Speaker.

Scott what can you join us

from down under his

friend breaker for
many years he's been coming to drop it.

I think this one is about seven
years ago it was the first time in

my brain from Southern Wales for itself.

Yes yes out OK then

from two thousand to two thousand and
after which he joined

three meter or ten film takes

very very and the US

to work together on our plans for
the world takes.

So that's just really

Georgia and so
we hope that that new program will be

we generate continue to do
some nice work together but

in the meantime looking
forward to your presentation.

Thank you.

Thanks but I'm Thanks everyone for
coming on.

I really really appreciate that.

It's great to be back here
at Georgia Tech and and

say a few familiar faces and
I want a new one.

So I'm Scott and
down from Cicero in Australia.

So what I would go through is just
introduce what C.S.R. zero is firstly and

then speak about a couple of areas
of the work that we're doing on our

on our thin film photovoltaic and
it's mainly organic photovoltaics and but

I'll speak about some aspects of what's
going on inside the devices which with

applied to some new except the materials
that we've been developing but

then also go through what we've
been doing about printing and

of large scale deposition
of these materials and

finally just talk a little bit about
our our nanoparticle work at the end.

C S I row with the government
labs in Australia and

key to this is that
we're the Scientific and

Industrial Research Organization So
we're an Applied Research Agency.

We have about six and a half thousand
people spread across Australia and we work

on different sorts of technologies for
a whole variety of different industries.

So a budget of about a billion dollars
a year about sixty percent of that

comes directly from the government the
rest through either competitive funding or

working in collaboration with industry.

So the owner and
myself are based down in Melbourne.

In the south of a stranger and

that's probably our second
biggest site where we colocated

with Monash University which is one of the
large teaching universities in Australia.

And so we we have a lot of
interactions with them and

all of the universities in astray
that are working this area.

These are the broad areas that C.S.R.

are works in so we have a range
of different divisions of people.

So our vision is material science and
engineering.

That's basically the chemistry materials
science physics and biology sort of parts

of C.S. IRA But we've got people that work
across all of these different spaces.

Some of the things that we've
been responsible for so C.S.R.

is about ninety years old now and we've
developed a number of technologies which

are in widespread use in Australia and
around the world.

The wireless LAN is OUR been our
most profitable discovery in that

the protocols that use wireless land for
devices was developed as part

of a radio astronomy work and
that went on to become the standard for Y.

for connectivity so every device
that you buy that has a wife or

a chip in it a little bit of
that comes back to Australia and

has been reinvested in research there so
that's certainly been quite big and

the other thing that's really relevant
here is a poem of banknotes we've had

Paloma banknotes in Australia for
about twenty five years now and it's and

Cicero developed the technology to make
the to be able to make those substrates

and you mention that a few times because
we've built on that history of depositing

materials on on plastics throughout
the research that I'll speak about.

So we work with a lot of different
companies within Australia but

also some big multinational ones
we've had a very long history for

example of working with both Boeing and
G.E. here in the US but

a huge number of small medium
enterprises in Australia and.

The sort of path to impact for

technology is either through licensing
it into existing companies or

start up companies that we might take a
holding in and then divest that over time.

So there's a variety of different ways
that we work with companies but the key

point is that we're about doing applied
research to bring benefit in Australia.

So the work that I'm going
to speak about today.

I'm just the person that sent
me up here talking about it but

there's a huge team of people behind me.

They've been responsible for this.

And so my colleagues at least around here.

Kevin peat.

Governing of really been responsible for

the materials that I'll
talk about mainly we've got

one of the team he's been looking at
some aspects of the modeling Brander and

Fiona here done most of the device work
an analysis that I'll speak about and

leads and then a part of her work
with a growing team now and.

I put.

Up here about sitting down here in the
front few has actually been with Sears or

a bit longer than me and.

Has a background in surface science and
has brought a whole range of different

capabilities and techniques to what
we're doing in the organic photovoltaics

so I can skip over the introduction to
sort of flex work broadly we look at some

transistors and just to give you a sense
of what we do in the lab we've got

synthesis capabilities that look at
comedy tour a lot of approaches parallel

approaches sort of thing right up
to very large scale facilities so

we've got five hundred lead reactors that
can do big big scale up and we did take

one of our small molecule materials a few
years ago up to a kilogram scale to

sort of show that we could use that
facility in the analysis we've got a range

of different characterization tools
that are that valuable to us and

we colocated with the strain synchrotron
just just down the road there so

we have increasingly been using that for
some of our in film analysis work.

The device fabrication.

We've got a range of different systems for
doing that similar system to go

up stairs but then as good a few few more
sources than we have in your system so.

But then.

But in the.

Many devoted to our they'd work and

I won't sort of speak about that in
detail at the moment but this is just

highlighting I guess what we've done over
the last couple of years in the lead and

that's really been developing
a new blue meeting material.

That's performing very well and

that's a long term collaboration with
the Japanese petro chemical company and.

So in developing that material they
are a supplier into the major display

manufacturers and
that continues to be a big focus for

us as the materials and
the host materials.

So pretty obvious to go.

There we sort of got the capability to
go from the small scale seem to through

analysis and and
characterization and also some

really large scale printing which I'll get
onto as as we sort of go through the talk.

So I want to now turn to solar power and
you know the main focus.

I want to talk about and

I always like to put this up to
sort of accept responsibility for

this on behalf of the country we are you
know the dirtiest country in the world

when it comes to power production and
therefore my personal view is that it's

incumbent on us to address that most of
the strays electricity comes from coal and

particularly brown coal that's very
low density in low energy density so.

This is why we should be doing it and
we also should be doing it because

it's a pretty sunny place and
we have to recognize that these things

other energy forms other than things
we can dig out of the ground and.

And this map shows that of
all the places in the world

is pretty much the sunniest place.

So again it makes sense to do
solar power in Australia and

this is showing radiation at ground
level so places like South America.

There's more higher mountains and
more cloud cover and things.

So this is a photo of my
house in Melbourne where I'm

doing my little bit to try and do it but
I was on holidays with a while ago and

one of the sunnier parts in a stray or
another.

And so this one and they've made more
of an effort than me in putting a one

hundred sixty panels all
over their house so.

That's that's that's what
we're hoping to to get.

So to go on to the in the data has
now been mentioned at the start.

We're involved in a couple of
different consortia the first one and

this is what has been responsible for

most of the research that I'll
talk about is within Victoria.

There are two research partners at
the University of Melbourne and

Monash University.

We've been working with them very
closely for about six years now and

the companies that are listed
in the bottom row they're.

The largest.

You do sort of steel.

Roofing in Australia and

films is the company that makes
the substrates for the banknotes and

they've been very very important
to us in teaching us how to print.

So more recently we are now part
of this consortium that mention

that it's a specific Australia US
program that has been funded.

This new money in Australia linking
into existing programs in the US But

what's really significant about this
is that this in a stroller is bringing

together all of the people working
in photovoltaics in general.

So Martin Green at the University
of New South Wales has been the.

Pioneer of silicon photovoltaic
research in Australia and

a world leader for a long time and
Martin's the head of this consortium.

And so his group and its W. The group said

this train National University in Canberra
who also work on silicon photovoltaic and

now linked with the other three
universities in Melbourne Monash and

Queensland and also the C.S.I.
road working on the organics So

we think this is a great opportunity
within Australia for us to Werman.

From the things that
the silicon guys have done but

this specific connection with all
of the groups here in the U.S.

is also really exciting for us and
this is a it's an eight year program now.

So it's considerable time to do this and
we've spent the last six

months negotiating contracts so
we've now we're ready to do some stuff so.

So what I want to go through just

first is some measurements techniques
really that we've done and I've spoken.

I did.

To some of you about this before but
obviously looking at energy levels is

important in new materials and
the technique that we've used to do this

is for
all transport trucks could be in air.

This is analogous to U.P.S. but

it is a quicker process for
doing the measurements and

just briefly use Chernobyl what
to irradiate the surface to be.

Energy and
the photo electrons you generate

I know is oxygen molecules in the air and
that's that's what you detect And

so what this is unable to do is look at
a whole range of different materials and

treatments to surfaces and
measure on a station potentials.

So just a couple of examples here about
things that we have done with it.

This is showing the work function of.

On the left.

So that's that's the measurement we do.

After we have done
a simple as prepared and

then with doing a treatment so

we can see on the right where we can shift
the work function up to you know sort of

five point four and
that persists over time so it's a very

simple measurement to that we can do we
can do measurements on metals and get.

Numbers that are similar to what's been
reported in the literature by other

techniques and we can do none of particles
this was work that we did a couple

years ago we mapped out a few
different nanoparticles here.

And looked at both.

Peter and the U.V. spectra to map out
all of their energy levels based on

particle size and seeing how they shifted
as we're changing the particle size.

We can also look at believe that we put
around the outside of these particles and

so the surface and
see what effect that has and

also what effect the kneeling has on on
the particle so all of these measurements

we can do repeatedly on the films or
in a very quick way.

This is some work with a McCulloch and
Martin he

had worked on an imperial where we looked
at the properties of the poem has been

able to correlate the work function
with the S debility the transistors.

And looking at the thermal and
dealing of T.P.C. B.M.

blend where shown on
the right there you can.

It's well known that you see
changes in the absorbance but

we can see that we're not
actually seeing much of a chain.

You know I was ation potential
of the blend on on the kneeling.

So this is what the specter of the Peter
H. T. in the P.C.B. him look like and.

You can see that the actual measurements
and cells are fairly precise.

There's not a lot of margin for
error in the interpretation of the data so

it's still an estimate and it's
a complement to other techniques but it is

a very high throughput easy technique need
to use and I'll come now to a couple of

examples where we have used it to inform
what's what's going on in devices.

But one aspect that we've looked
at a little bit recently of it is

the light intensity and whether or
not it's how our surface.

How much of the surface.

We're looking at versus the bulk.

So this is looking at a film
of probably thought Fane.

And applying different energy of the light
to it and we can see that within era.

We're getting essentially the same value
so we're not seeing any charging effects

by using a higher intensity light and
we're also not seemingly going any.

Any deeper.

But to look at that in detail what we did
was took one of the organic semiconductors

that we've been working on and
come back to this material a few times.

This is a small molecule ph up
material that we've developed and

done a bit of work on and
we deposit down on gold surfaces and

these are the U.V. spectra showing
that as we as we move up from here.

The the red surface here
was the untreated gold and

then we're putting material on there.

So we can see it absorbing more.

But if we take those films.

And look at the big gold or the.

The thick layer of the Durbin's across
them we can see they give two different

distinct spectra in the pieces so the on
as Asian potential is is very different

but if we look on the on
the right here now and a very thin

layer of the Durbin's across in on gold
we can see that the curves actually got.

Quite an inflection point so we can see
two different parts to it and they pretty

much correspond with the gold band and
the dog and the cross and so in that case.

We've only put down ten
animated the dog and

the crossing we are actually seeing a
signal that corresponds to both materials

now that could be in complete coverage or
it could be seen through the surface but

for whatever reason
we're seeing both there.

But once we go to about twenty nanometers.

We see no evidence of any
of the gold any more.

So this is now the twenty made a film and

we're using different light
intensities and there's no change.

So we're just seeing
what's on on the surface.

So this is giving us evidence that this
technique really is just looking at

the top level of the devices
of the films and so and

that in most of the examples that we're
looking at is the important part.

And what what we really want to look at.

So that there.

So now I want to go onto what's
going on inside some of us.

And when people look at Junction
devices there's obviously been a lot of

work about what's happening at
the interface between two materials and

how we understand that and what effect
that has on the device performance but

within the individual demands of the two
different materials there's also

a lot happening and you have to
consider that that can change depending

on your deposition conditions and and
this work has led a lot of this and

been with a number of teams and
so what we did was take

these Duggan's across the material that
I introduced earlier this material and

we had looked at this in a bio device
where we use it with that material here.

Now what's interesting was that
this material we can deposit it

by saying it's been coating or
by of operation.

So we can look at different.

Deposition conditions for
the same material and

we can keep everything else
about the device the same.

So to sort of show it more clearly we take
out the by structure we put down our paper

and then we put down either the Dobbins or
cross inverse of encoding or evaporating.

And then process the rest of the device in
parallel under exactly the same conditions

at the same time.

So the only thing with changing
is the deposition conditions.

What we saw straight away was there's a
very big difference in the performance of

these devices.

So the efficiency of the evaporated
device is about fifty percent higher than

the it's been coated one.

Now we've made a lot of these in
the reproducibility is pretty good.

And so the data is pretty solid in
the big difference is the voltage.

So we're seeing in the evaporated
devices an open circuit voltage

about point eight balls but
in solution processing.

Point six four.

So the first thing that suggested
was this something different about

the energy levels here.

And so to look at that we went back
to the measurements were introduced.

And so we looked at the two films
deposited by a pressure must be

encoding in there is a difference and

the difference is reproducible and
the precision is quite high.

We did a whole lot of repeat measurements
on multiple samples to get this done and

the difference and the the.

Sort of direction of the shift is
consistent with the larger V.O.C.

for the evaporated devices.

So we wanted to work with the other
aspects of the device that

were having an effect as well.

Could could there be other explanations.

So looking at the absorbent
spectra we can see that broadly

the is about the same the onsets
pretty much unchanged but

there is a difference in the splitting
structure of the spectra here.

So we can see that shape difference.

In the position of the peaks and
that is related to the intermolecular

angle of the distance the way
that they approach each other.

So therefore this difference
in deposition conditions is

is changing the way the molecules
approach each other.

Going to do this work.

And we can see that would
building up the layers here.

But what we wanted to really know was
is the into mixing of these layers

the resolution and he's not really telling
us that a molecular level if we're seeing

some material penetrating
in into the films.

So to do that.

We spent about four or four days at the
nuclear reactor in a stray we were doing

some neutron an X. ray reflectivity
measurements and you know for those of you

that use that sort of use of facilities
you go and lock yourself in this place for

four days and eat lots of junk food and
don't sleep a lot and do that so

that was a fun experience but just showing
here the X. ray reflect on the tree

measurements where we can look at these
these two different types of film so

the red is the film The blue
is the evaporated device and

we can see here that the.

Model is a is an excellent feet
to the dart or in both cases and

what we're seeing is that there is
the is not penetration of the materials

into the two laser same pretty
pretty clean wires but what's.

I guess most noticeable is down here
where we look at the scattering link

density of the Dobbins across in last so
in the in the evaporated device.

It's about eight point seven years in the
Spin Co device about ten point three So in

the Supreme Court a device the density is
higher the molecules are closer together.

There's more of them in
in the same film and

so that that's a key difference
here where you can see the C sixty.

There's no difference in the air so.

Between the two devices and and that's
the same as a pristine C sixty film so

that's the key that there's no
sort of interpenetration there.

So therefore there's no intermixing but
they give these more dense

marker structure in the spin coded films
the two key conclusions from from that.

So having sort of established
the physics that the physical nature of

the devices and the interactions within
looked at the electronics over there and

looking at the dark currents
of the of the devices was.

We thought could give us insight and
Bernard and I think William did this work

quite some time ago in looking at dark
currents in these sort of devices and

sort of relating that to the type of
interactions that you get in the films.

And so we took on board that approach and

some there's been a few different papers
that have been published since then.

Mark Thompson's done some of the work
there's a couple of different are groups

that have done it where we took out the
fact that from the shock equation you can

extrapolate out these J.-A so
value to which you

can use to employ some
some information about

the way molecules relate to each other
in the film so applying this theory and

all the math on there again the energy of
that that's that's way beyond me doing

that but in working our way through
the data on the dark currents for

the two different devices.

What we saw was that there was some pretty
significant differences so this is so

primitive that we calculated you know
a an order of magnitude difference

between evaporated and the Spin Co
devices so we see here and here.

And we can then use that.

To calculate the open circuit
voltages that you would predict and

they're in pretty good agreement
with what we actually measured so.

In.

Keeping sort of the conclusions very
general about this because there is you

know some question about you know how
how we relate all these together but

the key point is that the difference
in the jury is consistent with

a higher voltage in
the operated devices and

that is consistent with the stronger
interactions in the spin coded film

leading to increased recombination so
that's the the working

hypothesis that we have from the start of
that in the spin coded films the density

is greater the interactions between the
molecules are greater the recombination

is greater which drops the voltage and
therefore drops efficiency.

So putting all of that together then there
was this difference in the energy levels

but which affects the homo's But
what we believe is that the difference

in the marker structure within the wire
is what's actually driving these

differences in the devices the spin
coated films of a more dense and so

the conclusion that the marker structure
within those individual layers is

important not just the way that
donor except layers segregate.

But doing this in this bio device were
able to separate this out from the pocket

or junction and I think to be even more
clear the key is that you know a single

given material does not just have
a single packing style in a film.

It depends on your deposition conditions
and so that's a political in this

case in the devices but we think more
generally in devices that we have to

consider that just this extra structure
that we might get of a single molecule or

something like that is not necessarily
representative of what we get in the film

and it can depend on these
deposition conditions.

So now I want to move on to work on some
new electronic SEPTA's and a come back to

applying some of those lessons that we've
learned there about the market structure.

But this.
Work that began a couple years ago and.

For the first probably a year
we didn't get anything.

So we made a whole lot of
molecules as new except as and

they actually didn't work at
all not even a little bit.

They just didn't work at all.

And it's a tough period these days
a lot of good reasons for looking at.

Motives other than fullerenes but
it can be.

It's really hard to predict you know we.

Some of the motivation is here and
I guess this is the least recently of some

of the materials that people have come up
with that are alternatives to full range.

Having some material that
absorbs what is interesting but.

Essentially in mixing
these different materials

with Inter materials it's a two component
system where we're only varying one

of the variables and we haven't really to
a large degree been varying the other one.

So there is I think a large motivation for
doing this but

it's it's it's tough and
I sort of come back to that.

How tough it is a we go
through a little bit but.

Where we started in this work
was really driven Kevin wins and

Berg is part of a team he conceived of
this idea and then Peter Cameron and

given collars made most of the materials
for doing this but Kevin I guess looked

at the Indian that was been mentioned
fairly recently by some work

that cost me hot steel and these were some
small molecule Peter materials the class.

The been developed in but
Kevin sort of looked at the paper and

thought well this Indian diode fragment.

Could you modify the electronics of it.

Such to make it turn or for
Peter material to an end up material and

in doing that he had a couple of
criteria that he set out to do and one

was that he wanted to put together pieces
that could be easily functionalized.

And that were what he termed
privileged structures.

So things in.

Proven materials that have been used
in organic electronics the robust

the we understand a lot about them and
so he thought starting with those and

trying to put them together with
the fragment was the was the strategy.

So putting them together in this
form with the dark of luring in

the middle flanked by the five in
an enduring Di and was with the target and

it during all of the work we worked
really closely with that Buick

who I mentioned at the start has
done some of the calculations and.

We do some estimates based on
the calculations and we actually

only made the materials that had energy
levels that were about the same as P.C.B.

am so we did a lot more work on
on paper than we did in the lab.

This was where we started from we thought
OK we'll make that make that molecule.

One interesting thing that came
out of the calculations for

this was that in this particular molecule

Lumo in the calculations is they
work was over the whole molecule

that was something different from
some of the other materials.

We're not really sure whether or
not that's important but it was notable.

So we went through and developed
the synthesis for this and starting with

the be subordinate there of the Lorraine
we added the five things by the other

heart and did the Nova now go condensation
to put the indent Dion's on on the end.

Try to few different derivatives but the
two that I'll talk about in Indeed how is

the Dark One and
die Ethel hex all derivative there so F.

eight id T. here has the the October
change in the Age has the chance.

Now they're both small molecules and

we were able to get crystal
structures of both of them and.

We can see in those that more or
less the similar.

The difference between
the stacks is is minor The fate.

One is really.

Brickwork patent.

The F.D.A. has a slightly slipped.

Brickwork patent.

But one of a better description but

they lined up in a similar sort of way and
in the solid state.

Did a whole lot of characterization and
was responsible for a lot of this.

And we looked at the way that
the films and you know standard sort

of characterization it does quench
Peter H.T. when we looked at

the thin film Exidy of the films we could
only see Crystal energy from Peter H.

T. in the blends so these are not
particularly crystalline materials

notably by both the photos see live and

transistor measurements we couldn't
measure any electron mobility in these

materials but I'm only telling the story
because I did actually work so

they do conduct electrons but we could
measure that in a pristine materials

energy levels for
the two materials are similar.

But and
you know come back there again in that

is not a big difference here in terms of
what you would predict from the voltages.

So this bit of data on here.

I'll take you through it.

So we made whole the device that of these
materials and this represents months and

months of work and variations in different
things but what I would summarize here is

the two different materials blends with
Peter H.T. using two different solvent so

either orthodox or a benzene or
a kora benzene now with both materials or

benzene gave us better results always.

And so what we can see if we
look through here if we go to

the efficiencies we can see that for the.

The F. eight derivative here
in the in the blue best

of patients we go about one point seven
percent but whereas for the next one.

About two point four.

And.

So the biggest difference with
these was the voltage here so

the F.A.A. giving us almost a Volt
in the open circuit voltage and

as I said that's bigger difference
than what we would have predicted from

the energy level measurements.

So this sort of started to look a little
bit like the first Dura told you where

materials were giving us
a different voltage than

what we would expect just
based on the energy levels.

So having made all those devices and

sort of convinced ourselves that
there was you know a fair degree of.

Appropriate degree of reproducibility

we we moved on to looking
at them in more detail.

I did mention at the start that
you know that there have been some

difficulties along the way and you know
we don't shy away from the fact that

the reproducibility of
this hasn't been high.

There are some issues with purity and

we tried to address this by making
fairly large batches of material so

we did in particular scale up one of
these materials to about twenty grams so

that we could work with
a single batch of material and

that was an easy those of you that
a chemist would know that that's

quite challenging to do that but
it was really important

because we needed to take batch to batch
reproducibility out of the equation.

We were seeing enough variability
just with a single batch to so

we needed to avoid changing batches.

But as I said even with the same
batch this still this is

this is more sensitive than P.C.B.

am this material so even though you
know in side by side comparisons.

You know two point four and three point
one you know it's not too far off P.C.B.

I mean that it is it is more sensitive so
it's something we still don't know

really why and was speaking with Bernard
this morning when we would love there to

be some sort of measurement that we could
do in these materials that could tell us

the difference between batches before
making devices but we don't have that

technique yet you know really taking the
batch and making the devices the the own.

Anyway that we have so

far telling how they work but for those
of you that are looking in this area.

I just say caution you that it's
not easy but perseverance and

you know I think it will improve
our understanding with time.

So again we took the devices and
did some analysis of the dark currents and

in the same way that already
explained before we gain saw a fairly

significant difference in the J.
So values that we got out of there.

And we can take from that.

That that is consistent with the lower
open circuit voltage that we see for

the F. A derivative and so that is again
consistent with stronger coupling stronger

association of the molecules that we can't
be too prescriptive but exactly what we're

talking about but it's consistent with
stronger coupling for the F.A. to receive.

So the take home message is that we've

developed this class of materials but in
looking at the two the October chains or

the A for Heck So it does seem
that having the XO chains there

prevents the molecules from
being too close together and and

undergoing a large high
rate of recombination so

in interim molecular interactions.

What's really important to their
actual performance of the devices.

So that's all the work about
our small molecules and

there's still a lot more ideas that we
want to test out and we were obviously

want to move this into looking at donor
materials other than Peter H.T. and

that that works ongoing in parallel with
this we have also been doing a lot of work

on new polymers and we just about to be
out of brought this up and finish it off.

Some are going to talk about
it in great detail but

it has gone very well in
the last couple of years.

And we have developed a couple
of systems that at the.

Working really well and these are some
donor excepted type polymers.

That we've done and our colleague mean
Chen who's actually moved on now and

Chin who works with us now have been

key in working through a number
of these different materials but

what I'm showing over here on the right
is this the polymer that we've made.

So it's.

Benzene in the third dies or Coppola and
we worked on this for a while

the first devices that we made out of
that gave about three percent efficiency.

But just by working on the material
working on the processing we've now got

this up to eight point six percent.

Now we're showing down here and
what I'm comparing it with these

young cells work that was published
last year with the F T B seven so

you know it's pretty pretty
good this polymer and

it's something that initially it
wasn't that promising for work.

It's a three percent to you know eight and

half percent just by changing
the synthesis conditions.

So enter Holmes's group at the University
of Melbourne have really done a lot of

work on the on the synthesis of
these They've actually adapted

the synthesis to flow chemistry so
again we can make large amounts of it.

I mean was able to make this material

in batch marker wave synthesis and
get make twenty grams of it.

And again that was really useful to
us to have a large amount of it but

we think going for the flow.

Chemistry is the way in and
it was actually the one who's

made all of these devices as part of the
because consortium that we've done there.

So we have taken this material and printed
it not to these efficiencies obviously but

we that's where we're going in the future.

So on the on the topic of printing.

We have a big being applied
research agency and

having a consortium
that's really focused on.

On.
These applied aspects of the soul so

put a pretty big emphasis on printing and
actually I want some that I can

pass around you can have and that's one of
the biggest ones you can have it has been

battered by the trip over but
you can have a look at that while we go.

So for about eighteen months now
we've been printing devices and

we started off printing ten made
about ten centimeter devices.

That we could study in depth and that's
what we've done most of the work on so

most of the results are sort of talk about
almost ten centimeter but maybe ones and

we've got them up to an efficiency
of about two point two percent.

Now when we use the best.

It's really dependent on the R.T.O.
and the more the better the R.T.O.

more expensive it is sort of a balance at
the moment because we're not buying a lot

of it but we have printed
a lot of these materials and.

The real focus already is going big and
this is a photo of our big printer.

Now that we took delivery
of a couple months ago and

this is the final stage
of the printing and

what this is a screen printer that
we can use to put on paper and

silver and
then the bits in the middle here.

The three boxes here in the three
boxes here are a drawing

stages where we can either pump hot air or
they've got infrared elements in there.

Depending on the material for
drying things and so

we can use that to put down the top
layers of materials after we've used

the other printers that we have
to put down the other way.

These can go up to about thirty
made is a minute we haven't gone

anywhere near those speeds yet
because that's pretty expensive.

But that's the one that we've
done on that one and for

us really about the noise a pretty
small economy compared with the U.S.

And so the number of it's amazing
we work with these limited.

So we're trying to go as
far as we can to deal risk.

This is a manufacturing technology.

The No one in history who
would invest in doing.

It's from scratch.

So we feel that by our sort
of taking this down and

looking at the development of the actual
you know mechanics of the printing part of

it we can hopefully try and help them that
final stage to actually putting it into or

into a device in the model we would
see that people that we work with

both academically and commercial we
would be able to use this equipment.

We're not printing on this every
day it's way too expensive for

us to do that constantly but
we have plenty capacity to do that and so.

So even speaking this morning.

You know I definitely think
there are opportunities for

some of the work that's
been coming out of here for

us to translate this across to some of the
printing work that we've been doing and

trying to dress some of the things
that that the outstanding questions.

So just now got a little video that sort
of shows some of what goes on in the lab

and some of the the printing work and just
sort of talk you talk you through this.

So the first stop is the printer
that we had that makes the ten

centimeter wide devices and and so this
just sits in a few McCubbin in the lab.

So it's all done in there and
we just print the.

P.C.B. and lies down and

we got together the most handsome men
we could find in Syria for these short.

Poor Fiona.

But we made lots and lots of devices and

we can wire them up in different ways and
we've put a pretty

big emphasis on making demonstrated Zicam
people want to hold their hands and

self giving them to the government to say
you know you gave us lots of money and

here's a little solace or back for it.

But we did a lot of testing outside.

As well.
And so

the set up here is our outdoor testing you
know we can monitor the absolute radiance

temperature performance of the devices
under all different orientations get

an environment chamber we can
do the temperature tests and.

So feed all that data back into things.

This is Shannon showing
some of the devices and

so then as I said we moved to
doing it on a larger scale so

we took delivery of the second
printer which is shown here.

This can now print
a thirty centimeter wide.

Reels and that we can then take
the reels off the end of that and

put that on the end of the the really big
one that I talk you through at the start.

So you know we think we've come a long
way in the last couple of years and

it's been a pretty pretty fascinating
journey and what I said at the start about

the work that we did on the banknotes and
the work that we've continued to do

is is really important to this because we
couldn't have done it without that work.

We couldn't have done it without people
who genuinely were printers helping us

make decisions about which
printing techniques we would use.

So we mainly using reverse groove your
printing as a take making a little bit of

die but we really think that reverse group
view is a more versatile technique than

what die and security would have been
invaluable in teaching us how to print.

So.

This chart here just shows the sort of
pretty performance up to I guess the end

of last year and the peaks correspond
to the efficiency these are at

ten centimeters or ten cent of
a devices and then the tails are.

How long they lasted and so you can see
back to back in two thousand and eleven.

We weren't doing very well at all and
they weren't lasting very long but

gradually and this is putting a whole lot
of factors together so there's multiple

things that are contributing to this but
gradually up to a start.

We're probably going to be higher than
now a little bit over two percent and

in terms of the lifetime now
the shelf life of the devices

that we made on the tense
intimate about ten.

Is pretty stable to get over a year but
that's devices that we made a year ago.

So I think the ones we're making today are
probably a bit better than that but we.

It to find a way to
accelerate that testing so

it's just real time at the moment but.

That's that's been our
journey with the printing.

So the final sort of science Syria
that I want to go into now is

a little bit of work about our
nanoparticle solar cells and this is.

Jack and Brandon Brandon was a Ph D.
student who worked with this.

And did a great job and

what where we wanted to address in this
part of the work is in parallel with their

organics we recognize that the inorganic
thin film technologies are an established.

Technology you can buy solar cells
made of you know the moment but

that they were perhaps opportunities
develop new processes for

these existing techniques in our
approach was to develop printable

solution process will
nanoparticle based things

we started out looking at CAD Telluride
because that was a system we thought we

could get a bit more insight into We've
now moved into both seasons easy.

Yes work and develop particles for
all of them.

So the approach that Jack came up with
was to develop these particles and then

use a layer by layer deposition process
to put them down and you need to do this

because if you try and put down a single
The nano particles and then a new album.

It just cracks and you get shorting
in the device does not work but

by doing this layer by layer approach and
so the device structure is

good we can get devices that don't
short and that work very well

what's going on inside this process
is that we're taking nanoparticles or

making they're about foreign animators
in diameter to start with and

they've got the guns on
the outside putting them down and

then we do a deep coding process
where that washes off those Wigan's.

And then a kneeling process
about three fifty degrees and

that drives off the league ends and
causes the particles to meet together and

center and
then we put another wire on top.

Now that that process going through sin.

All of the materials together and
what you end up with is you've taken

four nanometer particles and turned them
into seventy nine and made of crystals and

at that size they have pretty much the
same properties as bulk had been Telluride

but the total thing is about devices
are only about five hundred nanometers So

this is significantly thinner than
the three mark on devices that people make

very close by sublimation So
not only is it a more simple

deposition process it's just spin
coding and it's all done in air but

it's also using significantly less
material than what's currently done.

So Brenda did a whole lot
of work on the different

aspects of that process and
not going to go through it all here but

this is showing one aspect here
which is the kneeling time.

And so we can see that as you and
you at different times in the day of him

images you can see the size of
the crystal growth grows and

what we found was that
around about a minute.

The kneeling at this is it
three hundred fifty degrees but

a minute was the optimum So it's it's
a pretty quick annealing process.

From a processing point of view.

We're now looking at doing Flash
annealing that's compatible

with a continuous process.

But we think a minute's pretty
good to be able to do this.

These charts and
the table here shows the effect

of the kneeling temperature and what I
guess cutting straight to deficiencies.

The best deficiencies on this
chart is that seven percent.

And we're getting that at
three hundred fifty degrees so

we can see that a different
annealing temperatures we

are again getting different
sizes of the crystals here.

And so these three hundred fifty degrees
are seventeen animators so ours was.

Is the optimum and and you can see from
the R.P.C. Daryn we did we did some

more measurements in depth look at
what's going on inside the devices and

we're getting to the electrons
out of these these devices he.

Here.

Are just this is just showing the kneeling
time to at these different different

efficiency so again you know around
about that that sort of minute mark.

Jack and Brant did a lot of work on
modeling the internal quantum efficiency

so combining the data with what we had
on the films we're able to see that

you know you get a pretty good feel for
the model to our data and

able to see that our actual internal
contributions is pretty high.

So we can see down here across these
different thicknesses where you know

almost one hundred percent across there so

as I said getting most of
the current out of these devices.

And in terms of you know how we're
operating looking at different modeling

different devices here we can see that
the conclusion that we came to was that

what we've got is a fully depleted Hadra
structure and so that's consistent with.

This builtin field across
the device the charge collection.

So the final thing that we did was to
look at modifying the zinc oxide so

that it's really the interface
between the zinc oxide and.

And we are you meaning that we did and
changing the zinc oxide said this

is protocol we were able to improve
the efficiency even more and

move them up about ten
percent shown here and

it was really the voltage in the field
factor that we managed to improve.

They're now taking it further
forward in commercial devices they

use moved him as an electrode in inverted
structure and that we looking at all those

sort of things but more broadly as I
mentioned right at the start where.

Applying what we've learned
from the to the sees it.

Yes In particular systems.

So that we're addressing
you know one of the.

Problems with cadmium Taylor
are bridges the cadmium.

So it remains to be seen.

You know what we'll do.

It's probably depend on who will
work with to move it forward.

But we've definitely learned a lot
about these none of particle devices.

And just quickly on the applications
of all of the technology

in general I guess this is probably
familiar with the thinking here and

in other places but we're talking with
a range of different partners about some

different applications short
through the long term and

I think some of the more promising things
are the really short term things that

we're talking about about you know in
advertising or indoor type applications

where we were somewhat optimistic
that we might be able to

see some actual products come out of the
things we're doing in the relative future.

Certainly advertising type occasions where
the last time requirement for three or

four weeks we can we can do that now.

And so that's what we're talking
with companies illustrates we are to

use our facilities to deliver
on those sort of things.

I mentioned the start
the team that we have and

this is just showing a photo of
the larger flexible group so

this is the O.B.V. and people here and

I'm very fortunate that I get to work
with people from all around the world.

It's a pretty diverse group as you can
see there's only a couple of people in

the group that grew up in Australia and.

We benefited also from a number of
people coming to us from industry.

So when I who laid work.

We previously led all of Cannon's
early research in Japan and so

the experience that he's bought and a few
of my other colleagues who have come back

from other companies in the U.K. and in
Japan of also bought a lot of experience.

To us.

Now the final point that I wanted to
make was just about communication and

this is something that we did recently
which we did with a little bit of

trepidation in that we did a bit more
of an effort about putting out a press

release and a lot more information
about what we were doing about.

Printing.

So as a consequence there was all these
voters of me on the Internet which is

not necessarily a good thing but
we put out this press release and

I guess we just started talking a lot more
about what we were doing and it was taken

up in a pretty big way particularly but
we did get a fair bit of interest around

the world and what I I think surprised us
was that there was this interest because

we weren't the first person people to
do this other people have scaled up.

These printing as well but it showed that
there's a real interest in this sort of

thing but it also I think showed us that

even though we're an applied research
agency we're really comfortable publishing

in academic journals and sometimes
this relationship with the media can

be a little bit would be a bit hesitant to
do it because we might lose control but

we designed this to speak to
the partners in media that they

are used to using which is blogs and
websites and magazines and things and

that's actually the best way to get to
them and for us what it uncovered was

a whole lot of companies in Australia that
we didn't know what they were doing and

they didn't know what we were doing and so
brought us together in a way that a paper.

No matter how prestigious could
never have done for us and.

And the media didn't really distort
the story very much in general but

the coverage was pretty good and
and pretty positive and

people wanted to tell our story in
the way that we presented to it.

So the sort of.

You know take home message that
I have is that I think this

sort of thing is important and it's not a
natural thing for us to scientists to do.

But you know I think it is important.

So just to wrap it up when we've got it.

Serious are a range of activities
that looks at materials through

characterization and printing we're always
looking at trying to work with people

other people in different
ways that we can help.

Add to what they're doing or
they can help us on different things

because we certainly are not experts at
all of this and what have shown you today.

Is that we've got.

Some techniques can asked look at allow
us to look at what goes on inside these

devices and we've applied this to a couple
of material sets particularly our new

electronic SEPTA's And the key conclusion
again was the interaction between

molecules in a film is really important in
driving the performance of those devices.

And so that's informing a design process
going forward but in parallel with this

we're developing some other materials
such as the new polymers and

the nano particles that will help make
the devices better but then working on

the printing and how do we actually
translate this to the large area devices.

So that that's the end of what I
wanted to present today that's

my contact details up there very
happy to answer questions now.

But if you want to get in touch
about things we're doing also happy

to take that.

So thanks again for coming along.

It's great to visit here again
appreciate you taking the time.

Thanks very much.

Thank you.

If you would not respond to that and
something like twenty hours and

they're very nice job.

Thank you so

you accept there is a very special

place I would imagine just
like there is for it.

Yeah I think there.

I think there was a yes
there is there's the U.V.B..

Suffer for errors like.

When you have just wondering if you have.

Yeah

yeah yeah I mean that's

that's exactly where we're falling down
and that's exactly what we have to do.

Yeah

yeah we've done a lot of
mobility measurements then but

where with more seen it out.

Is this right of recombination that
that's where it's having an effect.

Most of these materials are pretty low
mobility so like I said with days we can.

Yeah yeah that's true but

it but it's the way that the molecules
interact with donor except your interface

is sort of a function of them how
the material sort of line up like that.

The mobility is an interesting one because
we haven't you know we put a lot of effort

on photo C live.

But we haven't seen a really strong
correlation between the measurements that

we get from abilities and
device performance.

You know the other people have clearly by
different techniques but it's especially

with these materials where we can actually
measure mobility I mean I have to

transport charges the devices are working
pretty well but they but we don't so

well

so this is probably the thinnest thing
that we've printed we think we're around

about the ten to twenty nanometer range
but we can't really measure that point.

In there's no limit to
really have been we can.

Go.

It's you know you can just make
the solution would be you you might be we

would need a material that we can measure
to be able to tell that for sure but

but it is a very proven it's
a proven technique taking a can.

You know there's not a lot that can go
wrong with it once you get the solution

down but not this.