Every year here.

Is that there are.

Really good will quickly ways that.

Are.

Never right with you know.

It really does it all over.

The world there really has been.

Western Michigan University.

Was a.

Big.

Word yet they're in the.

Area.

Of really widely.

Known for.

You know if you will.

There was really

research.

Thank you for introduction saw.

As I was told from material science
department I glad that you are doing this

today yesterday had a class as well in my
estimation where there are fifty fifty.

Four students out of forty five so

it was the right decision to to
move this lecture for today.

Saw in material science to do
a lot of different things and

I'll show you two stories so that more or
less are all going to something.

Practical applications of
the soft materials and biology.

As my sensing arrays and.

I thought I would like to thank people
who are you contributing to this talk

this is my group because all cells.

Groceries saw this was rotten only
already Grady ate it and are really not

contributed in walk on cells and you're
going to talk about cells for you can

encapsulate cells in different chiles and
then corn as well contributed and

choke on in the song a country
beauty in the graphene So by and

on a composer it's as well this will be
second story that we are going to talk

about today so if your story will be
about how you can encapsulate cells and

this is real it's can fork over
the image of the real cell this is.

In very thin things synthetic shells
it's all you need to do this for

a lot of different reasons so now show
you later on this sort frequently called

a solar cell so it's engineering and
overall idea to have a think complied pair

me able with control transport shell saw
was a thickness total thickness around

ten twenty up two hundred nanometers
surrounding this is shells and

services and on a shelf for
a lot of different potential implications

how do you do the normal technology
would you do frequently or for

a lot of different occasions Sokol layer
by layer assembly will be all assembly

it has been introduced back in
ninety seven the universe that

time Guera Wolf in the world work on these
ideas were very simple the basically to

control the boat up nano scale
forms you have to rely on in

this if you also example you could rely on
Columbia interactions or and pairing and

you basically do recharging by of
the surface by a properly adjusting source

potential depositing in this case and
you any component or moving

ever seen else deposit the next video
any component every beat in this cycle

multiple times this way you do both of
these so called by a layer soon this to be

critical by a layer is typical thickness
depends upon the molecular weight and

conditions around wanted to not I mean and

you can play was came a screen you
can play it was number layer so.

Songs are typical couple typical
examples here you can do these and

this will work for just five six years
people mostly do on a panel substrate but

you also can do on the car substrate like
in this case it has been introduced in

the same lab but it was close and
so her different docs work in four.

Groups so you can do this also on
a different substrate like a core particle

so you can wrap up using exactly the same
technology you can multiple Do wrapping

up do you have a can court here either you
modify this central core of the can be

not a guy Nick or then you can remove it
if you do selective actions so you just

make an micro capsules this is a summary
of what you can do buy into a different

course people used to create in not only
your own granny course colloidal particles

but including also biological objects
into red blood cells for example so

this way you can either modify the core or
if you remove the Cory marker capsules for

a lot of different interesting loading
on loading behavior delivery and so on.

You can transfer out of this technology
when you use as a core you sell as well

of course it's much more gentle procedure
we have to use but if you sell if you

properly modify or at least you know
source potential of the cells then you

can do the same cycle cyclic multilayer
some don't cells you can do nor

know not only was a different point
electrolyze you can do is not

up structures like the shown
here like non-acute carbon and.

So article particles This is basically
realm of what's happening in this case and

this is what he'd been doing this
kind of studies awhile ago and

you walk in mostly with the idea to try to
build they thing control composition and

chemistry or on different cells saw
what is the beauty of this approach it's

a very thin film it's conformal cording
they might be very robust and they

can change their properties on demand they
you can weakens they can service for so.

Action if you think about putting cells in
different substrate like some a conductor

of substrate they can service for
protection they can protect also cornea

for implantation tissue engineering
by a sensing arraign so

on Jerry you can think that they
are all approach that you can use

not only sell for
protection pass away or in this case but

you can use also in the bad you from an
act your biological reactive morning and

use this for targeted delivery for example
of the pretty girl cells and then you have

to be able to control to open close
the porous here different conditions and

you can do a lot of different things so
it's a general concept that several groups

are walking on so and we understand
the in the middle of this development.

People try to use this L.B.O. assembly for
so also has an Janine a while ago

there's probably was a first example
published in the north of they try to use

classical pair P.S.S. ph and this show
that this is labelled of course so for

confocal microscopy it's only able to show
so they show they did in fact they can

wrap up cells the cells here
can survive can be viable and

can given birth to daughter cell by
breaking breaking through the shells

cells can be patterned these cells can
be patterned and the quoting used to.

To direct pattern.

To use direct writing approaches some
nano struggling Nonna structures like

gold not a particle so
not a particle is going to be used here

of course there's a problem here that
you continue it a bit of the cells and

one of the example here one to their
examples well be all shells to use for

clusters and this is will be Islands
thank you eagles here as well so

this is what reminder
hard do you do this and

how many other groups are doing this and
so this is the beauty of this approach so

you play with chemistry players brother
do you play with thickness you play

was more for gee there are a couple issues
there were when you start doing this like.

Five six years ago approximately that
if you used classical example here it's

a paring sample of that presence of could
you want to layer and this version will be

fifty percent of material because you want
to clear disrupt cell membrane some more

mostly kill the self's this was one of the
problem was not a problem of course if you

have seen a couple articles as a core but
it's a problem of cells as a core And

another problem was because the very
Down's network for so-called electro

study go beyond assembly saw you have very
small portion of basically permeability

issues so you need to deliver nutrition
to the cells you need to take back

waste from the cells and where this
basically shells were not permissible so

this why would we start doing this
we decided that we had to try to go

as far as possible from the electro
strategically driven assembly and

use so-called cartridge and
bordered shells when if you replace.

Any interaction with cartridge you're born
you use harder gels and finally else for

example we're basically was fished almost
to be sure that we can buy a compatible

biodegradable shells as well so
this is overall concept so this is

a car if you started three years ago also
what I told you Yes This car looks like

silica particles so you look at it more
for your particles you rescore you look

at to be sure that you release completely
the core so you look at more four G.

of the shells morphology of
the shells you're looking for

a look at the uniformity of the shells or
of the Russian have A.F.M.

very important point was this
well hydrogen borne a child that

this is a typical grainy morphology
hollow point almost more for

you this was immediately realized that
there is it can be a good candidate for

a highly permeable shells so you repeating
this multiple times you reason you

have nice conformal in which to prove that
you can have this what are you doing for

instance thirty promise parents
that you can make replace

the starting interaction with
courage important then part of this

is just showing the.

Very briefly you saw that you
characterize English also and

this is an example of what you
are doing here in addition to call for

calm across could be in
this case that shall so

it would buckle you can keep in mind that
it's a pretty flimsy construction because

it's a dime two of the shelves around all
of this with micro capsules will their own

three Mica needles thickness of
the shelves are ALL hundred nanometers So

it's a very thin shell micro-cap cells so
this is how they look like after co-ops

you look was a family again a morphology
of the start of this one of the example

what we did it operational lab so
you do small angle neutrons catering for

bunch of different layers you do heating
anybody you can get two different things

shows is a fractal dimension of the tell
you that do have a network and this is.

Dispersion do you have what kind
of network do you have so far so

mass frocked on that one and
then you provide in Dubai morrow and

you are getting value for
the correlation lengths in terms

of not I meters it tells you the average
size of ports is basically a random three

dimensional structure depending on taking
this was the average size of the poorest

like in this particular case around twenty
five nine and it was pretty porous and

this what we needed we wanted
to be sure that if you can ship.

Marker more the course will destroy us and
buy a plane was a number of layers here

about playing with the components we
can control the size of the poorest We

can also do several different other
methods to to find out the poor size from

probably three four and I need to thirty
nine you're in this range of the poorest

you can play and if you can open
calls them different ph conditions.

After you study this micro capsule
then you move to actual object to

solve them solve this
example of these cells and

the Basically this what our example was
how to Jim board system I was it's a kind

of only component as a prelate to short of
the stability of the components of this.

At that point and

you can see that it basically can focus
on tells you yes that you can have nice

uniform cording it's a label coating of
course then if you look at a bare cell so

after quoting saw this it will be your
synthetic show around the section of the.

South so.

Give you an idea about all uniformity of
the say I'm a fan gives the idea about

the same grainy morphology that is more or

less intact after you to answer on this
to sell some more to silica particles so

this is what you do in kind
of primitive stories but

most important of course was that I do
really care about the viability of this

capsule it is sells what I told it was
imagine the problem was to start to

go beyond assemblies basically kill about
ninety percent of all cells of course you

can find couple cells in conflict on my
cross could be to take an arc teacher and

publish a paper but it's basically
was useless technology at the time so

what we did after this we
did coding in the P.D.P..

Point he show would be removed most of
the code the only company except that

it was pre layer you're probably talking
about something like five percent of

the only components to it was there
then you do I bow to test i am

this is special kind of resells they can
be used by in this case a lot those and

they start generating G P
meaning that south of life so

they can react on what you call component
of the genetically modified to do this

this is done by our collaborator from Air
Force Research Lab and they basically can

see this is a dead or alive test for us
that if the cells are green meaning that

they do pretty good and
they do in labelled shells around this and

if you look at the cells you look at the
initial stage of the develop of this will

be cells themselves control samples have
to couple are this time growing this.

Spreading and for me bifocals here uniform
biofilms and when you do realize it's

real real layer by layer so four by layers
you have the same mass shape course.

Pretty normal except that there is some
delay delay around one day so stresses in

mood some of the cells are not very
comfortable after this multiple procedure.

And position and then if you take a look
at what's happening with our cells so

you can see most of the cells are green
meaning the find they're functioning

degenerating G.F.P. some of them that
DAB the cup of death also as well and

some of them are so good that it's mother
cells and you can see daughter's cell but

it's not individual cell that that's
majority of solve the sort of wife this

procedure survived the right being
around so this was most critical.

An important step and
this is what somebody or

what what he did that time that basically
it's a controls control sample for

some themselves or they're pretty good
hundred percent survive after growing so

and this year what's happening when you
read the classical pieces speech story

basically Q It's a different thicknesses
you basically kill around ninety percent

of what I told yourselves Tapper science
arrived so about ninety percent killed and

this is what if you move to
hydrogen born to an L.B.O.

shows remove most of the only
component But Priam layer skeered so

we're raising viable up to sixty
percent seventy percent and

finally we now do know prime where
the position by plane was ph So

you're going up to about ninety five
percent ninety ninety five percent of

the cells so it's a viable technology
you don't kill yourselves you get the.

Cells you can walk with and
they will survive and then you can start

thinking about doing something with the
cells this was example for you cells but

of course there are many other options
that you can use this one example where

you work with shaker when he was at
Emory now so you also use this to write

in life skill Liles you're talking about
hundred micro metre across thousands

of themselves he has been creating Giles'
and basically a demonstration here of this

play was a composition
package is very well known.

Component to two.

Via compatibility there you can
see that you can either kill

yourselves in your island or
you can make them surviving and

this basically if you play it
was a composition of your L.B.O.

layer you can generate pretty a large
range of the different composition when

your cells will be on
this case these are not.

The cells will be surviving can do were
actually they delivered to my senses and

they should mice and
then show that it's still walking.

OK so this was of course part of the study
after this we decided that OK I saw that

you sure that for hard as you're born
we can do this problem with origin

born that shells were that
were not very stable and

to the contractions if you have
an edible Hodgin born to do so

if you think about building out from this
cells you can have problems with this this

is why we decided and still ninety
percent is not as high as we wanted so

to see to buy a Pom into seach from
the disorder you try as well from chemical

cross-link in the hydrogen borning to
cease to natural physical cross-link in

a lot of buy a palm of the Form
a so-called B. to sheets they can serve as

a natural cross link in the new chemistry
in the moved this will be by a compatible

form or sound there is try to build this
from for ourselves what we choose that

time a couple years ago that if you
walk through a lot it was a so natural

supernatural So if your brain and this is
basically there were seen you can find for

so backbones pretty high
molecular weight so

they can be in disorder state like
here it's a cell phone call so

ground the candles to be to shield
what I told you form layers like this

they can be an important crossing
in age and then really make

hydrogen bordered by the extremely stable
shells and also by compatible socials so

you can treat silk was different means
like here or methanol you can treat you

can watch what's happening skin
a formation of bitter sheets you can stay.

Informational because she had different
steps and they you can create stable.

Layer on this so it's example what you
did here of this collaboration was this

David Caplan Tufts University so
he generated also observe the.

Brain cell they're not very stable this is
why I also like about WANT TO percent of

modification has been done to capitalize
in groups or portray glutamates groups and

this groups can be used for
additional cross-linking and

the presence of some charging can be used
for the L.B.L. assembly more stable L.B.L.

somebody you can see the classical things
what do you do you when you're developing

L.B.L. somebody you measure was
you to potential sell itself

the position of the positively
charged group the position of

the negative charge group you
see that you have this all.

Change of potential indicating that you
have the major side of the success or

certainly a so-called source of
the charges so you do this study so

you feel you you understand that you
do you building up good layers plus you

can do cross-link of them so you measure
thickness this is how things go and

now thickness is much higher than before
you can see you can both pretty soft very

porous open porous and much thicker
shells this crowd a look like confocal

microscope Yes one saw this was if your
step that we demonstrated that yes and

even small cross-linking small presence
one percent of the present any group

does not kill your cells and
they can to survive and then after this

this is a summary of what if you do right
now so the same continuation collaboration

with David Caplan group that
saw on the basis of this.

Would have made components
they ended up component

from Dr Holcomb pointing to make them
even more friendly and to be sure that

we can start to walk in was more
gentle cells before we walk I told.

It was pretty horrible but
now obviously to equal life for

example cells that are really rude
things it's difficult to handle them and

usually you kill them when you're
trying to hit anything on top so

now we walk it was a complicated.

But it was also page weighted.

Graph here this is looks like you walk
it's a what you call high charge density

on a more slow charging city animal so
we have in addition to

the presence of the side groups this
poly lighting so you have also grafted.

Glutamate your hair was somewhere here and
here grafted.

So to make my who gentle this.

Drove a tree of the position on.

More gentle type of the cells example
here what we knew was a couple different

bacterial cells there and here you can see
that yes you prove that you can actually

have regular L. be able to position
Cherry changing charges positive negative

positive negative classical version for
low density charges you finally

get to build the small two layers as well
and this is basically what you can expect

in different stages of both
the lab multi-layers around these.

Different type of cells so

example here how they look like example we
can control two different types of cells

so the same confocal for label cells you
can see that it can be pretty dispersed so

you can take a look at them and
we can take over the genie video.

And you'll sell quote itself
you can take it was a family or

office look at uniformity and
if you look at a control sample of this or

the cells without any quoting so
you can see the.

Comb the old dye and they just never seen
Sark out from the central So this preserve

their shells on the other cancer we
understand that depending upon show

properties so in this case we can control
this is we can control the forum leaders.

Cells he had to be able to
control this as aggregates

were this you can basically play with the
level of organization between these two

different stages depending upon
do need a single individual cell

in your bias answering need
a colony of cells to be deposited.

How do you do able to do Celsius
not you know if you have cells and

this is a special conference cells you
know that they're capable of generating

the green or red eye sure examples
of proteins response or chemical or

biological analyze so if you know that
we can take the cells we can read

them we can make them survive they can
survive a low humidities they can survive

did the position on different substrate
How do you do liver of the cells for

potential though do actual bias answerable
for the potential bias sensing or and what

we're doing here this were to use micro
tronic pursuit is the engine printing so

this example only started walking with
me just to use Right I mean to place

into C to learn how you do this they
have been your printer has been used for

delivery of soft materials for for
a while several recent examples body layer

by layer by layer pattern on the layer
by layer pattern making tissue for

tissue engineering microfluidics So
this all examples of.

The different versions of printing and
how to do this here and

how to deliver cells in conjunction with.

Different substrate of course important
point was because to solve the so

also the printing in
the high impact process for

cells here so you can easily destroy cells
when you do or was a high impact and

this is overall schematics How do you do
this we decided that we have to boot up

templates to be sure that we have solved
the matter on this with the same so

what we knew that can be.

By a friendly for the cells and

then we both are different
dogs was a proper armor for.

And then a visual of
ourselves to this dog and

then we deliver the capping layers and
we can.

Encapsulate the souls of
this is a kind of L.B.O.

Assembly about three major printing
in this case you just deliver.

The different materials and.

What you can do also you can do do you
can deliver different cells you can

change this to different source and
you can both potentials for

Multiplex an array array there will be two
different types of analyze as well this

what we show here saw we can
do pretty like your race.

For a uniform this exam this is
initial stage it's what I mean.

I mean.

In this case so the features you can make
and this is what our goal was around

twenty seventy twenty thirty
nine micro meters was a war and

size of the cells is a limitation Lang's
of this can be easily reaching for

five micro meters another problem of
course it's a Corgan solution saw it so

you have to find out conditions
when you can build up.

A Many daughter race and
do this in a pretty consistent manner so

this is caught looks like if you look at
this door close look you do the same as

usual if you do look at the vase with
a firearm up to come across the state and

you can see the area out there is a lot
of different things happening because of

the impact so you look at the morphology
different number of bile layers here

pretty grainy more for your sample and
saw the you develop in this expected.

Grain more firms so
you can control is the usual L.B.L.

But in this case you can control the
position of your layers so you can control

thickness can be thickness up to like
hundred fifty here it depends upon so

that when you do you use a component
up to four hundred nine metres so

this was important stage to
understand how to deploy the so

you can control dimension
control distribution.

The SO and uniformity is of course there
are also important things Heidi control

substrate because it's also
how wet will be your substrate

after the position you have to be sure
that there is a reasonable dividing so

he can find you have to be sure to view
control the size of this of this area and

you don't want them to be spreading
around this component and so

western staps you try with.

So this is the way you both are so
templates for

ourselves you can do also example
here on the flexible substrate so

we did by two different substrate
this example on the plastic

substrate crude to a little below or you
can see here we start from here we go this

way this is the will be there and it was
on the facts here as well but generally

they can be deposited on plastic substrate
as well this is our ideal structure for so

do we look like this is this it was bought
from Russian Yes your body feels bottom

that we were lucky that they look like
this what we call mass like structure

you can see there is a shallow range in
the central there is our dream this is

an ideal structure to place cells here and
to not let them get out of this trap and

to concentrate it within your door and
the same what I told you dot size

down to change a micro meter you cannot
go in because you can control the size of

the nozzle but this is a practical limit
there are a thousand dollars plus some

defects of course the most
important things that so

they have this beautiful shape that
then you they are ready to accept

cells because they are much thicker years
than overall thickness of the forms and

then you can cover them in
caps with them next to O.B.L.

shells so this is how they look like after
you do a lot of them you take a look at

optical microscope because see this
was a beauty of this world we want it

you want them not to spread you want them
to stay here if they want to grow so

they also will stay inside.

So this is so yes dot so they don't go
outside the state they are if you look

was a fair am so you can take a look give
us a break identity of this guy's pretty

high density of the guys of course of the
world you can take a look at from Depends

on the top layer of this is a deposition
of top layer of this is sandwich one by

layer so one where they are so
in cells inside this is.

So are they so glad hundred not only
probably there are still you can see

through some cells there and this is also
look like they're pretty happy despite

that you take them in a high speed
smash again but now to not silicon.

Knights assume substrates might choose
them to survive this impact where it

all the consecrated here and this is what
initiation of this cell of the show that

they generally give you probably in
the capital generating this at least

vast majority of the cells so not judging
from the shape their function in this your

wife and they can continue to do what you
want them to do so we in this case react

on what you call chemical in doctor
saw this was a cost you have

now if you try to do the same procedure
was two different types of the cells and

this was the challenge because
of course Question of the cog

in question of the change in carriage
use of the noise was very important so

in this case you shortly limited their
radius to shore the principle that this is

a generation generating G P This is a rat
for some protein you see there are.

Two rows with different types of.

Use different travel you can lie over all
idea was there to boot up and now to have

multiple X. and Ray in response to
two different doctors to see both.

Green and rat race responding and tell
you the president either one of those or

maybe the problems of the boss
are both initiator of skill so

this will be probably out of print.

In a couple months and still you walk in
on these and this is year that Premier

results what we have here this is a result
of the Activation it's also time dependent

there are different rate of their
reactions in essentially after two hours

you can see this greenie green dots
indicating the reaction to the.

Doctor and one hour to the store will be
one hour you can see already cells here so

you can see basically reaction of the same
arrange to two different types of

the inductors here that indicate that
yes in principle they can work as

multiplexing or a in this case two it's
a binary Warry So the question is you

what it takes to expand this to do real
multiplexing for these structures.

OK So this is the first part here so
I just.

Took through the initial styles
when you protecting your so

be sure that your protection doesn't kill
the cells then you move into more gentle

cells like for example and then you move
into recombinant cells and show that they

survive ninety five percent of them the
best result with a ninety nine percent and

they're fired you deliver them an array
version and also with templates but

different types of templates and we show
that they can walk and they can generate

optical signal response ignoring
the presence of the proper intellects so

in this case in the first part of
the story important things was that

computer Botti small Texas City Texas two
of the cells size of the Port Authority

control transfers to the poorest and
didn't pay my cash and we didn't want to

make them to stay if you want them to
be solved conformal they are pretty

flimsy we're talking about lost more
of her own maybe ten make up as costly

because this was a roll of yours part of
the one project then second is a little

bit different in this case you walk on
the buyer composite there should be as

strong as possible but still should
be flexible and better they also be.

Something good in terms of connectivity
for example is usually contradictory.

Demands for
the buyer on a composite materials and

I'll show you how you solve this and
we demonstrated the ability to make.

And conduct a bite on a composite in this
case all this composite where you walk

now delaminated SOKOL I mean eight
of the multilayer the same ideas.

Favorite assembly but

is different versions will be awesome P.S.
Now they're talking about a plan or

substrate to different components
the controller thickness of the phones and

you control how you do it when different
components here this all are all

idea has been suggestion for by two rather
eliminate a structure like clay for

example not composite materials
were introduced this way so but

we switched to different types and
this is our component this is the planner

forcing company was choosing to be excited
why Griffin are excited because if you try

to think about it really
putting extremely strong.

Composite materials and you know that
graph you themselves this is a strong

plan or
a one hundred meter thick materials and

flexible was one terrible skull problem is
graphene it's usually incompatible with

a biological component and
usually is a problem too.

Strong on a composite materials
we talk about this problem

this is a recently
published review article

former science you talk about what's
happening when you try to use.

As a component for.

American on a composite materials so
if you choose graph you know outside of

course you compromise from the expected
strength last more those around two feet

to give up of course but it's too much
better than Clay Clay is wrong seventy or

metal structure metal plate or
it's wrong hundred.

You still should be pretty good yes Plus
what is important thing Hi aspect ratio

they're extremely flexible they have
everything they can be made easily.

From amorphous carbon basically.

In the Pru I squandered
ruefully Nick Spencer but

what is a problem was he was addressing
excite and they can be done through water

based processing conditions also very
important years frankly not much harsh

Psalms to be used but if you look at a
graph in oxide structure this is from this

reunion in nature chemistry you can see
that this is how Looks like you have small

areas maybe ten to it you do for
a year the basically.

Has something to do was
graph in itself but

then you can have holes you can have
functionality as you can have groups and

so it can be easily are it depends
upon your mother cry getting this

easily fifty percent of all groups can be
highly oxidized and it's player one to

it's very challenging to work with
a random killer or this is reinforced

component because then usually when you
do when you build up a composite so

you choose a matter of much exists more
uniform out of fuel card or for a big.

Block of course but it's a special case so

you have this make sure
like this highly harder for

the areas with a highly Hardy feel it was
specific interactions when troubles Try to

this is not the representation to try to
use was a single type of the synthetic So

this is why we took the same
our favorite components so

that basically this is how it looks like
it's a review from David Kaplan group so

it's a basically if you think in
terms of the composer to nothing but

multiple components there are thirteen
different drugs how to for a big heart if

you like dogs hard if you're a car if
you live here this will be harder for

the dogs harder for big dogs they form
bigger shields small one hundred metres

approximately very strong yes
inclusion car if you are brought.

To form the structure disorder
try to Felix structures

when you have structure like this
multiple or more to block structure.

When you try to combine the Georgina.

Side you have a chance of that by.

This structure So Candy they sold more
nickels can distribute themselves and

really set a rate interactions
if needed how to for

a big beater she is who ability to the
heart of what big areas how to feel like

there are some ability to do
in mostly oxidized areas so

this was the whole idea when you start
doing this and in fact it walked

almost like you wanted and you see this
I'll show you examples that would have to

do before you're doing this first of all
you have to control of course service

functionality of the structures and you
can take a look at the typical Flake it's

about several micro meter across
topography is extremely small.

In the shows you the Basically meaning or
for the chemical composition

distribution it's also pretty small
Raman confocal are more RAM and

also police most chemical composition when
you when you have what we use in our group

for some across could be math of this is a
non-contract method of mastering solver so

potential They basically can see this is
same flake you can go back to the same

flag you can see the shape of the flake
exactly the same this is a small Flake

it's a small flag but if you look
at the distribution you can see as

this would be highly oxidized of this
would be long walks a dancer you can see

distribution walks a dicier you can count
these you can cancel scours you can count

dimensions of these different patches they
can try to match to what you have for

your signature of so and then before
you make in an assembly of this

example what you try to do that you look
at UPS or from the soul so look out this.

Flake so you can see there is a preferred.

Along the edges most important things
in this case so he's known to.

Be able to form this not a few gross
structure if you don't want to have

this none of you brought structure
you want them to distribute his

individual global structure and
this is distributed here so you started.

This distribution you understand
conditions consecration.

And you find out what should be done to
set a rate this interaction between your

so component this is basically serve as
a binder in the non-A composite materials

your graph you know excited thinks
this what are you discussing

a few months ago actually to measure
correctly this all does distributions

more when you can do this you can
use the different types of or

doctrines or use chemical reduction in
a soft washroom because you wanted to

be sure that if you can apply this to
actual buying on a composite materials

in this case you basically you can do
chemical conversion to almost It's not

exactly goofiness would use graphene state
but it's conductive in there and he has so

what is beauty was our Prachi is
that we can do is not real time but

is stop and go approach that
we can take the same Flake and

we can take a look at the same graph in
oxide Flake and after different treatments

this street was full of hydrogen so you
can see developing all of the different.

Functionalities and
this is this topography and

this electrostatic force microscope and
essentially this is what I told

we can stop at any point to match
distribution of functional.

So in this case if you wait long enough
you can see that if you go after ten

minutes she this is a dark uniform flake
it means there is completely conductor.

So we can make good use to reduce.

The Basically last clause in conductive it
is graphene meaning that if you embed this

way in the right way boat out this way
we need composite materials then if you

apply this treatment we have a good chance
to have in addition to a flexible strong

component conductive flexible come.

This is how do you do you have the same
with the so called Spin assisted L.B.O.'s.

Structure this is a prompters pretty
thin layer as you can bone the skin.

In this case this is all biography
on paper you can build much thicker

thicker several Michael meters it's a rule
of introduce from universe to wast in

that time that basically sucking
through the portal substrate and

doing we need a structure the same six or
was a bind to hear a little bit different

conditions here and what we observe most
most important thing is that in fact

that they're here excited when
Griffin Exide a loss to form the so called

Transition zones here with extremely
high content of bitter sheets for

the super brain here and
as a result of the strength of this

material is going through the roof
theoretical strangeness to fifty calls but

if you look at the what we ended up
carrying out this is so another way so

take a look at how you do not multiplayer
structured model is really very big of

sacrificial substrate so then you can
remove all the structure and the Basically

it's a freestanding from we can do this in
size of the very first different way for

us and you can do whatever you want
it's not like a flimsy poem or forms so

it's pretty robust form that you can
actually transferred to different

substrate this is karma for Jew look like
this while you can control thickness and

do all this shorts years and then you
prove that what's happening that you

use by doing the special that in fact
this is a small neutral scale shows you

shift of the peak was increasing of so
if you bring content you can see this is.

Going up to up to ten percent
from point A to basically

densely packed Griffin upside player
up to about zero point nine and

I mean in this case are two reduction
to want twenty five not in leaders so

as to mation is about ten to twenty
percent of the silky intricately and

sit there and serve as a binder.

Binder for our composite materials.

This is how they look like
this is a biography in papers

in this case highly laminated now.

Structure pretty uniform across
like area because in this case five

microns five micro meters if you can
see from the top you can see was

a fan there's a little bit rough but
there are two or

gruffness around twenty thirty nine meters
because of the partially a wrinkling of

the graph you know side flakes that
we're working on there right now but

Jerry's pretty smooth
structure anyway saw and the.

Beauty of this paper's L.B.L. papers as
well is that they still need strong so

you can see this what you can pay are the
same as our review article progress Palmer

sides that we compare to most important
to stuff in a center last year more than

most usual rule is this what's frequently
called the mechanics of boomerang grew

years that if you both composite materials
are you getting very strong your last

few models going up this direction but the
brutal meaning of that you're toughness is

not really high you can easily break this
materials and this all results shows

you previous attempts to work
with different versions of.

This also shows the ultimate strength
of the radius meaning of the area

they have around ninety.

Strings as well but then you try to
make them more flexible more compliant

the toughness going to go up
dramatically example with P.V. attacking

his broad strengths to below this is a
typical issue when you bone on a composite

materials you know let's take a look good
to be here right now also feels toward

a couple examples here of you move upward
a bit with this it's a vacuum assisted and

you can see also what it's cranks
are strengths of crimes go up to around

three hundred make up of skulls much
higher than anything can get here plus for

our several versions of spin assisted
L.B.O. you can see there are lost mortars

going through the roof what I
remember to fifty is the limit for.

Excited solve so we can get up to around
one hundred fifty decouple the last models

and overall toughness is a factor of two
or three higher than anything that has

been reached before both for strong
materials and as well as out in strength

as around three hundred fifty so this war
we are right now and in some points or

this probably will try to bend a little
bit of this boomerang Sherman go to this

area this is he the area when you have
communication of everything so this from

the point of mechanical characteristics
but what it was a beauty of this what

are you talking to you sir you can get to
conductive stage Yes because before you.

Graffiti component you.

Have so essentially non-conductive
structures saw a video couple

different things to try chemical reduction
you did walk nicely as we wanted to say we

will move to aluminum base basically
electrochemical reduction of materials and

you can see that if you use just well you
can see this is original Grafin oxide

typical black is kind of structure and

this is not so looks like it looks like.

A structure with significant
reduction significant conduct U.-T..

So shows you difference in this case
context and also proven if you did

everything else including Raman and
experience to show the proof of this

that he has in fact be reducing side to
conduct of state you can see that he can

do this electively like if you walk only
with this side of the phone this is total

paper is five micro meters
they we can reduce only

a portion of this look how smooth it looks
like and its no charges over snake and

this is highly charged over the meaning of
this one conductor this is conductive so

we could probably this is a conductive
area to proper thickness and

if you look at this angle.

On that yes it's very uniform
conductive Eller trought if you wish.

Currently a tie should
non-conductive area here you look at

the connectivity to be a model for
this so the basically for double sided

when you do from two sides you can go up
two thousand are probably approximately

Siemens per meter this pretty good
connectivity there's no metal there or

nothing there are no nano wires you just
reduce Griffin oxide sandwiches with

your original graphics are you strongly
stronger what I told you is really a lost

of morals around Carnegie very
flexible and very sustainable and

very thin biography on paper now if you
look at the really it's a result of you're

doing this five micrometeoroid you're
doing this is a raman mapping the so

ours you to understand so transition
between reduction reducing your user

if you knock size now this what we're
doing right now obvious visual.

For the little graphical aluminum
templates so they can be life scale do

this in so you can selectively reduce
this would be metallic G G only.

On the background of nonmetallic Grafin

by a paper you can see that we
can do on the scale of a force or

Regional of a foreign after
a reduction spread the metallic so

you can bow different groups here in the
are doing now supercapacitors trying to

measure properties and you can see
that up to now the best results we can

get is basically controlling the reaction
time for the actor came to a reaction that

you can go up to around ten thousand
fourteen thousand she missed her meter so

it's not metal but it's pretty close to
many potential as we understand materials

people occasionally can be useful so
we can pattern of this structure this is

actually Would you have here if you
have uniform nor nothing you have just.

Layer of the reviews metallic like and
the conductor pattern but

it in the layer of very strong
flexible paper in this case so again.

To get we don't get rid of different
models of completely carbon

carbon carbon structures that can be
patterned in different manner and

different structures can be properties
can be measure for for the structures

in them the same I would like to
think my current students that you.

Could read this war recent students it's.

Already radiated to move collaborations
from Air Force Research Lab or

just Morey and Kerry.

Was a check.

On the point where you got all sorts of
materials besides what you can buy and

do all sell so you're getting from
day one so I'm mechanical testing for

this and funding came from N.S.F.
couple different divisions and

then a sapphire for so far all and so
my conduct research corporation and

thank you for your time should.

Never question for you and

read you why when you call them.

And they.

They do they do one of our
callers one of them are or

called what we thought originally thought
of your speech into flimsy soft cording we

thought that if we can make a formal
shell the cells would be divided but

it was still protecting them he didn't
happen what they do they just breaking

through to cases they had to break in
several misquoting now the new cells

already unquoted Second what
they do they just what he did.

You watched what's happening eventually
when they started growing they need this

sitting just in the normal bath or they
start eating the soak piece by piece and

eventually they grow all the study writing
in the ever seen round within like several

days they do the same for
what was it a combination of the.

The.

Horse who I believe.

Is rather civilization.

But he did everything

we thought about this this was an idea in
the very beginning but because of very low

concentration I told one two percent of
the graft so it didn't work at all so

we just put aside this ideal body our
originally thought of also putting us

as a musician very didn't walk properly
plus it's a jelly like of structure if you

switch a single unit here of anything
around loosely packed jail so

you do nothing for this you must
come much more than a structure and

if your question was refused OK so here
are what you did when you look at X.P.

as I can tell you a couple examples it
depends upon your original experience what

you're doing I sure that we can control
timing we can control different things but

generally original oxidation level for
graphic sides around fifty five sixty

percent after all duction be going down
to approximately twenty thirty percent so

it's still a can of twenty thirty percent
of oxidized approx I actually grew up

sorter we want but eighty percent or
ninety percent so will be a dog or

region Grafin.

For the.

Us.

Yeah that's possible possible the same
life you can rely on this case on by

a newer degree nation of the so so what we
observe you observe individual cells so

here as well so you can give me the give
them the start in the end when they're

hungry at the start so
they can release themselves to prison

takes like freeze cells it takes
you couple days to do this.

Question What it all.

Sounds like.

Yeah so this is.

So call the standard for call data life
test Yes So they're basically view.

In doctor so if they're
functioning they start generating.

So you see great group you see
green if they don't want so

because of interaction of a doctor was
interior of that cell they become radius

this is standard key that you can buy and
just do testing for

this this what do you do it's all
out by a chemist train us how to do

this.

Thank you.