.

Unless they're plugged into a wall socket.

In other words this one hundred robot
functions for about thirty minutes

per battery charge in the batteries have
to be charged up for about four hours.

So.

No we've discovered a number of the types
of artificial muscles that are being

investigated around the world.

And so.

John Maine realizing that.

You can store a lot more
electrical energy in a fuel

a lot more energy in a fuel
than you can in a battery.

He came to me from DARPA the Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency and

said he would like me to develop
fuel powered muscles for

humanoids or robots that could fight ahead
of American soldiers take the bullets for

American soldiers and enter into
a shot of Iraq a hall to fight on.

So some people say
the Irish already do this.

Now.

Some of the types of artificial
muscles we've discovered in the past.

Just include first of all
conducting pollo artificial muscles

we long ago proposed that you could
use the dimensional change that

results from the turkey lation
of ions into conducting polymers

this is a very trivial type of
dimensional change the ions have a volume

in the polymer has a volume us Terkel a
one in the other and you get an expansion

that expansion is as it can provide
very strong artificial muscles.

These muscles have been
investigated from the time in which

I first proposed them but
they're still not commercial.

Because they have a number of problems.

First of all the process of intercalation

in the intercalation is
not completely reversible.

There's a problem of rate.

Also if you take the.

Electrolyte it's electrolyte based
because electrochemical if you take

the electrolyte down to low temperature
your device performs much more slowly

artificial muscle does so
we devised a new type A second

type of artificial muscle which is
based on carbon nanotubes this is a one

in which a theoretically conceived it and

we didn't do anything experimentally
until we got money from dark again.

But in the first hour of the program
we were able to max to make

artificial muscles that operated.

In this case this this type of artificial
muscle operates as a battery basically

pleasure.

Terkel aiding material.

The second type of artificial
muscle operates as a supercapacitor

because the counter charge to charge
injected on the carbon nanotubes

is in the electrolyte rather than a Turk
lated in the carbon nanotube material.

The car is the carbon energy.

Artificial muscles work because

the giant amount of charges can be
injected in the carbon nanotube

as a result of the giant amount of giant
surface areas of these carbon nanotubes

the actuation mechanism is very
interesting at low degrees of

actual ation but low degrees of actuation
you get first more actual or strokes.

It's quantum mechanical it.

Load agrees of charge interaction it
depends upon whether you're injecting

charge and

bonding or bottles or non bonding or
pillows you get different signs.

Signs of dimensional changes.

So it's very sensitive to the Kyra our T.
of the carbon nanotube but.

The real you know when you get to do
large degrees of charge interaction

the actual ition mechanisms
it becomes trivial.

And that is basically put
a large amount of charge onto

a object that wants to expand and

that's the principal mechanism by which
these carbon nanotube artificial muscles

work you can describe this mechanism
using the Lindemann Quezon

basically that the charge injection
causes a change in the surface tension

of the material as a function of change in
Portage which is equal to minus the Ariel

charge density and if you go through and
insert parameters you see

first of all of that you're actually
restraining will go inversely as

your Young's modulus will be proportional
to the capacitance and so forth.

With our carbon nanotube
artificial muscles.

We're able to generate about
one hundred times the force

per unit area of natural muscle these
carbon nanotube artificial muscles

can provide strain rates and
others actually.

Rates which are about twice
that of natural muscle.

The problem with the original
carbon nanotube artificial muscles

was that they were at very
high loads they creep and

now there is a irreversibly one on under
one dimensional changes as then you

don't mind irreversible dimensional
changes for an artificial muscle.

But more recently we've been able to make
carbon nanotube artificial muscles using

Nana to be Aryans as that we
have been able to spin from our

carbon nanotube forests these are very
strong yarns that have very high surface

area in the gendarmes provide
very low degree of a creep.

Even when loaded with very
high street stress levels.

These again.

But recyclable family tree.

You can see that there's a box like region
in the curves cycle tram a tree curves and

that indicates that these carbon
nanotube yarns are acting like

supercapacitors if you look
at strain as a puncture

of old as you can see the actually if
you can reach about a half a percent.

This is compared to for example for a high

modulus fair lecture exterior actually
of strain is about a tenth of a percent.

If you go to a little larger less.

Fair like tricks you can get
a larger actuator strain but

you have the disadvantage that
your modulus is decreasing.

We all know that an explorer soldier
can pack food in Iraq sack and

go out into a mountain and explore or.

The fight for
months without any other supplies.

On the other hand humanoid robot.

After half an hour of worth
of vigorous exercise.

I must get recharged So nature has found a
very successful way to power the muscles.

In our bodies.

From a viewpoint of neighboring
humankind's activities and

we're trying from a two
to in some ways mimic

the way nature is powering her muscles.

Now there's two types
of artificial muscles.

That.

Are fewer powered that we
recently have invented one.

Is very exciting from a viewpoint
of fundamental science but

it doesn't work very well right now.

The other is very very simple very sort
of rather trivial from a viewpoint

of fundamental science but
it works very well so I'll tell you both.

Our first type of artificial
muscles the actuating electrodes

are simultaneously it's again
electro chemical device but

each of the each electrode
acts simultaneously.

As for converting a chemical
chemical energy to electrical energy

it works to store this electrical
energy in the form of injected charge.

And finally it acts as
an artificial muscle

electrode to use changes in injected
charge to cause dimensional changes.

The second type of artificial muscle
is one in which we use a shaped

memory alloy coaches
shape memory our lawyer.

With nanoparticles nano
particles of catalyst.

When these particles nanoparticle
catalyst are exposed to a.

Of oxygen fuel mixture
such as methanol air.

They the catalyst converts the.

This mixture to heat.

And to account it releases by cause
a chemical transformations to

produce water and so forth and that.

Causes the memory material to heat up and
we can generate.

Very fast actuator responses and we can
generate forces that are one hundred

times higher per unit area then for
natural muscles.

So the military is very interested in
these fuel powered artificial muscles for

example exoskeletons for first responders
were for the people in the military.

Imagine if you can if the rest
of your let's say exoskeleton

was able to bear the loads the muscles
themselves could enable a soldier or

two to pick up at least one
theoretically to one hundred

over one hundred times larger
with higher weights and

he could or lift up in fact
the observed experimental data

on individual I ship member wires we can
see generate one hundred times the force

per unit five hundred times the force per
unit area of natural muscle natural muscle

can do about three tenths of
the mega Pascale of force generation

now for an ordinary fuel cell.

I mean these these first type of muscles
act like a fuel cell to start with.

Ordinary fuel cell you
deliver to one electrode.

Partment hydrogen for
example or methanol and

the other side you have oxygen and
you generate.

Electrical energy as a consequence of ion.

Hydrogen being converted
to hydrogen ions which to

transport across the electrolyte
combine with oxygen to make water.

There's a twist for
our fuel private artificial muscles and

that is that an open
open circuit conditions.

They can convert the chemical
energy in the fuel.

To electrical energy or to.

To mechanical energy and
here to discuss this.

I talk about first of our earlier types
of electrically powered carbon nanotube

artificial muscles where you know we're
injecting using a battery to inject

electrons in one electrode schematically
represented by an individual Nana Tube and

reality could be a sheet or a yarn
containing trillions of nano tubes and

the other side of course
we're creating holes.

We're getting to make changes
of both of those electrodes.

Now in the case of.

We did not really understand
what was happening for

our new type of fuel powered carbon
nanotube artificial muscles.

It turns out that when you inject hydrogen

into the hydrogen Paribas
fuel cell that you

get actuation of that electrode
you really get chemical to open.

Because the hydrogen in the presence
of catalyst without the need for

the other electrode.

Provides chemical doping with the carbon.

Now.

What happens on the other side.

You also get actuation and the other side.

What happens is without the movement.

Of hydrogen between the two electrodes
because you can't have a hot movement of

hydrogen is between two electrodes unless
you had Alectryon is moving in the.

External circuitry what
happens here is the oxygen

steals hydrogen from
the SYTYCD electrolyte creates

water and then you say well
that's an irreversible system.

But what happens is when
you close the circuit.

Now you can harvest the Selectric energy
which is now stored in the carbon

nanotubes you get movement of
protons between the two electrodes.

The reverse actuation process and

you replenish the hydrogens
that are in the electrolyte.

I'm moving much too slow.

Because I really want to talk
about this new artificial muscle.

You know every time I give a talk.

I have to say you know especially with
this type of audience you say will.

And I going to give the standard can talk
that I give for popular audiences and

but then I get so tired of talking
about these broad talk easier not going

into depth much depth in every area on the
site to get to tell you the most recent

type of actuator that we
invented that is not described

anywhere in the literature and which we
will be submitting soon for publication.

So I better move along so that I
actually get to the point where I can

describe that prefers to all who again
are our most successful type of.

Fuel powered artificial muscle is trivial.

We take might know what
you can buy commercially

it could be available
either a straight wire or

as a spring if it's involved in a shape of
a spring you get an amplification effect.

So you can get we can get over two hundred
percent stroke using these artificial.

Hostels that are fuel powered and

the straight wire will give you about
five percent of the stroke which again is

a very large stroke but
we can amplify that considerably.

If the dimensional change is

in a surprising direction Normally
you think that if you heat something.

It's going to expand.

Well what this heating of
the memory material that

the shape memory our
lawyer which is composed.

Made of nickel in titanium when you
heated you actually get a contraction

because of a phase change or
change between two phases.

We can generate.

As I said before about five hundred times

the force per unit area
of natural muscles.

I'll be showing later on movies
associate with all these muscles and

some if you're interested some of the
processes we make to make it used to make

our carbon nanotubes sheets.

This artificial your power artificial
muscle has been very popular

from the viewpoint of T.V. programs.

It's been on A.B.C. channels FOX stations

in two T.V. stations in Korea and
in Europe and this.

December twenty second.

It will be on Modern Marvels
on the History Channel.

The newest

type of artificial muscle
that I'll be describing.

Is is is really remarkable.

It can provide giant
strokes of over three X..

It can operate at a temperature from
about one thousand nine hundred

degrees Kelvin down to absolute zero.

It can provide strain rain.

It's of about ten to the over tender
the fourth percent percent can.

And it's based on a new rule
mechanical part of something that

material that can be lighter than air
less dense than air to be more specific.

We made our own we make our carbon
nanotube yarns by growing nanotube forests

which we pool can pour
into a form of a yarn

when we twist this yarn we can obtain
rather high mechanical properties.

It was not our invention that it's
possible to pull yarns from the side of

a nano to poorest people in China have
discovered that we just add a little twist

and that is the twist that's
conventionally used to make all

products or cotton products we
downscale science to the nano scale.

So we can increase
mechanical properties by

a factor of a thousand by just
adding twist in this in the process.

But instead of pulling off a very narrow
region of a carbon nanotube forest

we can pull off a very broad region so

that we can make sheets of carbon
nanotubes which are transparent.

These sheets.

Have a gravity metric mechanical strength

which is higher than that of
the highest strength steel plate.

Higher than that of the cal kept on in
the mylar the fuse for light air vehicles.

The.

These sheets.

Al show you a picture of a movie
of someone pulling the sheets and

you can just watch them drift
up in the air the density.

The Sheets is ONLY about
it can be as low as

one milligram per centimeter cubed
which is about the the density

of air and by using our actually

shin process which causes the she took
increase in volume in order of magnitude.

We can make and
their original material which

is strong enough to be self-supporting
which is ten times lower density than air.

Again this is.

National Geographic's wanted this
June beetle to tear apart our carbon

nanotube sheet.

Each leg of the June beetle is providing.

About a million times higher
road than the weight of

the underground underlying nanotubes we
can fabricate these carbon nanotubes.

Sheets very fast.

Using this very complicated apparatus
that we engineered at great expense.

And we use these carbon nanotubes
sheets to talk the general

talk I give you no Cox but
how we use these nanotubes sheets for

solar cells for
organic light emitting displays for

imaging magnetic resonance imaging for
all sorts of applications.

You know we wrote about a four
hundred twenty page patent

application scribe's all these
these types of applications.

But I'll be focusing here on using
these carbon nanotube sheets for

our newest type of artificial muscle.

Now again these sheets have very
high gravity metric strength.

But the surprisingly in the orthogonal
to the nanotube orientation direction.

There are rubber.

Carbons that's a rubber.

It's but
a special type of rubber it's a and

in the week forever ordinary robbers.

When there's a stretched.

Resistance stretching because
stretching causes entropy to decrease.

And but in the case of R.

and OPIC rubbers stretching
has no impact on our

little negligible effect on entropy but it
effects and causes and property decrease.

But still these carbon nanotubes sheets.

We can can be stretched over.

About four to four X. without breaking.

Also this fact that these materials
are an adult pick the last time or allows

them to us to operate these materials
at extreme really high temperatures.

The thing about the.

Area of these carbon nanotubes sheets the
weight per area of these narratives sheets

are six trimly small about four ounces.

Of these sheets would cover about an acre.

Here we show our banana to she before and
after actuation and.

In this particular case we're
actually by applying a very high

wage with respect to a ground as and
at infinity.

So we're injecting charge into the car
banana to she this is causing this

increase in dimensional
change in the increase and

with now here we show sheet act.

Fifteen hundred degrees
Kelvin the color is actually.

Incandescent white the camera
did not correctly.

Capture the color now.

For organic light emitting displays.

Or for solar cells carbon nanotubes
sheets that are transparent are great

interest and we've been making a lot of.

Devices that have a pariah
being attracted performance and

the reason these transparent sheets.

Are very exciting is that instead
as opposed to word unary.

Electrodes these carbon nanotubes sheets.

Have a three dimensionality So

it means that whole injection layers
in electron injection layers.

Can interpenetrate with an attitude
sheets so you have a very large

degree area for electron injection and.

Hole injection.

I also use the work function

because the sheets are transparent you
can use them in tandem solar cells.

But one of the things it's of great
interest is to be able to tune

the aerial density of
the Manitou sheets and

we can do this first simply
we actually the sheets.

Here we show a man a two sheet that
was put on a silicon substrate

without being actuated And
here's one that we actually did and

then put it on the silicon substrate
by putting in a silicon substrate which

we fix the actuation so
it doesn't return to the original state.

Now because of the very high.

Magnitude of actuation we see larger
facts of aspect ratio in others leg.

The with ratio on the degree
of a percentage change

in with the idea is that the problem
is that at the end rigid N.

constraints year with is constrained and
but it wants to bloom.

Everywhere increase with everywhere but
it's constrained here so

you see this blooming.

Now.

So as we increase our
length to wish with a ratio

the degree of actuation increases and
also because of this ballooning effect

we see that the voltage
dependence of actuation goes from

obese approximate to be squared region
over to a B. to the two third region.

Now what happens if we start

stacking these carbon nanotubes
sheets upon each other.

The we see experimentally that the degree

of actuation decreases as
we take one she stack it.

Another one and keep on satin
progressively larger numbers of

sheets together and
I'll explain why this is true but

we discovered by theoretical
analysis we predicted

that the that there should be

a normalization factor which allows
us to scale all of this data

using one fifth parameter R.
and as you see here this works very well.

Now the reason.

Comes from linear elasticities theory and.

The functional form of
stresses that are generated

in the carbon nanotube sheets as a concept
consequence of charge injection.

In the center of a she say you'd say
well what's really happening is each

neighboring charges in the carbon
nanotubes sheet are charged.

So the repressing each other.

That's not really true because
the harder they're two sheets

are metallic So the electrons just
redistribute there's no force.

Between their troops in the sheet.

The moved the trenches move around but

at the edges of the sheet or it surfaces.

There is not the possibility of move for
those charges to move somewhere else.

There's a boundary effect.

So what happens is that the charge
injection is a quiver Lindt.

To providing a negative stress

in the so
that the worst reaction strain is.

The product of the Electra
statically generated stress

times the compliance in the last
in compliance and with direction.

Now if you didn't have cross compliances.

If you look at the functional form who
are the stress in the with direction.

You see that it is
the thickness which is eight

in this this equation is H. gets larger
the stress in that direction goes to zero.

So you would just expect
that this factor of

S. is just you know

aged that your scaling factor should go.

As for.

That the scaring factor should
just go as at end of the minus one

so that there would be no actuation
if you in the with direction.

If you had a large number
of stacks together but

it doesn't it doesn't vanish
with you step more and

more sheets upon each other because
they're cross compliances it turns out

if you see up here that the stress
in the thickness direction.

Does not inversely depend
upon the sheet thickness.

So it does not grant a shape you keep
on stacking more and more sheets.

So the cross compliance between
this stress and the dimensional

changes in the with direction is
what results in the universal.

Equation.

S. a man whose experimentally derived no
prior artificial muscle can operate and

above for any practical purposes at
above five hundred three Santa very.

Very few artificial muscles can
operate to lower temperatures

because of the nature of these
artificial muscles they can operate.

Probably it to attack any

temperatures up to where the carbon
nanotubes actually degrade.

Which is probably from only one man
a tubes which is in excess of two thousand

degrees centigrade.

The.

Here we show that if we go from.

Room temperature to about thirty
thirteen that's sixty five

degrees Kelvin In other words we
increase temperature a thousand degrees.

We enter the actuation
changes very little.

We can take these actually to.

And cycling from extremely high
temperatures to very low temperatures

repeatedly without noticeably
changing the degree of actuation.

If we look in the with direction for
these carbon nanotubes sheets.

They also provide very large
actuator strains of about.

Two hundred percent.

If we look at the length direction.

There's a surprise if you inject.

Electrons in a mature O.
you expect these electrons in all

directions to repulsing each other so
you would expect it.

So would seem logical that the with
direction you would see expansion is

logical going in and they think
destruction you should see expansion.

But in the length direction
you're in Taishan direction.

You see a contraction this contractions
about two percent much larger than the.

Type of dimensional change
that you see for high marginal

spare electrics which is about
a tenth of a percent as I said before.

And moreover we looked at the ability
to look at the actuation and in the.

Orientation interaction that was
back to how much work we can do and

how much force we can generate per
unit area and we can generate about.

Thirteen.

Eighteen times the sustainable force
generation capability of human muscles

using these artificial muscles which
we can use it's extreme temperatures.

Down to absolute zero.

They're grabbing a metric work capacity of

in the orientation direction
of these new type of muscles.

Is are comparable to that of
humans Cara skeletal muscle.

Now very important character of.

The touristic of artificial muscles
is actuation rate how fast can they.

The former.

I really believe whose principal
contributor to the work that I'm

describing found a very
simple way to to measure.

The rate actuation rate and
that was to he has a mechanical switch

that connects a high voltage power
supply to a carbon nanotube sheet.

And he has a laser here that when
the sheet actuates he can find out when he

gets to a particular level of actuation.

So what happens when he
mechanically closes the switch

electromagnetic saying no
is automatically generated.

And which he detects using a little a wire
antenna that he puts on a a service scope

that starts the sylphs to a scope trigger
and then from the time in which the laser

he can see by photodiode up here that
the laser beam is intersected the she

he knows how how past that she has been
able to actually you can actually we

found that actuation was about three
point seven times ten to four percent.

Perception stone
remarkably fast actuation.

Now.

Very surprising.

The mechanical loss the cue for
the human factor which describes

the ability of the material

to form without losing energy to
loss is very high for these carbon

nanotubes sheets about four hundred fifty
that's very high compared to polymers.

It's slow compared to something
like quartz of course.

This shows the resonance.

From Asian.

As a consequence of as a for
as a function of frequency.

Now you say well and
actuator that operates at.

Three thousand.

Well that's a real problem
because I mean new for some app.

Applications some of it if you want to use
the actuation just to modify materials for

use in organic light emitting displays or
in solar cells or

I'll talk about later on for
stripping Chargers from Ion beings.

It's fine you apply high voltages.

But for
many applications you don't want to but

using a double resonance
effect we can obtain.

About plus or minus thirty percent
actuation applying only ten volts

are a mass.

And there's two tricks here.

The first trick since the carbon nanotube
sheet is largely capacitive load.

And is to put inductor in series
with the carbon nanotube she

now this represents a counter electrode
infinity grounded in venerating And

so you generate about one hundred
fifty volts at this point

because you use because of the Q vacuum
factor for the else a circuit at

the frequency of about a thousand hertz
and then we use a mechanical residence.

If you factor for it.

That's very large to get this actuation
of about plus or minus thirty percent.

And we're doing this actually here if
you show the an actually the sheet and

here vibrating at about a killer question
can't follow that if I can learn.

Now what are the some of the reasons
that applications one could

use this actuation for
well we found in class.

Bit of work that these carbon nanotubes
sheets because of the chemical inertness

of carbon in form of carbon nanotubes
because of how then the sheets can be big.

Day after densification the sheets
are only about fifty nanometers thick.

Or about one thousand
the diameter of a human hair.

I know I'm not qualified
to talk about human hair.

The again this is only
that on board Zaki Adolf.

And his team.

Claire to keep close collaborators and

most of their in a made you're looking
through two carbon nanotube sheet.

For the sole lead now the ability of the.

Carbon nanotube sheet
to inject electrons or

holes is increased by the fact if
you have very high surface area

between carbon nanotubes she
in the next layer in the lives

of C..

We can remarkably We who is very
sweet licensed our technology

for carbon nanotube sheets to several
organizations one is to use our sheets for

made many residents and
tennis turns out proof for

reasons that is for physics that's
not completely clear right now.

That.

The antennas and
four main manic resonance imaging made

from our carbon nanotubes sheets have
very high signal noise noise ratio.

The signal noise ratio of these
antenna goes as the square root of

inductance divided by resistance.

And the inductance is.

Mazing Lehi for the sheets.

And so this is a picture of
a mouse's brain which has been

imaged using our nano tubes she and
ten is.

Now which were made using that complicated
fabrication device that I showed you with

the plastic bottles the mandrel we
can use our carbon nanotubes sheets

as incandescent light
emitting source's you say all

people carbons been used for incandescent
light lamps for since the time of Edison.

Well this is an unusual type of lamp
because of the extremely small mass per

area of the sheets these lamps could be
shut turned on and off very very fast.

They and moreover they instead of
admitting I'm polarized light they're.

Light that's very highly polarized.

And again we can use the session for
electron emitters in X.

rays and we do our colleagues in
Australia have done it for a general X.

ray sources and we've used it for
the mission lamps.

But the ability to morph
the shape of sheets.

It means you can move all of the shape of

electron emission sources for
various types of applications.

We can freeze them or.

Shape for some applications.

Carbon nanotubes sheets our
New York perfect thermal letters

makes it very difficult to merely measure
reliably the thermal positivity of carbon

nanotube sheets because most of
the radiation is just being emitted

in terms of black body radiation that
since we can move the area of the sheets.

We can.

Electrically to how much.

I'm calling we have of a.

For example.

A hot circuit.

Now I want to show you I'm really
running out of time but I know

these carbon nanotubes sheets by direct
measurements we see that in the with

direction they have a person
ratio of about ten and

in thickness direction they
have a sign ratio of about.

Fifteen now ordinary robbers

you stretch them they have a person
ratio of about one half an hour.

What is a person ratio of a half means
that means you stretch one percent.

Latterly you contract half a percent for

these sheets you stretch them one percent.

They laugh in one direction they
contract about nine point five percent

in the other direction they
contract about fifteen percent very

strange easily understandable for
reasons I'll tell you a few seconds.

The consequence of having
these giant dishonor A shares.

Is that if you strip

most materials you structure
they become less dense right.

Well if you stretch these
materials you do it once

per cent you in decrease
thickness by fifteen percent.

And with by about nine
point one five percent.

So overall the density increases
by about twenty four percent.

You say well OK or stretch densify
What's so special about that.

What turns out to having the property
of being stretched densified

In other words if you stretch it
becomes more dense is equivalent to

the property of having a negative
linear compressibility.

Which means that if you

apply pressure to the material that
doesn't penetrate the material.

I do static pressure you actually
expand your expand and she traction.

And I don't have time to
elaborate on this but

if you think about a little
bit remember I said that.

Why why when you apply.

Injure charge in the sheets Why do
they contract in one direction.

What turns out this contraction

is just a reflection of the fact
that in the orientation direction.

These materials have
a negative assigned have a.

Negative linear compressibility now.

And the reason the persona A shares are so
giant is.

Can be understood by thinking of
a very highly along gaited honeycomb.

If you just if you just
think of stretching here.

If you stretch here you can
see that very small amount of

a long geisha in this direction will cause
are very large fractional with change.

OK I just want to show you some I like to
thank you for listening to you talk and

I'll show you a quick some quick movies.

Regarding to these artificial muscles.

These we can pull the feeds at now
about two meters per person per second

relevant to the economics of commercially
producing this is maize and.

Now look at what it does is she
releases it just like smoke just rises.

The sheets are made by

a product by by pulling from a nana to
poorest if you think of a bamboo forest.

Just think of each bamboo
tree in the bamboo forces be

replaced by a carbon nanotube and.

The Because of the inner Can it because
I should have quite so loud but

this is a side of a carbon nanotube forest
in which we're pulling a sheet from

in an electron scanning
electron microscope and

it will get more interesting in a second.

So we're going for a highly ordered
state to a disordered state

to a highly ordered state as
during the spinning process.

I'm glad I'm sure you are happy
that I turned off that music.

Unless I started dancing.

I'll show you just.

This shows us when we actuate the sheets.

We also the sheets actually
diffract optically

because of the arrangement of
the nanofibers within the cheese

on a scale the optical You know that's
relevant for optical wavelengths.

So one this movie which any which Ali
is just switching manually the plying.

Either shorting a put the a charge
to ground or plot injecting charge.

You'll see changes simultaneously.

You'll see changes in.

With and changes in diffraction.

Look over here for the fraction and
over here for the with.

Last movie.

The fuel powered artificial muscles.

This is just a little foot
film clip that was for

eight years that A.B.C. I was made by.

An organizer for A.B.C..

This is methanol and the robotic arm and.

Well you know

that's a five hundred gram way or.

Most every four hours
supermodels soldiers.

Use the word you are.

Not.

Thank you very much.

The and.

No.

That's been a problem for
graphite fibers in friend.

Yeah.

It's been an issue for graphite fibers.

This is not this is for
graphite fibers it's well known problem.

And that's a good comment.

On.

Three meters.

Most of the rule we use our
carbon nanotube sheets or

use them in the laboratory not their
style not commercially applied but

we use them for
things like our composites.

Now even in composites you can say well.

It's hard to concede
to tell you the truth.

I mean here if these particular sheets.

They're not going to conduct much
current before they blow out.

So I don't really think
that that's a problem.

Because right away.

I mean how much current Can you carry
by something that way that way.

Yes one about one microgram.

Per cent or meter.

Square.

So my answer should have been directly.

Don't worry.

If this is not a capability you'd
have to stack up a lot of sheets.

If you stand there and with you know and
a lot of thousands of sheets.

Then maybe it could be a problem but
it is a problem for graphite early stuff.

It was fifteen years ago when I saw him
mentioned to me about this problem.

So.

Average.

If it doesn't come out to be positive.

When you average all directions you're
cheating Mother Nature and she's gets she

gets awfully angry over her knowledge
of violating Thurman and hammocks but

there's a way that I figured out to look
like you're fooling Mother Nature but

in reality if you take a material that has
that and negative linear compressibility.

And.

In one direction and make a three
dimensional network out of it.

You can you

can have a situation where applying
hydrostatic pressure to it

causes the if they abide liquid penetrates
the E.U. contract in all directions.

So it looks like your volume.

That's falling decreasing I better leave
that stored for some other time but

if there's a way in one of our paper
we wrote for either Science or

Nature I forgot which we describe how
to make an material that if it's Hydra

statically compressed that it will
increase volume but the trick.

There is that as a function
of apply pressure you're

actually not conserving
the amount of pressure fluid.

It's inside the material.

We haven't looked at the change
in degree of orientation

as a consequence of
incorporating them into.

Composites we have looked in this is work
done in collaboration with Jack Fisher

of Penn State University of Pennsylvania.

We've looked at the fraction both
alone by using an X. ray beam that's.

In plain and one that's of thought
are going to go to the sheet and

interesting really the we see
the same degree of orientation.

For respect the nanotubes of the Specter
thickness direction as we do for

struck the with direction and
that degree of orientation is high.

I don't remember exactly the number and

that number that we have is basically
the half with the diffraction line at

the four with of the diffraction line at
half the maximum but it was very high.

And if you densify the sheet.

If you expose the if you Emerton
much the sheets into a liquid and

then allow the liquid to evaporate
the surface tension in fact causes

the density of the sheet to increase
by a factor of four hundred about.

But orientation factor does
not change interesting.

Thank you thank you Bill.