Research.

I saw.

OK thanks a lot.

It's really a pleasure to be here for
two reasons first of all.

I mean I'm very well aware of the very
nice department in chemical engineering

and the research done goes
on here in Georgia Tech and

second to where I would
kind of neighborhood is.

Only one hour away by plane.

So you know even here in the south
even though I'm not from the south.

I have learnt something already.

And this is that here in the south
you like and respect your neighbors.

So it's a pleasure for me to be here and
tell you about the research that

I have performed together with my group
at North Carolina State University.

I'm going to begin my talk actually
by acknowledging the people who

have contributed Maston who have
actually done the experiments and

then end up actually work in the research
that I'm discussing here and

you said the graduate students we
have contributed to the contents

of the dog that I'm going to
present some of the past.

Dogs and
some of the faculty in the different

types of cooperations that
we have on the projects.

Of course I would like to acknowledge very
much in everybody in my group as you can

see we have very nice weather same
as you know and also I would like to

acknowledge the sources of funding and
cooperate if institutions in this project.

Usually when people begin their talk
dative about what they're going to speak.

But I'm going to make a little
bit of a difference here

because I'm going to thirty first of
all time not going to speak about.

In terms of you straightening that is
serves to do in my group in marginal

perspective we do have quite a bit of
diversity of projects which relates

to the Clearly it's in
the after minority and

soft matter the way we like to
call it is this we're interested

in someone else which can be as simple as
micro rats firms to do is Asians Hence I

find that it serves as has been
performed here by Sven very interesting.

We're interested in various types of for

self organize particles part of material
so we do have some work in nano fibers.

There is a time going to discuss here
is relates to quite the assembly and

making new types of devices.

When it comes to new types of devices
there are some devices that I could not

include in my talk which relate to
microfluidics another area for research in

my group and when we do microfluidics
we like to include so we like.

Everything that come by and

some kind of chemical engineering can
Tillich to the city in one way or another.

And so we're interested in
making come microfluidic

devices which can through which contain
electronic elements as pumps or do it.

Interested in making small particles that
are electronic device on their own and

that they can move that can move
themselves around liquid if you have

interest in any of these areas.

Please do not hesitate to come and
speak with me after afterwards as much as

I have time here on what I
would like to present to say.

I would like to present the.

Starry af how we can use again
like electrical fields and

soft matter in ways that we find to be
interesting and that we find inspiring.

So the standard that I'm going to presume
to sensually reflects what happens

when you have a party CO or sassed matter.

In liquid in the liquid being too outer
and in your prior lexical fields.

Generally when you have a particle you are
going to have charge of the particles when

it is in water this is what
gives a particle stable.

The charge on the particularly involves
the socket countering only Clare.

So of course the heard there was
a whole complex of particles and

I don't surround it is going
to be Elektra neutral.

But you have a dense lair of highly
concentrated IOS next to the particle.

If you are political feud that Iowans
are going to try to go out to as

electro the opposite charge the particle
as is trying to do the same.

So you are going to have a little bit
of a separation between the particle on

the counter the only god most here.

The separation of the charges around
the particle are going to lead to

the existence of an in use
dipole inside the particle.

In use that person or from physics
tend to interact with each other and

they tend to interact also
we diffuse that causes them.

We use this type of interaction and
this type of motion in our the violence

around the part because in order to
manipulate and the same bird different

types of riders suspensions I'm going to
discuss in the first part of my talk.

There is something cause that one can
do when you have counter ions and

this is safe.

The counter ions being the source
of come back terms we discussed

matter within liquids we didn't we didn't
rather So in the second part of my talk.

I'm going to present a new
research area which we

have developed in the last couple of
years and which we find interesting.

Where we take rather basic hydrogen.

We drop the hydrogen we probably
electrified molecules and

we use the high going to jail as
a component of an electrical device.

The electrical component the electrical
conductance here in this case

comes again from the counter
Yani clear easiest.

This near the backbone
of the poly electrified.

So if you have a pallet right molecule
you're going to have counter I don't sit

around here this counter islands
are going to be misplaced by the future.

They're going to conduct electricity
in this case in the form of i OS.

I'm going to demonstrate how
we can use this conductance

in order to try to make
new types of devices.

So I say she need.

We are going to master the aware of
the time we're going to be presenting

the relation the fact of car
particles can get polarized and how.

Yeah you only conductance based
on how you only polarization.

Can live through electrical properties
that we can harvest inside the water jar.

So this is this is the first topics if you
have a question along the way please don't

hesitate to stop me and ask right
because I'm going to cover a range

of topics which relate to such type of
the effects inside of liquid systems.

So I'm going to focus first on the way
the assembly based on electrical fields.

This is the favorite topic in my group for
many years now all

we have been doing Karate the assembly
all know kind of lens scales.

So these are examples of fast track shoes
that we have assembled in different

studies the departed in the in my group
and this is an example of the lens care

also which you can do quite a lot Sammis
taking part because out of suspension and

making useful materials out of them
is certainly an interesting topic and

it is sort of fascinating because as
you can see you have a variety of nice.

Well organized structure is so
interested in organizing well.

Well.

Structured ideas of particles.

We're interested in using such R.A.C.
and for new types of pot of materials.

I'm going to discuss how we
can self assemble particles

in electrically conductive
structures we can make up soon as.

Special types of porous particles and

other assemblies that our some of
which I'm going to mention in my talk.

Greg are saying we can
be accomplished on the.

Scales starting from now on the meter
sized particles of two millimeter size

photonic crystals.

It is not hard to assemble particles.

If you just take suspension
let you drive on the Nano said

if he's going to the surface am going
to some think the mass famous example

being the case of up what happens
if you happen to spill your coffee.

That the Patrick arse out of
the coffee are going to self assemble

into the sack called coffee drink.

That has been fascinating for
journalists because now they know

why coffee makes stance which is important
in the journalist profession right.

How are you going to skeptical
ingeniously wrong to achieve

assembly that can be kind of astute
regards to making practical structures.

Cance our interest in
electrical fields comes for

the ability to tune the parameters
of the process and make it rapidly.

So we can achieve the same being
the way that we design and

we can do right I'm going to mention later
on that a kit and program to assembly.

This is a novel view of the different
types of processes that can be used in

quite the assembly.

You can have something as simple as
sedimentation which means particles

go to the bottom of the vessel
on form a structure.

You can drive the particles have
a surface of the like I just mentioned

coffee think is one of the structures but

there are bad more useful structures the
Other than that you can assemble assemble

them entirely later why not their lives
were like some of the research that

goes on here in the Georgia Tech including
Professor chocolate for example.

You can assemble them around droplets
which is another topic of interest.

I'm going to be discussing color
what happens when you have particles

inside electrical field we part forces and

to make them come into some
kind of useful structure.

Before I begin that I would like to
discuss the forces that are that exist

inside suspend.

When a party goes in a rotter
between electoral votes.

Then I think you're seeing there and

the illustration that I
showed on the second flight.

I had class and minus.

That I could confuse the two
million that to use in my group

are typically after an eighteen.

There is never pass and minus a saga
because I mean like the direction of

the few changes all the time
which is of the frequency.

However we still have parity ization
of the counter you only got most fear

under one condition and
that condition would be.

Well the condition would be that
the frequency should be low enough because

science cannot move too fast.

So if your frequency is somewhere within
like I mean less than let's say ten to one

hundred strange but I don't scan will
distribute themselves fast enough.

TURPIN just parrot ization in the particle
and the Paradise party course are going to

like me have a dipole which is going
to interact belt with the fuel

tank in between the particles they
internationally the of the paralyzed

particles with the fuel that induces the
polarization is carbolic to four is this

as a pastor electrophoresis
which is in constant field.

This interaction typically
leads to either attraction or

the power of the particles around
the direction of the fuel gradient

particles which are more paralyze a ball
than the medium which is the typical case

that we study are going to be attracted
to as they have high fuel gradient.

That means that they're going to go
today of high field intensity as shown

in this image.

But if the particles are also the diapers
inside the particles are also going to

interact with each other.

And this type of interaction is going to
pick a lead to the formation of structures

which are well known for

electoral logic on Magneto article fluids
which were the particles from chance.

That would your fusing
collected go fuses that we can

turn the field on the Dante moment
we can control the frequency we can.

Control the parameters of the fuel.

So we can use it up it assembling by
just tuning the parameters kind of

turning the knobs on the equipment we
went to understand how the process.

GROSS So in some of the slides I'm
going to have the results of a link

to the study simulations of
the energy of the fuel intensity and

then adjust interactions
such as the one shown here.

This is a software simulation
of the fewer the intensity.

In the system that is shown here to
electrodes on the surface of your

particles what you can see is that
because of the higher power is ability.

You have higher fuel intensity
around the power of the curse.

This is essentially the result of
that poor poor is asian of course who

are cowards here did not
hire a field intensity that

every lap of the disturbed
feelings between the part of us is

essentially similar to the diaper our
interactions that is that is showing here.

The few would you have the few without
a lot is going to lead to attraction of

the particle you can see that this is
being asked of kind of direct of what

is because the particles would like to
get to the area of high viewing density.

So the class or
they get the higher the field and

dance in between until they come together
by doing similar type of simulations.

We can we can calculate the energy of
the interactions of the particles and

I'm going to present somebody like
that a little bit by that all.

You know to understand such type of
systems we should also consider what

happens when we have two types of particle
similar to what we study metabolic and

the electric particles.

Obviously metal as you know it's
very highly patronize a bow to

the extent that it even
conducts electricity.

It's a very highly polarized environment
you know metallic particles inside

electric fields are going to
disturb the fuel very much.

And there is going to be very strong
forces induced on the particles dielectric

particularly as are paralyzed but
to a smaller extent.

So they're still going to.

Be attraction between thought there is a
particular reason there is still going to

be attraction to the electrodes but
not to the extent of stronger so

if the metallic particles drop out
ization of the metallic particles

comes mostly because of the polarization
of the electron qual to the metal

the pair ization of the delicate
particles count because of what

right is the start of
my talk right it cuts.

OK it counts because of the poor is ation
of the counter you only got most ferrite

by using this through a parameter so

you can control the interaction of this
I'm going to illustrate a little bit.

I'm going to present First of all
some of our earlier research.

Interactions field interesting deductions
between metallic particles and dielectric

particles and then discuss how we can use
them in Mark complex type of assembly.

Sometimes the particles came be too small
to interact with pass on their own.

However if there metallic particles
you have strong forward ization

strong forces that direct you for

resisting the attraction of
the particles to add the fuel

gradients can still you make the particles
come together and sell his hammer.

So some time ago we found out that one
can take some system which is a simple

fast metallic nano particles.

I'm sure that some of you
are working in one way or

another got on the particles and.

It's a very simple system we use to make
it part because they're not statically

protected.

We apply electrical if you would have
happened says the particles get attracted

to ours electrodes.

The growth on the particle or
sorry you weakly stagger right.

So if you concentrate them too high.

They're going to be begin again when the
aggregate they're going to do something

which was also shown on the previous life
which means that they're going to extend

their elected all the little bits for
the round into the suspension.

So the end of their throat is not a.

Going to be here in the regional.

Area through all the end of the of the of
the metro is going to be at the end

of the micro why that is partly why and

that is made by the assembly
of this particular snarl.

Has a very high purpose.

Have high electric field
intensity at its end.

So this is still going to drive
not a metallic down the particle.

They're going to come out very
good at the end of the ride.

So we're going to have a spontaneously
growing system which you call micro I add

in these unused ration of
the process in a static snapshot.

You can see the structure from metallic
now on the part because that had

been collecting and that is collected and

that is collected the power to
collect in the new particles here.

This is actually a movie of the process.

This is a little bit speed it up but

you can really have a really
really observe the process.

On the microscope and

see how the the nano particles get sucked
Howard collected by the growing and

the while you can also see
some fractal type of growth.

It is not continuous fractal because you
can see that there are branches would

stop growing.

After a while but you have the formation
of a continuous structure that I'm sure I

can me has run just around it
has this structure grabs it kind

of you can see it through how it vacuums
how then on the particles in front of it.

It is going to continue and you're growing
and you with it is that electrodes and

now we charge circuit the system there is
strong current going to go into a wire.

So we can think of this is
kind of a self assembling

electrical circuit out of nano particles
because of the electrical field.

We can measure the process US
illustrated here by calculating the fuel

intensity finding out where the party
goes are going to get collected

adding the particles to that area.

Recalculating the fuel to continue
this process in the manner.

As you can see we can capture the most
important dynamics of the process

which is the from a.

Branches would stop growing.

So we believe that we understand pretty
well the type of process that occurs

we can assemble the metallic
structures relatively easy.

The take home message here is metallic
particles strong interaction in the field

and strong strong for his age we can do
a similar experience monthly to chant but

where we take directly particle.

Counter you only got mostly
a poor relation only

the interaction is not a strong but
still enough to collect the particles of

the sample they mean to
a new type of structure.

The experiment here is
performed in the team chamber.

Two electrodes on the side you can see
the particles even though not very clearly

because they're in Brownian motion
this is going to be a movie.

So you're going to see them a little bit
better in the second we apply electrical

fields and the particularly in this
case large particles which is not

going to get by just get together
are going to fathom of course chance.

So here is what happens
here is how it looks.

This is the real time movie
The particles are large enough so

we can observe them with a microscope
these are modest tides of years

the party started spheres come
together and form my Hex I win

the lottery retard not the fuel
the Brownian motion this is Sambo's them.

This part is the back.

We turn the fuel down again we have
the formation of a structure again.

So this type of structure in use
if you do structure formation in

the suspension can be repeated many
times if we choose the right types of

conditions we can actually have
a very good diffraction laser beam

through the system the very same
way in which one can study.

Diffraction effect straight through
a molecular Crystal we can study

the formation of the structure by
diffraction broke right or crystal.

This is an example of the type of
structure that are you the type of

diffraction pattern that you can observe
when the structure of the crystals is good

you can see that this is a.

Three clean six pegs that are what
you straights almost perfect

crystal this one is not
an almost perfect crystal.

But you can make it better by
choosing the right conditions.

The formation of this type of crystal
is again something that is interest of

many people related to
photonic materials and

again this is a repeat of all
process that can be for a time.

So now we know what had happened
to the directory particle.

We know what happens in metallic particle.

We want something that's
a little bit more complex or

comprehensive with regards to structures.

I'm going to give a few illustrations of
the work that they have performed in.

Making structures out of
more complex pattern.

It's something that they are included in
my presentation having in mind a very

strong biological on biomedical research
performed here at the Georgia Tech is.

Interaction between lie a lifesaver
also sparred because of a kind

of dilated experience where you want to
use the leg to go future normally in order

to call Sambro are several
particle structure

by Com been a by drawing the SAS and
the particles together in by the field.

The first movie shows a simulation of
the process where we have to live so

as in this case we just use
the parameters of the cells of

the dielectric particles of our kind into
small particles you're going to observe

that when you let them move this map out
because get attracted to the area of

Haifa the density next to the sail
gathers here are also gets attracted

this bad because they actually
paired the bigger sideways.

But this particular got trapped
in between the life cells.

Obviously this is a process
which came to use for

a sample of new types of
potentially biological Lee

inspired structures a kind of combining
these by a composite material use

cialis in our case because this is an
example of a movie of an actual process.

That it's a little bit fuzzy because this
is very high magnification you can see you

see us here on Late expired because
when you turn on the fuel you can

observe the process that goes illustrated
in the simulations where some particles

are trapped in between the Sallisaw that
are trapped at the end of the chain but

the math on line is that you can have
alternating chains of live cells and

particles assembled on the action
of the electrical field.

We can use a similar person or to make my
curiosity was traded on the next slide.

Here you know being a chemical engineers
who always like to say that the model

predicts the behavior of the system
actually we have done this in parallel but

who had a lot of pain such
a good correlation and

they believe understand the song.

Now we can use this process
you know to take use SAS.

Take particles that have like him.

Call called on the really a that is
a protein that bias to the chains

on the cell surface we can find on the few
or the part because on the say our scan

assemble into a chain like structures that
are going to be irreversibly assembled.

If we use magnetic particles then we
can have moderate EEG by a composite

assemblies we can use them magnetic field
in order to manipulate this that called

the form particle cell Y.R.'s we can apply
a few wood in two different directions.

Or do it in the same bow cell particle
membranes a stripe of new bomb material.

So this is one example of how
how one can use this on cheap

in order to make new type of structures.

Potentially such materials can be used for

microsurgery can be used for
other types of census from our perspective

it's important to understand
the fundamentals of the process.

Speaking about the fundamentals of the
process I mentioned that we would like to

go to Mark complex systems so

dire our present interests are related
to particles that combine both the.

There's a math on that I like the name for
certain type of particular

see if they're half metallic and
how the electric is Janus part because

that comes from the from the Roman
grabbed out supposedly had two faces.

So you can have a two phase
particle phase being met.

I want phase being that like three or that
you have a patch of particle where you

only have a small patch of Maddow on the
side of the particle or maybe Madama patch

this type of pad because of an example of
course people you saw not and in color.

It's an interest in these days right
Hugh Grant from systems that had been

studied for more for

many years to systems of higher complex
if you were to have some kind of

organ structuring pattern you got out of
initiation will NOT a particular level.

So now what happens if you
are pulled this type of particle

it obviously has two properties.

What happens if we take
such type of particle and

put it in the electrical field.

Yes it is many things can't tell but first
of all I'm usually getting a question of

how do you get those particles.

So I'm I just want to very
briefly mention how we make.

And whether they really made up.

We have news of the prize it being
fairly steady microspheres or

in type of particle in the lead by using
a devise developed in my group we can.

Up the President Arafat because
we can put them in a matter of

OPERATOR You just part because of polymer
spheres of silica spheres the matter is

going to be deposed you told
me on the top of the sphere.

We disperse them afterwards.

We observe first happened so this is an
example of the type of particles that we

have you can see here and.

Dielectric is the darker part of the
matter is the brighter part in the C.M.

so we can have metal.

Particles.

I collaborate any of our boys you want to
create murder from the University of New.

Casper just made up for that.

So she not only that passes
them on the legs but

she can hear them the present
matter on the particle.

When you deposit metal at an angle
you're going to have less

than half of the particle
being carted you can

turn it around you can deposit
a patch on the other side.

So you can make batch of particles
we take those particular US for

them in an electrical fields and
lots of phenomena can be observed.

It's really a very real property is and

this is just an example properties of
Venus particles because it's a new area

to search some of you may be working in
see more areas related to other properties

of this particle such as interesting as
option the surface problem is the first

phenomenon that I ran discuss in detail
here is what happens when the frequency is

below that our tank your hands where I
mention the counter atmosphere can get

Parise Well now we have a particle
where the county only God knows me and

moves around you have strong
correlation in the metal

less strong correlation the dielectric
you die on Scared respond to the fuel

the particle can move around by an effect
which is called AC electro hotter

than nomics caused by the gradient of
the fuel round the particle itself.

What you what you saw in
the movie here is that

the particular smurf in the very specific
where you had the fuel in this direction

they are moving perpendicular to the fuel.

We have a dielectric side oriented Ferarri

the reason is again the gradient of the
fuel on the surface of the particle and

the musician the particles if you
are not going to describe this too much.

If you're interested please let me know
out there in MA that this effect and

I'm going to discuss the more simple case
of what happens when the particle or

side of the higher fuel into
at Highfield frequency.

When you are having different power
ization within the metallic power.

In the direct path.

Again I only can count on the one
you got most years paradise for

ice less than the metal part.

So now you are going to have particularly
strong however which is more polarized

lets you put them in the electrical field.

You see chains but these are not the
chains that we have is that when we had

the electric particles you would take
a look here you see that this is a kind of

staggered chains where the metal actually
is the one that has assembled into

a continuous structure and the ballot for

the car set a facing sideways so round.

We call those we staggered.

Obviously this is a new type of structure
which is standard because we have

difference between
the two hops of the part.

You know to understand
the formation of such type of.

We can start a family that is called
quasi Monte Carlo simulations

which means that we have a complex
potential of interactions.

We can not perform a regular Monte Carlo
simulation but we can calculate

then your use of a few different
systems of selective configurations and

compare them with experimental
results you take a sphere organized.

So it is it's a crater is facing the
director in the direction of the field.

This is the experimental legs of
that action we can normalize that

energy without.

Even restart turning the spheres we're
going to calculate different types of

Asian energy as a function
of the orientation angle

the highest energy that is the least
favorable going to Gratian is the wrong

when the particle last are facing ninety
degrees with regards to the most preferred

if we start rotating this field
as we are trying to find our.

Standard use when the particle sorry ass.

We have all the metal
sideways the other car bell.

The other side by the few that actually
use around the equator of the party.

So we understand why they
have a sandbag why they have

carried themselves in this way.

We can not take the same bodyguards and
now report for

the particles in the simulation racks we
start playing when they're out of a new

station in order to find out whether
the experimentally observed configuration

is the minimal energy or
one when you do that you find out

that first of all we can say why am I mean
that if we just make them like a sample

into a chain the very same way that
you see the regular sphere Saudi.

Each with a God I mean we get
to have pretty high energy

even if we put the Michael
the gold on the opposite side

if we turn to God to be facing one side
and if you can easily do a bit but it's

true is not the slitter of the energy in
the experimentally observed configuration.

You can they say right if we have
a staggered change maybe if we

change then go even further then
misplace the particles even further.

Good.
The simulation is

going to give us large energy but
if we just change

the angle than the experimental
observed wrongly see again you jump in.

Then.

So if we keep I can summarize here
the results we can say the following

The metallic thought ization is
the one which drives assembly and

the experimentally observed
that we calculate by finding

out this type of system so we believe
that we know about gross song so

we can make more complex types of
assemblies than even the other shown here.

Even the structure that they show old
can can be used in a variety of making

new types of horrible structures such as
the Met our dialectic Christo shown here.

So you see again idea of particles
assembled on the few words.

However these are Janus particle us.

So we just not only that you have
violated sphere organization but

you have heard in these Asian of
the metallic parts of the spheres and

these metallic spots in this case if
organized themselves in continuous chains

around the crystal So
we have not met our the electric Loftis.

Under the direction of
the electrical field.

So start of my two years can be used
in different types of fun as a tropical

conductive or a tropical thermal
country many conductive structures for

a variety of new types of mine.

Here we can make even more complex
structures you take patch of particle and

so this is an example of what happens
you would take a particularly just

more patch on the campus and
God called it.

Your god to high frequency where
the dielectric or ization.

Is very much suppressed.

You know the future and you have
the formation of structures like this

part of this seems to be Understand
that way because particles strong chance

by path because from changing
the direction of the fueled Why

would part because from chains
perpendicular to the field.

I'm going to give first the explanation
the kind of the simple physical

explanation of the process and
then I'm going to support it to a day

we believe that this is
the first time where one can and

that it will have a path to grab the power
interactions between the particles we

have to use that the Iranian
the metal being.

A Darker of higher polarization than the
few would gather around in there like you

have polarization so the two drivers
are facing in opposite directions

when you have bad repairs that is too bad
that are stating in opposite direction.

You have two types of assembly belt of
which are favorable interactions between

two cars recalled they can
organize themselves in a chain or.

Perpendicular to the fjords or

they can organize in a chain
in the direction of the field.

So we have part because.

Rich fat.

Two they mention those structures the
interesting to hear from the perspective

of let's see if being a process education.

You have farming Jale which is
cross-linking to their actions by a prying

if you're the only one that action.

The jar can be the thing for
a variety of publications and

it can have better properties than the
jobs that are found by simple part because

interacting by that or poor ization all we

have begun to surpass the hypotheses for
quadripolar interaction.

If we perhaps again in this case dangle
forth ation of the power of the cursor

around each other.

And then you would find that we descend
the energy has to mean interactions

which are exactly the position
of the Quadro forcing to

interchange it with that action.

So Sam.

Let me summarize while they have softened.

We have particles which are going to
change in the direction of the few

articles which are going to
assist I got a chance for

articles which are going to Nice in that
action on purpose because of the few it.

But then you can see the rabbit attacking
you are going to hide them in some other

that action not a problem with
a crowd because we took patches.

So now they exist as of two patches

leads to the formation of this structure
where as you can see you have chains.

But but
this chain set a degree of forty five

degree with regards to
that action in the field.

So we can organize them.

But actions which do not even
correspond to the field that action.

I'm not going to present to my need
to ask here but the reason for

this type of assembly is that
we have a hexapod interactions

between the type of particles which lead
to this type of particles which lead to

the assembly in change
in different directions.

So if I may summarize this
first part of my top.

We believe that we are on the earth from
regular coreutils sand lead to that act of

assembly at the present stage and moving
called to work to call program to send.

Meaning that we design particles
that specific properties and

specific patterning we put them
in the inside electrical or

maybe magnetic fields on to assemble or
structure by design.

So hopefully this is going to be another
indicator that action that is interesting.

Whatever I do hope we cations
such materials can be applied

in many new types of systems but of course
from our perspective this is more of

a fundamental understanding of
interactions caused by counter yawning and

metallic or
ization you feel driven system.

In the remaining part of my talk I
would like to focus on what happens.

OK So this is how we can assemble
particles can you do something careless

when they have fewer than
core I though systems.

In this case in water based suspension.

So I mentioned in general I will.

Very briefly your straight how we can use
now the only conductance of generals in

order to try to make new types of devices.

So we would like to think of
a jackass a new type of electronic

my Furio the jazz that to use that
very simple we take I got ass.

I'm sure that many of you are familiar
with this type of system.

Master of it is of course a lot of.

Up to ninety nine percent of the Jerry's
math on there is to buy a poly mother

which is why I mean very inexpensive as
these don't think we're interested is this

type of systems because we actually have
quite a bit of inspiration of how one can

use jazz for new types of structures
that are for most of them functional.

The mast important from our
perspective structure around

impact the structure shown
here which is good in lives.

But the most important structure from our
perspective is actually ourselves because

Live matter is in one way or another
similar to jale water based outside.

And obviously we're actually operating as
electronic devices because our brains.

Tends to operate on the five electrical
circuits which are best to solve math.

So let me illustrate how we can use
just new types of soft math and

even devices but for
simple devices that one can make

mistake two types of jets then have
them with parallel Lector rides or

different charge ramp as if you
charge one negative a charge.

We are going to have to you only
conductance from the counter IOS but

there are two types of counter I also
which can either go to as they like Rad so

we can go and
they got a lot of the drives and

Mido in one case are going to have current
in the other ones we're going to going to

have to run this is very similar to
the operation of semiconductor diodes or

lead the charge carrier here is different
the charge carrying Jr in Jabe's devices

are the IOS the charts carious and
semi semiconductors is of course.

Was.

The formation system devices very simple.

So my graduate students pretty much
by a little bit of us on the stall

like not in the store but
on the lab bench and proper them in like

a mean simple encourages and
you have a water based device.

This is an example have performance
of such a gel based device.

This is the poor out of the current
as a function of the voltage where

you have a pretty high current if we
got through this fall in this case.

Conducting their action there is
almost no current if we grab a valve.

We can make similar devices by using
just one type of the gel off our

kind that lead to hydrated silica layer
on top of silly silly Conway furnace.

So we can take a silicone way further
we can just interfaces with a gel.

The silly car layered on top of the silly
Kong is hydrate if you to last only

hydrogen.

I O's that is proud to go through.

So now we have two types of gel like my
Cheerio Ronnie said if you show Jad there

either one is snuggle scared.

The interfacing of these two types of jazz
used to the formation of very strongly

rectifying.

Junctions.

You have poorly tried and if we choose the
right conditions we can have the so-called

rectification ratio which is
the ratio of the current in the leg

in in the conducting that action divided
by the current in that it was that action.

Being as high as forty thousand.

This is good even for
semiconductor devices.

So obviously sometimes
with jelly like devices.

One can make something that at least in
some aspects is comparable to center.

And that it may not be as good but

it may have other interesting applications
and the first impact and from

our perspective obligations you Skylon
can use such type of gel like devices.

You know the to make for the world Tayac
cells that is probably type of solar cells

the job that I just mentioned
conduct electricity because if I own

the conductance even we take on a similar
type of jazz and if we do use jazz.

We have to sensitive molecules
which are growing dry or

nice on the direction of light.

We can't have a scene where
the job a device which is

going to produce electricity
based on human nation of life and

that you only conductance
through the jar Laris.

Interfacing in this case a couple of
electrodes one of which is if you all.

That is for
an eighty thousand oxide Gratz.

And would use optical transparent
of the platinum medical.

We take we make a device like
that measured the voltage and

the current as a function of human nation.

Obviously there isn't much
current when we don't have in.

Nation rounds to human aid.

You can see here the I.V.
curve of such a device.

The intersection in this case with the X.
axis.

Gives birth each that can be generated
that are not one circuit and

the current here gives you the kind of
the short circuit current both of those

are important parameters another important
parameter is the fuel factor which tends

to be pretty brutal even though the device
itself does not produce that much

electricity the current density
is comparable to semiconductor.

Very modest not semiconductor
regular semiconductor devices

semiconductor polymer devices
have about the same density.

This is much lower than usual for
toward the cells that you have but

still we believe that is an important
concept that we would like to develop for.

And one of the disadvantages
of such type of device.

Would be that we have one platen the medic
drags you does not make sense to make

an expensive Jabe's devised if one of
the electrodes is platinum I'm going to

discuss how we address this issue a little
bit further all but first of all I would

like to again emphasize the difference
between router based jar devices and

semiconductor or even the Markham and
VI sensitize ourselves devices where

we have done like electronic injection
similar today but the devices that

are typically used today begin producing
electricity immediately upon them.

A few lumination Jabe's devises
Lagaan that I showed here

based on count are the only conductance
begin producing begin producing less

current in the beginning and the current
slowly increase all the time the reason

is the dumb ability of the carriers
that is diodes in this case is smaller.

So we had we need some additional time for
violence to reach that extract and

produce the current So
we really have a different mechanism.

Producing electricity down the common
semiconductor type of devices

are the cells which are a topic of
investigation that maybe the searchers.

You just consider the general diagram
of operation of such a device.

We have the two electrodes
the gap between them.

One of the dice which we infused
in the jazz through B.P..

Has a direct feel like you
can hear that into the crowd

gathered I can hear that recollect
running injection into the electron or

it can inject dye into
the excited state of the repeat.

So we have seen you just take action of
the two dice in the horse circuit just

completed by Diane the current
originating from the other side.

The combination between Jack thought
to excite the bad guys and kind of

like a couple of electrons can be a simple
way of making a whole new type of belief.

For electrical type of devices.

For the cell.

I mentioned this type of cell
wouldn't make any sense if

you splatting the muscle on electrodes
you can as well make it as out of whack.

So we have some ways of her
removing the plot in them.

It is not a C.Z. because you have to jazz
electrochemical potential that electron.

However this can be achieved
by using a copper electron.

Hurted to it.

Graphite or any other form of carbon.

So now we can make glass
very simple devices.

Pretty inexpensive the performance of
the cardboard electrode line is not

as good as that propping them on but still
pretty decent for this type of device.

So this is what it looks like.

Again.

Some of you may have heard it or
may have read it.

We talk again and for the world devices.

This is another type of organic for
the what I knew to have a fault or

get involved will die device.

The difference in terms of May.

Doris's when you have let's say conducting
polymers it's a very complex process

you have to have polymers of high purity
you're working oxygen less environment or

you don't get much out of the device.

I mean you ttyrec Christ like.

I mean the tremendous effort
in this case are there for

that my students do us a major he's
pretty much by a dagger also on the.

On the benchtop and
make the device in a very simple way.

Even considering devices which mean me
can nature we should consider of course

how we can use natural that I've thought
too sensitive molecules we hear for

pain from our core our cooperate is
that therefore this is to a bar Very.

Biological a biological
molecule quite a fuel for

the system we have
demonstrated that this type of

object sizable molecules also generate
a current in the devices that.

I have been damaged.

So obviously we can make new types of.

Diet so we can make the advertiser X.

If we just try to think a little bit
more in kind of vision for the future.

What are the types of South organic
sort of can't drag based on

water based device can make.

Well I mean.

That or ROSS You saw surrogates.

We're using of costs of course
salad circuits that is the computer

by circuit wouldn't matter much if
we did not have the soft sort of kit

which operates from rather a beige gel and
as it happens there is

cried the big interest is this in devices
which are called memory serves the usual

way of making dollars is by using
semiconductors where you can care for

Barrett like junction which
can memorize the last state.

I feel like trickle current that has
been passed through the device dangerous

in this kind of device is obviously
like you see by deflected in the name.

If you have an audience
this type of devices.

You can store information
potentially on a very small scale.

There is quite a bit of
research going on and

memorise this by using semiconductor
it's kind of various and work.

Many people are pointing.

Relevance to memorise that type
of device used to biological.

Biological circuits and

memory in terms of the way memory
is being stored in the brain.

So it would be very interesting if we were
there we can make a soft light sort of kid

not with memorize it estates you
go to the way I mean minister

would memorize the direction of
the current weather has been high or low.

And two would be interested to
making such a device out of

only some of the liquid matter right.

If we would like to make a device
like that we should to move you

on the solid metal out of it.

So here is how we do that.

Down.
We have one of our faculty.

Chemical Engineering at the N.C. State is
working with you know called Liquid Metal.

This is a new technique mixture.

Golly I'm.

It is liquid that room temperature.

So you have a conductive liquid
conductive metal at room temperature and

we can take that liquid metal into
can interface into the hydrogen

diodes seem rode around that I
discussed a little bit earlier.

But not all the properties of the liquid
metal that bent on the properties of

the JR that they're interface you're
have Jass a deal with different parallel

electrolytes responding with given
the age the liquid metal is going to

further my skin or not far Musk in
depending on the action of the current and

the parallax arrived at
the interface is the matter.

So now we can have this device which here
selector outside of liquids in their face.

Ian Gray.

We can begin investigating and

that is dependent on to demonstrate
that we have two states

of conduct answer such
a device if we apply.

In the beginning which operates the high
current We are going to Fred among oxide

skiing on one of the gods so

one of the electrons can kind
of memorized the other one being

used now we flare current in the opposite
direction we're going to read the State

of the rather see if we have written
about a few information in the device.

So if we reach here the voltage of zero.

We we can go back to
discourage going to operate on

the device which has sky high and
assistance.

However if we grant a negative
current They're going to

raise the by that information.

So now if we go back again second
time to do this type of curve.

We are going to have a second.

Studying of A By that he formation inside
the device so we have a bed by stable

device and that is distance of this devise
the pans in the prehistory of the current.

So now we can play it out of course
if we are making a device like that

we would like to demonstrate that we can
make an IRA which starts at least a few

bytes of information so we can make this.

Electron.

Crossing collect all of
the crossbar electrode device with.

Memory based in ministers'
between the electrodes and

where they have done it so that we
have what they have demonstrated is

that you can store a bytes of information
inside each of those independently.

This is an example of how we take the.

We change the state of one of the.

Returning to the original stay.

Take the same notes and turn it back to
the original state take another no and

start to buy that information
return it back so

we can really do this and
the higher the rise.

You see shown here it is
essentially again the same nation.

There is nothing solid I mean it is.

Just crappy game is basing gradually
to liquid metal electrodes.

Rather hydrogen patches inside.

You can bend it straight and

Sarai did based on that you can put it
in after it is still going to operate.

So we believe that at least
in this type of device.

We can if you are straight in the power
of what we can do when a soft matter

either gels and used a counter IANA
conductance if I would like to illustrate.

Right.
If you are excited about this research.

This is it.

So first of all the world
like to make new types of for

the world devices operating on
hydrogen No because you would like to

meet the properties of nature
of art of all types that

this liveliness if you can see the leaves
and you have some kind of hydrogen.

You may notice that our devices to me miss
one of the important features of Wired

lives which is carrying
the so-called vascular network of

cargo it is providing water for
its form or maintaining its function.

We are presently working on new types of
devices where we can actually provide

additional nutrition and not nutrition but
in this case why condition no surprise.

The four target market kill
biomolecules by using.

Michael channels and

doesn't mention microfluidics is one area
where they acquired the edge in my group

the site itself it's really a forum for
a mom perspective our inspiration.

After our one day maybe we can think of
interfacing the subcircuits with the.

The solid circles that are made to
artificially there is quite a bit of the.

Interfacing it's a brain or
life issue with electrical circuits

we believe that we have the means
of achieving that in the future.

Right now it's more of a fundamental
research of understanding

how our young conductance can
be used in such to happen.

Lies.

So let me finish with
the big vision here and just.

Go back to the topic of the hard work and

try to summarize different points
that I hear your state of mind.

So I have a value on
a few straighted that.

We can use the counter you
only conductance barracked

in the case of particles and in the case
of hydrogen those for the same with new

types of structures for the fabrication
and new types of water based devices.

I did not discuss that model but
the mobility of this science can be used.

Also in new types of self-propelling
particles or microwaving devices.

But in general we hope.

That at least you can get a taste of.

How D.C. area can be used
to new types of materials.

Maybe new pattern of devices and

most important of all we had lots
of fun in doing this research.

There is a variety of
things that they can do or

that they can explain and
in that period and so

hopefully this has given you a taste of
the type of the research that in my group.

I would like to thank you all for
your attention then

top course I'll be glad to Ronsard
question as much as time permits.

Thank you.

Who.

The way to fix the way to fix
the defects here is to make

good Janus particles so that the present
problem all with the defects

here is that some ingenious
particles can not come out as good.

There is and
use that in order to make a very good.

Jenna's particles that have accompanied
otherwise the metal will deposit

also on the sides.

The formation of join this particular
suspend the star that people are sure.

Is one hundred thirty eight research and
there are not that many good methods for

making Jenna's particles in our
research you make just enough so

you so we can understand the interactions
and they can demonstrate database but

making this party goes retired defects
is the way to go if you want to make

a tonic materials you make to make other
types of materials we are not there yet.

We tried to stay away from
power because in this issue and

to understand the physics.

But I'm sure there are going to be lots
of new developments in that area and

hopefully we deserve our months
one can make a better idea now

of course in this case when you use
an echo a few words and meaning

of the structure is something that we can
always do by turning the field on and off.

Unfortunately we can all the new
the bad particles are out so

we have to start with the perfect
suspension of particles and

then we can have a very good
mentor the electric wrist.

Once again would make our
the crystals then you have

to mean optical forth on the electronic
and a variety of other occasions.

But you can offer a way to make
good Jenna's particles like this.

Now that would be great right.

This is very hard area of research not in
my group but many people are trying to.

That's a very good question.

And now the bigger genius particles are a
little bit less important because usually

they would say demand too quickly.

So we want to have particles which have
swears in imitation of Brownian motion.

And this is the size that we can
still work and we can see them now.

Problem with using small or Janus
particles or patch of particles is first

of all we have to turn of the fuel because
now the energy of interaction is small and

second where from the perspective of
understanding of the forces us to be more

complex because no I mean we
can not see where the patches.

So this is a bar of the sky optical
resolution you can see you see because

this by dispatch is so
small cannot even see them.

So it is very hard to resolve without
interruption of the particles in

a smaller scale.

On we do not care for

reasons to expect that small particles
are not going to behave in a seam or

a man and so the answer in the stand
simply a larger part because we believe

that then mind Koran's people learn to
synthesize them where on a smaller scale

one can you see more methods on
the same bus structure by design.

We are not there yet but
through laughter the heart.

Yeah.

It's a very interesting question.

You can let your imagination around the
rod of the type of structure that you can

get and when you do they experience you
actually usually find some surprises.

This is what I want you
to illustrate actually

my talk is that this is a field
which is very rich in effects.

You have a variety of particles you
have a right if interactions and

you can form form a variety of structures.

So so for that is that is part of the fun
that they having this is used you decided

to in effect that you would take me as a
small or large part because he would take

part because the different patches may be
complimentary patches Sorry can't have

the formation of half particle pairs
first and then these particles doublets.

Going to larger structures there is
a humongous variety of structures

many people are doing some
simulations including some project

where I mean vastly in cooperation
Professor Carol Hall from our department.

So we even say we can not
do the experiment yet so

let's predict what kind of
structure you're getting but

it is a very rich field so that's what
makes it interesting from our perspective.

Actually we can see Cairo
diffraction bought.

The higher than the fraction in
the media as a short I don't want to go

to sleep doctor all to all flights but.

The heart of the fraction is going
to be at the higher end girl so

it kind of quiet I mean gets outside of
the fuel the view of the of the this case.

So we see Carla diffraction and
you just record about we can see.

And again these different action pattern
you have a part of it is some years ago.

But this action by the news part
of it with regards to the first or

wherever is Canyon the crystal and
second to her every time you turn the few

you have exactly the same
diffraction pattern.

So if you said very clean diffraction
pattern which illustrates that on

a microscopic scale.

We haven't yet perfect assembly and

this is something that is very
hard to achieve in crowd.

But we do have a higher order
pattern is just not seen in

that image actually it's
a movie which I did not run.

Fairly narrow actually C.C.T.V.
because of course by

taking the diffraction pattern and
processing the data you can obtain

the particle that the distance between the
particles in the area that is the space.

We have shown in the paper that actually
by measuring the day by measuring by but

I mean this of the diffraction
pattern we can measure the spacing

between the particles in the IRA
through our precision our R.R.C.

even to capture the fact of the counter
yawning interactions that is there if you

start to get a partial So when they are
when they had electrodes you can measure

the distance between the particles
that has been in use

by the rector wide by the diffraction
pattern so it's pretty precise.