Our speaker for today is Mr Thomas
asked from George School of

chemistry chemical environment
like Hillary engineering

just received here is a pastor's degree
in chemistry from Albright College and

his Master's and Ph D. degrees in physical
chemistry from me high University.

After a few years I'm a research staff
at Fairchild Semiconductor he joined up

with an eerie department at U.C. Berkeley
eventually becoming assistant dean for

the college of chemistry and vice chair
of the chemical engineering department.

You need early one nine hundred ninety S.
You moved back to Lehigh you served as

chair of chemical engineering there in one
nine hundred sixty came to Georgia Tech

working as per you see from going
to see the loach Jr professor

there is research and discover a wide
range of topics in this film surface

modification of ID spoken in this
venue about Super from the materials

in Michael of products processing
he's won a number of awards from both

electro chemical Society of the Americans
to the chemical engineers and

he was a fellow of both of those
societies as well as AAA widely and

germane to the topic of today.

Denis is the director
of the Georgia Tech and

a separate your list Research Science and
Engineering Center.

Otherwise known as first second who
is initial focus is graphic but

I think we're going to hear a little
bit more of that they're going to

spend their focus on that.

So hopefully something will
be all in tribute to him.

That's right.

So this is the I need a second
movie this is the one for

the I don't use it in this want to speak.

Love has more microphones
than I've seen in my

life not quite why thank all of you for
coming.

Maybe ask me if I would
talk a little bit about.

The center that has arisen here and
this is a little different for

me because I'm usually talking about
some technical topic that I'm very

excited about the technical details
on here I'm going to give you sort of

a thirty thousand foot view of what the
senators about what are these Mercer acts.

How did they come into
existence what are expected.

What's expected from them and what is
Georgia Tech doing in their particular

Marsac and most importantly where
are we headed with all this.

So the outline is shown here so I'm going
to give you a little bit of background on

sex from an S.F. standpoint talk
about our Marsac what the focus and

mission is and then talk about
the organization a little bit about

the technical layer and I'm not going to
spend much time on the technical area

except to point out how we're organized
and what directions we're headed.

What we're trying to do and

why that's important because
you've heard other talks.

I think was in a different venue but
Walt to hear talked about graphene

maybe two months ago or three months
ago about five weeks ago I guess.

Ed Conrad talked about graphene and
they concentrated on the graphene

research the science and
engineering and technology.

I'm going to just hit
the highlights on some of that and

spend the time talking about the center
and the integration of all these parts so

I'll talk a little bit about the I
argee say something about education and

outreach seeds which will
indicate where we're headed or

where we think we're headed and summarize.

So I stole the next six
slides from an N.S.F.

presentation that Tom Reeker who is
one of three Grant monitors of N.S.F.

that oversees the Mersey program
presented when they were here about

five six weeks ago for an N.S.F.
site visit for our for our center.

So I think the.

Gives a pretty good picture of what
the Mersey act is and I should

point out it started in one nine hundred
ninety four as the first competition.

So the N.S.F.
describes this is discovery learning and

research infrastructure is what the most
sects are aimed to accomplish so

foster research to advance
from tears of knowledge.

And they're looking in particular for
areas of great opportunity.

That's one of the reasons I I know that
we managed to pull in the most SEC

because the graphene of work is really
state of the art in the still exploding.

Learning.

So all of these things whether
it's discovery learning or

research infrastructure needs to be
integrated together this is one of

the things that N.S.F. really seeks is
the integration of all these things and so

a broadly inclusive science and
engineering workforce and

expand scientific literacy for
all citizens and

then research infrastructure
build research capability.

This can be through individual labs or
through large scale.

Equipment So places like Cornell have for
many many years had Marsac and it's based

on the large equipment base that they have
there for nano science and nanotechnology.

So N.S.F. likes to point out that what
they want from the most sex is high impact

work and you can see the kinds
of journals that they like to

see publication take place in I
thought this was pretty impressive.

So eighty eight or two thousand and
eight two thousand and

nine science output look
at the numbers here.

This is pretty impressive from
the twenty seven most sex.

There's a couple more than that.

A couple of them are fading
out with a number of a R.

G.'s and
I'll go into more detail on that a minute.

So most of them are sex are composed of
the last two competitions for the centers.

So this is a class of two thousand and

five and you can see the players here and
which ones were new and

which ones were continuing and the number
of interdisciplinary research groups.

So when it says two plus one.

OK then.

It's not that N.S.F.
has trouble counting this but

just that there is one added here as
what they call sort of a super seed so

a seed program that's growing and
expecting to be in I R G but

it's similar to an I argee the year
that we went through the competition.

Is shown here and you can see there
were a number that were retired.

Because there were five
new ones come in here and

again of various numbers of I R.
G.'s present.

And these I argee these
are interesting animals

because you will see them burst sex.

If you go to the website if you want to
see what everybody's doing go to W.W.W.

dot org.

And that's the N.S.F. general site
has a listing of all the Mersey has

a listing of all the different I.R.
G.'s who the players are in these things.

What publications are there
outreach education.

The whole business that they engage in and
you'll see that these I.R.

G.'s are varied all over the place.

So there is no umbrella when we started
this we envision that this would be

a mercy on electronic materials
period that may turn out to still be

the case but
it's likely that it will not that is.

The new I.R. G.'s that we're going
to look for and again I'll say more

about that later will probably be
something different than electronic

materials Not necessarily but it could
be most anything if you look at the I.R.

G.'s under all these different Merced
sex they fall anywhere from optical

materials to solar
energy to bio materials.

It runs the gamut.

And what N.S.F.

wants to see is expertise in a number of
different areas as related to materials.

So Tom showed this plot which I thought
was interesting the percentage of I R.

G.'s versus the different
areas that they focus on and

this is broken down into the mercy.

In two thousand and five in the ones
in two thousand and eight and

they compare that to the pre-prepared dog.

I'll go through the steps
in the process to

obtain one of these things if you're
interested in how this occurs.

I think that's the now.

Now there's one more from an S.F.

So this is the way they
break down the expenditures.

So the I R G.'s which
means the technical part

of this that's funded as you
see is less than sixty percent.

So we get about fifty five fifty
seven percent of the funds

that we obtain go into the I R G.

To do the technical work and S.F.
is very picky about this because they

want to see us put effort into things
like education and outreach and

nodded in significant amount of
effort as you see the education and

the seeds program are both
around ten percent.

The shared facilities are about fifteen
percent and this is overall we don't have

much in the way of shared facilities but
some places like Cornell Santa Barbara.

And so on and then administration is
usually about five or six percent.

And our budgets need to be in these
kinds of ranges if they're not

they're bounced back to us.

So let's talk about the mercy.

Here at Georgia Tech.

So the way we got started in this was to
ask the question that's at the top here

at the end of silicon roadmap which
is probably maybe two thousand and

sixteen to two thousand and twenty.

What material is going to take over
from silicon for succeeding generations

that doesn't mean silicon is going to be
replaced silicon will never be replaced.

We'll always use it if nothing else and
toasters and refrigerators and so on.

So we're not going to get rid of that but
the newer generations.

What's going to take so Wickens place.

So if you look at the international
technology roadmap for

some a conductor's two thousand and
seven edition.

This is the first time
that graphene appeared.

And the usual candidates are here.

So germanium silicon germanium
three five compound semiconductors.

But at this point.

Graphene started to show its face.

And the real issue here is who cares.

I'm so what's the scientific and
economic importance or

significance of what we're working on
which is up a taxi or graphene and

I differentiate that from
graphene in general because a lot

of the work you hear about on graphene
is on small flakes that are either.

Formed by exfoliating graphite.

Or they are formed by doing a C.V.T.
process on

top of a metal at high temperature where
you decompose a hydrocarbon carbon soluble

ises in the metal at the high temperature
and then as you drop the temperature of

precipitates out on the surface and forms
a thin layer of graphite or graphene.

So the post silicon roadmap high
speed electronic devices and

circuits are due to fundamentally unique.

Attacks or graphing material properties.

Hikari or mobility as those of you that
think about silicon we're talking in

the range of fourteen hundred centimeter
squared provoked second chemical and

physical stability and most importantly
and remember the Savior to this

field was supposed to be carbon
nanotubes right remember back then.

Carbon nanotubes was it what carbon
nanotubes still have a lot of

very attractive properties.

Unfortunately the blasted
things are cylindrical.

So that's problematic in trying to build

devices the way we're used to building
devices in the semiconductor industry.

Process techniques for
epa taxable graphene

are really compatible with all the silicon
technology that we currently use.

So the efforts that we've undertaken are
of course toward scientific understanding

but also to promote the future
of this semiconductor industry.

Which is probably at this point about
three hundred fifty billion dollars.

Well fiends of interest
because of its properties.

So Georgia Tech Walt here.

Phil first Ed Conrad Claire birthday.

They've been working on this
since about two thousand and

one first publication they put out came
out about two thousand and four and

the subsequent processing that's been done
and advertised at least for up a taxi

whole graphene really came about as
a result of the work that was done here.

So the two main advances that
have been publicized extensively.

It's been H R L publicized back in October
of fourteen gigahertz field effect

transistor using up attacks you
know graphene and recently I.B.M.

announced one hundred gigahertz that.

This uses the technology
that was developed here.

So we feel pretty good about that.

That's a nice pat on the back.

So how did this come about.

Back in two thousand and

seven three proposals
were submitted to an S.F.

I think these were about ten
pages if I remember correctly.

There were about eighty three or eighty
four of those they winnowed those down at

N.S.F. to thirty nine and asked for four
proposals out of those thirty nine for

proposals they selected eighteen for
reverse site visits.

So four of us went to N.S.F..

Had one hour to present our wares and
convince them that they should fund us.

They kicked us out of the room for
half an hour brought us back in for

an hour of questioning and the questioning
was from a panel there were I think ten

outside panel members all scientists and
engineers from

university industry national labs and
four N.S.F. grant monitors.

So I won't hear made a comment we
were going to the airport after

all this was all.

Over and
Walt said I feel like I just took my Ph D.

orals again that was kind of what
it was like but but anyway we

came out to the good on this thing and
this is our funding for six years.

So one point three five mil a year

we have some contracts to Berkeley
Riverside Michigan and Alabama A and M..

I'll show you a little more
information on that in just a minute

what's the vision that we have for
the center.

Well it's very simple supply the technical
knowledge base diverse workforce

leadership and innovative materials
processing expertise that's required

to develop new electronic materials and
initially this is graphing

to service successors to silicon
in the semiconductor industry.

So this is our single I R G.

Gold.

So there's.

Graphene over on the right I think all
of you are familiar with graphene it's

basically a single layer graphite
hexagonal ray of carbon atoms.

So the mission as we see it is to develop
the science and technology of graphene.

And perhaps other electronic materials

to permit the fabrication of
devices in circuits for post CMOS.

We want to integrate all that science and
technology with educational programs.

Student teacher training and industrial
needs to ensure the availability of

the necessary workforce and
tech transfer capabilities.

So I guess F. is also interested in
the interactions that we have and

continue to expand with industrial firms.

And then we want to enhance the diversity
of students and faculty involved in

the development and fabrication of the
future electronic materials and devices.

So here is our team that we
have together on graphene So

there's fourteen faculty spread over
five schools here at Georgia Tech.

There's a faculty in physics at Berkeley.

In the C.E. at Michigan Alabama and
I am in physics.

And you see Riverside in chemistry and
there's interactions with easy as well.

So how is this the store going to rise and

the answer is with with some difficulty OK
there's a lot of tentacles on this thing

that spread into a lot
of different areas so

Walt is the I R G one leader and as you'll
hear him in a minute we're looking at what

the next I R G might be Claudia Clarkson
is a financial manager in chemical and

Biomolecular Engineering and Gina Adams
is project or program manager for

the Mercieca So the Seed program
is headed by Bill first and

I'll say more about that later facilities
I'm not going to say much about but

Ed Conrad and
Robert hadn't you see Riverside.

Of course here in physics
oversee that effort.

Well a Conrad with assistance
from Mandy Zang will

head up the education outreach effort and
the external relations and

tech transfer or Claire and
Claire version and Jim MEINDL.

We have an external advisory group that
met with this the end of last year.

This is a pretty distinguished group it
was an interesting interesting meeting.

Let's say I asked Mark Allen to command
at the beginning of this meeting to

make a few comments and welcome them
to the to the university So Mark is.

Vice provost for research and innovation
here is as probably most of you know.

And Mark figured he committed
make a few comments and

then he'd leave and
go to his next meeting.

I finally interrupted after fifteen
minutes of questions because this.

This panel here decided to grill him.

And so I interrupted finally and said
Mark's got to get off to something else.

So I walked him over to the door and
Mark looks back at me and says.

Good luck with that group.

So they were kind of fun we
had a good time with that they

had lots of good questions.

Lots of good input for
us and they're engaged.

That's for sure.

So there is a G.T. Oversight Committee.

Need to make sure that we obey the rules
and regulations here at Georgia Tech and

that's composed of the two Deans for
the colleges and and

again Mark Allen and
then there's an internal review board

composed of individuals in different
schools here at Georgia Tech.

The I R G That will heads up is
organized in the following way.

There's an industrial relations and
international relations and

a program management effort and
this program management effort.

Focuses on a number of
different thrusts and

I won't spend any time on that because
I'm going to come back to that.

So as I said Phil heads
up the Seed program.

So in the I R G What are we trying to do.

Well we're trying to make
devices initially transistors

out of graphing So
here's our favorite device over here.

Here's different cuts across what this
might look like with the source gate and

drain structure and graphing channel.

And the question is What
does it take to do this.

So there's a whole bunch
of components here.

So there's different thrusts of
material growth chemistry materials

characterization electronic
properties patterning and theory.

And what we've done here is put some
bubbles in here to indicate the different

parts that are necessary
to be successful and

these numbers of course correspond
to these different thrusts so

to say this is interdisciplinary
is an understatement OK So

first of all we've got to figure
out how to produce the graphene and

there's been a lot of work
done a lot of successful work.

We still need to improve that controlling
the layers controlling the layer thickness

is controlling the defects
in the layers doping

chemical modification edge passivation and
surface functional isolation

all go into building a device
because graphene is a conductor.

So the question is how do
you incorporate a bandgap So

when I first started getting involved
in the initial proposal to this thing.

The physicists like to refer to graphene
as zero bandgap semiconductor and

I'm a chemist chemical engineer us at zero
one that's a metal and well indeed that's

what it is but as you'll see if you don't
know if you listen dead Conrad's talk.

What you have are the valence band in
the conduction band meeting at a point

the direct point.

And so indeed zero bandgap semiconductor
is not a bad way to describe this.

We need dielectric So
if we're going to bit build FET devices.

So first of all how do you deposit those.

How do you get them to add here Agrafena
graphite is pretty good stuff right.

You get that in your pencil not a lead
pencil writes The graphite pencil and

the stuff doesn't stick
real well to things.

So how do you make these layers at
here especially if you're taking them

up in temperature and building devices and
how do you optimize the properties.

Both of the film and of the interface.

The substrate.

The way the graphene is made
here a new name epa taxi or

graphene comes about because this
is a grown on silicon carbide.

And the way it's grown on silicon carbide
is to take silicon carbide put it into

a furnace and heat it up to thirteen
fourteen fifteen hundred Senate raid what

happens is the silicon evaporates
the carbon rearranges and

forms these graphene layers and
again if you heard Walter eds talk.

They went into gory detail about that.

But how do you control the surface of
this silicon carbide is not the best

material in terms of being able to
process it with nice smooth surfaces.

So surface preparation and
surface control and passivation between

the interface of the graphene and
the silicon carbide is key and

still working out some of the details for
that we need to make contact.

So what should that material
be currently they're using.

Gold and and aluminum for this but
there may be better materials.

How do you process that appropriately
How do you pattern all these things and

what are the electronic properties
not just of the metal of course but

of the interface which is the key.

And then what should the architecture
of these devices be and

circuits How do you build
circuits out of this.

So let's take a brief look at the thrust
and I have here the the thrust listed and

what the challenges are and then
the individuals that are involved in these

different thrusts So
the challenge is of course for the growth

is how do you get the high quality low
cost and scalable production process sees.

Into graphene chemistry How do you tailor.

Not just the chemical but you do
the chemical changes to result in certain

electronic properties and
there we need to control the edges

the interface intercalation chemistry so
these things are layered structures right

so things go in between the layers
intercalated in between the layers.

How do you control that can you
use that to control properties.

Materials characterization.

Again if we don't understand what
we're making and how we're doing it.

We're in big trouble.

So the question there is how do you
characterize these things simply

right now and you'll see some results
here we go to National Labs for

equipment that doesn't exist.

Hardly anywhere else.

These are not easy materials to
characterize because a single layer or

even if it's multiple layers.

You've got a few nanometers at most

of the material that you're
trying to characterize.

We need to control
the electronic properties and

as I said we need to develop and gaps.

So.

Graphene is a great material but
in and by itself.

It's a conductor and so
has no bandgap So we need to figure out

how to incorporate that how to control the
transport of carriers in that material.

And then in the patterning divide.

This is an architecture.

The challenge is as you would guess
produce reliable integrated circuits

on the nano scale.

And the theory and modeling that's
pervasive really throughout most of this.

So some people are doing theory
on the materials growth.

So it's and
the Zangwill some people are doing.

Theory on the materials themselves and
the transport and so on.

So fairly recently I think this has
been about four five months now.

Look here is group fabricated in
a ray of graphing transistors and

this is a ten thousand transistor or
right and

my first question when
Walt told me this was.

How many of them work and apparently
seventy percent of them operated.

So that's pretty impressive.

So this is since when the idea came
up it was two thousand and one.

So this was two thousand and
nine says eight years.

If you compare that to silicon
technology this was decades to do this.

So this is moving very rapidly.

You can't pick up a major
journal that has anything to do

with electronic materials and

a month without having several articles
on graphene sometimes in double figures.

So you might wonder how come
I got this strange logo

down here who dreamed that up.

Well we wanted a logo for the center and

it turned out when we were thinking about
this some work that came from Miller and

Mrs Dunn jointly with Phil first and and

Joe Strozier what NIST they were
looking at Landau levels and

they were trying to define what the land
out levels look like in graphene So

of course these come about because you
put a magnetic field on a conductor and

it's quantizes the cyclotron residents or
bits of the electrons in there.

And graphene turns out to be different
from most conductors it's different from

most anything it seems and.

And they get these plots of energy versus
magnetic field that looked like this and

you see these are only evenly spaced
that's not typical That's graphene that's

not typical of your usual
conductor usually they're

uniformly space that isn't the case here.

So this was kind of an interesting plot so
we turned this into our logo.

And you can read that paper
it's pretty interesting stuff.

The most second has a lot of
international collaboration.

So the main ones are in France and

you see what's going on here
a lot of them through C. and R S.

And I'll come back to that
in just just a minute.

We also have our third at at Paris and
again ski.

In crystal growth in London.

So what about these international
collaboration so I'm going to focus

on France because that's been the most
expensive collaboration's and

most of that is due to the efforts of
Claire birthday so Claire has been

at Georgia Tech on leave from C.N.R.
asked since two thousand and two.

And so she's the reason that we have
this very strong interaction with French

researchers we've got access to equipment
facilities in several places in France so

on our ass has supplied some travel
funds forest for investigators to go and

students to go back and forth and French
embassy has supplied some funds again for

visits and exchanges for
both faculty and students and postdocs.

There been several undergraduate
supported that came in from France for

internships in summer two thousand and
eight and

we're going to have several
again in two thousand and ten.

But a number of joint publications
since two thousand and

two Paul Voss and
his name will come up again.

He currently has one of the seed
positions in the center.

He's a G.T. Loraine and
he's expanded the efforts there.

So he's had four
undergraduates from the US

perform research at G.T.
Loraine with him to or from or have.

One was from Morehouse and
one was from Spelman.

The first second when it was set up.

Paul says facilitated Great Lakes and

we helped start up a six credit
hour undergraduate research effort.

So he has people as you see coming over
there over to France from the U.S.

And also coming to the U.S.

from France a couple of graduate
students at Georgia Tech.

Lorraine came over to Georgia Tech and
spend some time here and

he's also now established
some interactions with C.N.R.

us as well so
very extensive interactions in France.

So first heads up the Seed program and
there's three seeds right now so

I just mentioned Paul and so Paul is
working on the use of graphing as a mask

to selectively grow three five materials
and of course he's interested in this for

optical devices and the characterization
of these particular devices.

Sam Graham holds one of the seeds and
he's interested

in using graphene as a transparent
electrode for Danica electronics.

So in particular he's looking at growing
graphene by different methods so

we're looking at the epa taxi or
graphene in physics.

He's looking at growing.

Graphene by the C.B.D.
process onto a metal or

reduction of graphene oxide and
again he's interested of course and

characterizing these materials and
comparing them to Epitaph graphene.

Jennifer Curtis is looking at the possible

use of graphene to make biosensors So
she wants to chemically modify

graphene in order to detect various
types of bio molecule such as proteins.

So that brings me to what I mentioned
earlier the seed grant competition.

So we started out with three
people one seed grants.

Those are coming to an N.B.C.
grants are meant to be.

Exactly.

That seems all right.

Not continuous funding.

So those three are ending and
we just issued a call for proposals.

Through the deans of the two colleges for
seed so

this thing went out of about a week and
a half ago I think.

Proposals are due May fourteenth and
funding would start in September.

So the funding would be for
one year and possibly renewable for

one year contingent on
this is still look good.

After years time.

Has there been any progress has there been
any efforts to try to get some additional

funds to push this along.

We're encouraging.

Multi investigator proposals
because we envision

this as I said as the second or
maybe second and third I R G.

And so we want to get a group together and

by group I mean probably two to
four people together working in

an area that would have high impact
it would be materials related and

you name the material it doesn't matter
what the material is but we're looking for

high impact as I mentioned I know
why we got the March second when

we did graphene couldn't
have been a hotter topic and

we had the rudiments of the group together
to do the science of the graphene

what we want is similar kind of
approach with another material or

material class or direction.

The proposals are going to be evaluated
in the selections made by calling on

our external advisory board internal
review board and our management team.

And of course will be.

Reports of this at or at our retreat so
we have a retreat for the center once

a year we just had that immediately before
the N.S.F. site visit and this year.

We have a very extensive education and
outreach program Leyla Conrad heads that.

So there are graphene meetings and.

Seminars just to discuss graphene there
is a student Journal pull up and I say

student journal club that doesn't mean
that the faculty oversee the students.

I've been to one of these because I
pushed my way in because I wanted to see

what was going on in there but
students running this and

this is to look at articles either on
graphene or related to graphene and

for the students to have an opportunity
to discuss this argue about results and

figure out new directions for the last.

Well last year we held the first.

Graphene symposium that was attended.

I'm trying to remember the exact numbers
I think the numbers were something like

fifty five or
sixty people worldwide graphene

we had a number of people come over from
Europe we had a number of representatives

from companies the next one is
scheduled for September and

we already have sent out thirty.

I think the number is thirty four.

Invitations to people
to give invited talks

within ten days we had
thirty two acceptances.

So not bad.

These are people worldwide that are well
known for their work and graphene.

We have the opportunities not just
in France but mainly in France for

international research experiences for
students and post-docs and so

the travel programs and of course we have
ethics training this is done online.

I lost my screen here so
you know doesn't matter.

Also an outreach program
which again heads up.

So there is a summer of research
experience for undergraduate students.

So it's a sure program that we participate
in search experience for physics teachers.

So we had to physics teachers in
attacking the last last summer and

I think we're going to have at least
one more I think the second one is.

It is in process as well in
conjunction with Seattle.

So our center for the enhancement of
teaching and learning here in georgia tech

they have a tech to teaching grant
that they received from an S.F.

that is pretty much what it sounds like
it's to train teachers at all levels so

K. through twelve as well as college or

community college as well as
research universities and so on and

prepare them to go into teaching careers
as a hands on technology summer days.

OK for high school students.

Graphene times.

OK So this is interesting if you want
to know the latest information in and

around the graphene this is one
this is out of date now but

it's the little the last one that I copied
and stuck up here where as of February.

There it is.

And so
Mike sprinkle in physics started this Web

site where information
is posted on graphene

related topics or
directly on graphene automatically.

So it scans databases and about four or

five different databases and there's these
updates these daily and this thing has and

you won't believe the number of
hits this gets this is constantly

being accessed by workers in the field and
probably workers outside the field.

So if you haven't seen this
it's worth taking a look at.

About six months ago we found out
that we were awarded an N.S.F.

pram and that stands for partnership in
research and education and materials.

These are applied for
by minority institutions but

they cannot apply for them by themselves
they have to partner with a major center.

And so
Clark Atlanta University contacted me so.

Larry Wang is my counterpart at
Clark Atlanta and talk to me

about was I interested in partnering with
them they wanted to do some work on graph.

Larry has already been doing some
collaborative work with me in

over in physics main challenger in
physics and so we got this together and

submitted it and
was awarded beginning of September.

So Michael Williams in physics at Clark
Atlanta is also involved we've been doing

some joint things and we're talking
to you want to Mendenhall who is in

Chemistry at Morehouse College to see if
we can get her involved in this as well.

So what's our role here at Georgia Tech.

So their role at Clark Atlanta.

Is to do some research trained some
undergraduates and graduate students

in science and engineering
specifically related to graphene but

particularly in materials science and
engineering what we are going to be

doing is helping to advise some graduate
students at the Atlanta University Center

facilitate research collaboration so
we've already introduced and

have implemented some interactions
between graduate students here and

graduate students in a You see groups
supplies some guidance and mentoring for

undergraduates and graduate students and
some career development efforts encourage

students to apply to Georgia Tech graduate
programs we're always looking for

outstanding graduate students and
make available some summer research

opportunities for
students and you see group.

All right so summary.

We still don't know what
the successor to silicon is at

the end of the roadmap and as I said this
is probably two thousand and sixteen

to two thousand and twenty sort of in that
time frame when fundamental properties of

silicon all of a sudden will not
support the next generation of devices.

This clearly represents a threat for

the leadership that we enjoy
in the semiconductor industry.

Graphene clearly offer some advantage.

Is relative to other materials
choices is this the one who knows.

Right.
That's what your mother asks you when you

come home and
say I want you to meet someone.

So we don't know but
looks encouraging at this stage at least.

So what is the G.T. Mer sect do well it
facilitates and enables a whole lot of

things collaboration among universities
industry and national labs and

certainly there are lots of joint
publications to exemplify exactly that

because what we want to do is enhance
the fundamental materials and

devise research on graphene and promote
transfer of technology to industry.

So if you took a look at
the external advisory board.

We have five of the people on the External
Advisory Board are from industry.

And not all the same industry.

Right ones from I.B.M. ones from S.R.C.

and then they get scattered in non
integrated circuit industries.

Want to promote and coordinate
interdisciplinary materials efforts that's

one of the main themes that N.S.F.

has for the first second we want to
develop and characterize new materials and

functional zation processes for
these graphene structures.

Again if we don't make devices out of
these we have to modify the properties of

graphene as it exists has grown and
we want to integrate all

of this good science and technology and
engineering into the educating and

education training and diversity programs
that are involved with materials research.

So that's the end of the remarks
that I have I would be happy

to answer or clarify anything
that that you'd like to discuss.

So thank you.

I think it's.

Now.

Well.

That was that came about
because if you go back and

look historically why did Georgia Tech and
in particular.

Walter here decide to look at graphene
as an electronic material and

it came about because Walt and
he's probably not here so I can insult him

I call him an old carbon nanotube guy so
he'd probably take exception to

all of that but he was working on carbon
nanotubes for a lot of years and he and

Milly dressed all House have interacted
quite a lot on doing carbon nanotube work.

Well was one of the first people to
recognise that there was nothing unique

about the carbon nanotube in terms
of the electronic properties.

Except for the structure but
it happened to be.

Cylindrical.

So what happens if you lay this open so

if you slip the carbon nanotube
down the long axis and lay it flat.

Would it have the same properties.

He did some initial calculations on
that and came up with the answer.

Yeah.

It should be very similar
to the carbon nanotubes and

that's when I started thinking about gee
it would be a lot easier to process if

this blasted thing were flat
instead of cylindrical.

And so
that was back about two thousand and one.

And it took off from there.

So the first publication in this in
fact titled I don't remember the exact

title but it was graphene is an electronic
material was a title was in journal

Physical Chemistry.

Back in two thousand and four.

So all this business about gee graphene
was invented in two thousand and four.

That's all nonsense.

It was known back in the sixty's if you
go back and look at the literature.

People talked about graphene back
in the sixty's this was well

known it's out there people live with
more worked on this for many years but

they didn't appreciate the possibilities.

Until now and didn't have good ways to
make it so the people over in Manchester.

Have been doing a lot and generating
flakes and they can use that for

certain applications for electronic
materials it's hard to imagine these

flakes are going to do anything for us.

You need to have this on a large sheet.

So you either deposit it or you grow it.

And right now we're growing it
here with a separate process.

For questions yes.

Again help I'll take you
to history lesson so

if you go back to around two thousand and
one.

Well managed to get probably three or
four proposals on graphene to N.S.F.

rejected because nobody
was interested enough.

So he ended up talking to Intel and
Intel supplied the first funds on this.

And gave a number of grants for
him to work on this and

funded a few students and
up until the end of last year.

Geoff Peterson who is an employee
of Intel was spending

about a week a month in Walt's
lab working with Walt and

the students trying to make some
devices so that was that was the early

part of this we got involved with I.B.M.
because of course I.B.M.

is very interested in next
generation devices for computers.

And C Y song is actually the chair and
if you probably couldn't

remember all the names on our external
advisory board he's a member of our

external advisory board and
in fact is the chair of that board and.

And so we've had interactions
with people in industry for

quite some time we've put a number of
them on our external advisory board but

in addition I'm in the process of trying
to set up an industrial affiliates program

so that should be announced.

I hope in the next month or two because
I've we've got this thing more or

less formulated as to how we want
to put this together and we're.

Just trying to put names to
the companies that we've listed as ones

that would be good for
us to interact with and

we'll start contacting people and
seeing what interest we can drum up.

So that's kind of the progression
in how we're going about it.

So a lot of this will come about because
of companies interacting with us but

we're trying to facilitate that with
an industrial affiliate program.

Two of the companies that you saw on

the External Advisory Board
are small companies.

Neither of them having
anything to do with graphene.

So we're trying to get a broader picture.

Melded into this to let people say
why don't you think about use for

this because we know where
we're headed but that may not.

It's certainly not the only direction to
be headed and it may not even be the best

direction to be headed so we're trying
to put enough feelers out there and

get people to come to us and
say let's think about this application.

Yes Thank you.

When you.

When you.

What if there is progress as we
said we want to continue them for

at least the second year.

If this looks like this
can become another I R G.

We're hoping that after a year.

People can generate enough information
that you can get some proposals out after

the second year hopefully there's enough
additional funding that we don't have to

could we don't we have actually
very little funding as

you can see from the way N.S.F.
breaks down the money.

One point three five mil a year.

Sounds like a lot of money until you
take half of it off for overhead.

And then you take.

Six percent off for administration and
ten percent or fifteen percent off for

education and another ten percent off for
this and five percent for

that and
all of a sudden there's not a whole bunch.

That's left.

So we're trying to leverage the funds
that we have here by other grants and

proposals and so on and use the seeds
to get that off the ground and

let people get some data so
they can put in some proposals.

So that's the intent.

Whether yes.

Or boy.

We.

Know we don't have any

specific plans I guess
the societal part of it

part of it of course comes in with
the advances in the technology but

the other part of it comes in with our
outreach that we're going to expand

a bit so far we've concentrated mostly on
high school students college students.

We just are putting some things into

place in conjunction with some
programs here at Georgia Tech.

To move that into the earlier stages and

we're going to try to target students
in the eight to thirteen age group

to see what we can do and and
fortunately there's a lot of good.

Effort going on here at Georgia Tech and
we hope to leverage that and use it again

our funds are limited to do this it's
helped us by getting the pram because

that gives us some extra funds our funds
in a prime must be used for educational

purposes we can't use it for research
we do the research with the people at.

Headline a university center.

So we have to use the funds
that we have for education so

that has allowed us to expand some things
and that's what we're trying to do so.

Cya T. in general.

I was actually asked if I would
participate and I haven't given an answer

to this yet you have to think
through what I would do next.

And go on a radio show to talk a little
bit about graphene recall as can

call in about you know
what's going on in here.

So am I ready to be beaten up on this
thing or not that's the question but.

But I think those kinds of activities are
the sorts of things that we need to move

into and I think we will.

Remember we're not we haven't
completed our second year yet.

So we're sort of on
the upswing here on this.

So we're so suggestions are certainly
welcome as to how we better do this.

Was not.

Right.

So whether it's it was Hughes or I.B.M.

both of them used up a taxi or
graphing they grew the group the graphene

on top of silicon carbide
exactly the way we grow it.

And we were the first ones to
do that with the purpose of

generating electronic material.

So again it was Walt.

Other people have noticed and it can
get this goes back into the seventy's

where people noticed if you heat up
silicon carbide if you do evaporate off.

So what.
And

if you get above about twelve hundred C.

you start to evaporate off silicon and
get a carbonaceous residue.

If you read the papers.

What you come away with at least what I
come away from the papers with is this

sort of a nuisance OK you get
this carbon residue at the.

SURFACE.

Gosh how do I get rid of that So
wall recognized that indeed.

You might be able to make use of this and
it took quite a bit of effort

to actually get this into a form
this wasn't something that OK so

I backed right off the silicon
now I've got the graphic and.

This was several years of effort
to try to figure out how to

process this properly to come
up with the graphene layers.

So that effort is what Hughes and I.B.M.

used to those high speed devices and
that's why I made the comment I did.

Yes.

Walt Walt those.

Not that I know of course I
didn't ask about his vacation so

I'm not sure but but no that's far as
I know it it's not but I'm I'm not.

I don't keep up on that.

That's it's not my patent and

I haven't followed it except to
make sure that it was in place.

Mr Means.

Now.

I

don't have I don't have time to
talk about the drawbacks and.

So it's been it's been fun and
it's been a lot of fun.

It's a huge effort which could probably
take my entire seven day week.

If I let it and it because there are so
many things going on but

they're all fascinating.

It's a very big coup.

We were very fortunate you
can see the competition.

Competition is stringent to say the least.

And so we feel very fortunate
that we've got this thing

I know exactly what it takes to do this.

The question is can we get
another I R G At that point.

So when I was brought
into this at the stage.

And we found out that the print
proposal was accepted and

now we had to put together a full
proposal that's when we started talking

about who would be foolish and I mean
who would be the director of this thing.

OK.

And so Walt asked me if if I
would do this and the first

thing I did was say well let me call some
people that I know I must know some or

sector Rector's around the country because
I know a lot of people work in materials

and sure enough I know several of them.

Well before I started doing this and so

I called them to find out what
their experience had been.

They felt that the visibility
that not only their efforts but

the their university got from
this was tremendous both.

From society and more from the technical
community and other universities.

Using this to foster applications for
students in graduate school.

This whole thing builds very strongly and

I've found that these things have a lot
of prestige associated with them and

so I think we reap the benefits of
that the disadvantages are N.S.F.

really doesn't give you much
money to work on with this.

And so we're trying to do
a whole lot with very little and

that's very frustrating that that's
probably my biggest frustration and

as we try to get supplemental funding so
when I mumbled through N.S.F.

when they first day I mean I was a little
careful when a guy calls you and

tells you that you've gotten this
thing but you have to cut the budget.

You don't want to be too nasty to him and
so I was trying to temper

my comments on this and what I was told
was well you use this for leverage.

To get more funds and so I thought OK so
that's consistent that hasn't panned out.

Well and it hasn't panned out.

Well because when we submit
proposals on graphene.

What we get from the reviewers
is you guys got this big center.

You need money.

That's been very frustrating.

So there are some really good proposals
and additional things we can do.

It's one of the reasons I'm looking at
industrial fillets program to help us

broaden this out and
get some money from other sectors.

So that's one way to do this and again.

People have suggestions for me I'm very
open to suggestions as to how to do

this but that's been the most frustrating
part as far as the center it's been a huge

amount of fun and have these retreats with
the people involved in the center and

then to have these symposia
that are worldwide.

It's been fantastic and I couldn't be
more pleased with the way it's gone.

Our management team is excellent.

Everybody pulls more than
their weight usually and

this thing and
it's been a whole lot of fun.

Very interesting and I think we've
made a huge amount of progress.

That come close to answering your
question with another point.

So I think.

There.