I'm still very fascinated with the
technique and I hope I can show you some

of the fascination I have for
the tools during this talk today.

Mentioned I am a chemist so.

For me the focused and to manufacture
something I want to use in my research.

So it's for me it's like helping to.

And I will show you some of
the results we do in our group but

also other research done in the field and
as you can see here already.

It's a fascinating to not only modifier
surface you can image it at the same

time and create small movies and I don't
know whether you can read it in the back.

It tells you.

Welcome to the nano tech seminar.

Focused and be commercially available.

From the eighty's on and it was mainly
used in semiconductor industry for

circuit repair later on it
became very important tool for

sample prep and recently if you go to
literature you'll see that more and more

people use it for now on a fabrication and
micro for procreation and prototyping.

And I also believe show you
some examples for that.

As cartridge mention the focus tyrant

beam center was opened in August two
thousand and five and you see here.

Our two assistants you will see the name
F.E.I. company a couple of times and

most of the slides I show you
the results are produced with F.E.I.

systems however there are other companies
don't want to advertise too strong here.

There are other companies like
science who has a dual theme or.

In this company.

She is also.

The center of the funding for
the focus came from and

substantial matching from Georgia Tech and
due to good

negotiations of Taurus we got to assist
in stead of one system so it was a.

Buy one get one free deal
which we are very happy about.

And as you can see here
we have two hundred

three D. to two hundred and
I show you later on.

The two systems in
a little bit more detail.

Mention that I was operating system when

I have an operator hired to left
after a year to go through industry.

So it was like I was not really applying
for the position that I inherited.

And I had cried for a bit and
I wanted to mention already that cars

took over the operator
position from Turner re on so

he is in the building he
will be on the truth.

Most of the time to help
you with your needs.

There are no two hundred and

the quanta three D. What's the difference
between the systems this is the higher

resolution and
field emission down for the SE and

the ion column the Magnum
column is the same

systems the nominal resolution for
the ion you can achieve

on the no bar is seven and the meters and
on the quanta it's twelve men meters.

The difference is the wrecking
Pistons in the number is a little

bit smaller than the quanta
that gives that difference.

Another thing to the system will have a
micro many Palladius if you want to do T..

That would be the tool to use if
you want to do prototyping and

fabrication and you have hired topography
of yours and I would strongly suggest

that you use the quantum system that
gives you a little bit more freedom.

Another difference is the quantum
environmentalists am capabilities so

if you want to image some samples if
you work a little bit with olive tree.

You can do that here under M.B.M.
conditions.

And if you are interested in a little
bit further information we have sent

a webpage that stilling to chemistry might
change over the next couple of weeks but

if you go through the page.

We already uploaded the information
of the two systems.

So how can I AM PM be used to modify or

sample interaction is important role for

microfiber occasional like
I am implantation and

also like in space chemistry.

So if you have a charged particle and
you are celebrated to your surface.

You have here listed the main

interaction which is used for
the operation.

So you have that start in the middle.

You have either.

I am in pain patients.

So whenever you do focus.

Milling or imaging you will implement
calcium irons into your sample surface.

You have secondary electron emission you

have irons a neutral emission which
could be used for like a second.

Actor and you have collision.

At the surface and if the energy is
enough you spatter your surface.

If you're willing if you have
chemistry in addition in the chamber

which is a two year surface you position.

It took to commercialize
systems the reason for

that is you need a liquid metal and
source which is stable liquid metal and

sources first described
nine hundred sixty one.

And.

In principle what you have you have a rest
so far that is heated with metal in there.

You form liquid metal
there you have a tungsten.

You have an extractor Elektra so
you apply a potential between your tip and

you extract the electrodes you pull
the electrode and you can emit and

I am speeches which is
celebrated to the voltage.

So here you have your general scheme.

Here you have a list of
which have been used for

metal iron sources so
you see there is quite a bit also allies

all commercial sources are at the moment.

Basically and sources and the reason for

that it has a very low melting point
it has a low vapor pressure low

volatility excellent
mechanical electrical and

vacuum properties so what you want
to have your own for her first.

Source which can operate
a significant amount of hours.

Since right now a lifetime of about one
thousand five hundred hours which is

critical and of course you want to have
a continuous flow and various the able and

the emission characteristic and
good ability of the tungsten right here.

Here's an image that's one of
the liquid metal iron sources.

So let's look a little
bit more into detail

what happens if you heat
the reservoir close to the peroration

of the cal you look at the Capitol or
reflowed to the tungsten tip here.

The tungsten of about two to five
micron there and you have an extractor.

You have electric field in there of ten to

the primitive and
what you form your form here a tailored.

And in principle you have a balance
between electrostatic interaction and

surface tension and so
the field is enough.

It's high enough you form a very
small tiny pier with a tire

five nanometer and then you have
a field emission of the ions there and

here you see that was published
in one thousand nine hundred six.

Here you see a tailored for an airlock.

The goal and

you see nicely tailored here.

So then if you apply.

You know potential.

To the to the source here you can

celebrate the eye and be through
the column down to your samples.

FACE.

Of course you need lenses in there and
the other

like electron column you need
the stick mater you have picture and

that's a real physical picture
stripe because you have

high highly mass mass particles.

So you don't want.

There you know the beam is
spreading out and they're meeting.

Not at the point where you
don't want to have it.

And of course you have a plank
picture because you have to

even the plank if you do.

S.C.M. imaging at the same time or

if you move from one spot to
the next spot in between.

You need blanking.

OK so the current density you have

ten to the eight M.
per per square centimeter and

the emission current usually
is one to three micro amps.

The reason is if you have a higher
emission current You would

form the amorous and
try mirth and your quality

of your sample spattering
wouldn't be as good and

you couldn't be as nicely as you can do

right now as I mentioned before
the nominal been dire meter for the.

For the know what we have
here is seven nano meter for

the next generation so
that he will sustain it.

Five and a meter and that's a pretty small
content spot even if you think the mass.

When I started that was
a single focused and

be an instrument and meanwhile
most of the commercially available

systems are doing a couple of reasons for
that.

So you have a combination of color and
an eye on call.

That allows you on the one
hand to emit your sample with

him which doesn't do to your
sample been able you raster

your sample with the ambient Of course
you have a little bit of sputtering or

you have an implementation
which you don't want to have.

The other advantage is if you have

charging samples charged can be
neutralized because you have to

carry on the iron with a positive charge
and the electron with a negative charge.

So for charging samples it's
sometimes really good for S.C.M.

imaging to expose them.

Real quick to the to the I beam and
then go back to imaging again.

So here's the typical scheme.

So you have attacked or for
the secondary electrons

and injection.

So I'll show you later on there are a
couple of years into your chamber which

helps to deposit material or
to improve your process.

Vacuum feed our system.

I think sixteen.

So you can add a lot of being chemistry or

chemistry if you have
the money to buy them.

So right now I am a story and
I show you that later.

We only have.

Over time we might get more mystery.

So if you look here.

If I have a sample perpendicular
to my own column so

I can do surface modification and
I can simulate ten years.

Lee or afterwards do imaging with with.

And you have fifty two.

Between the two columns.

So if you look here that
secondary electron image

right after the milling here if you were
asked the across your sample surface and

at the same time your sample
is at the fifty two degree.

So you can Eisley see
the cross-section here modification.

Here's just a comparison of the electron

ions we're using you'll see the particle
size is much much larger of

course than an electron
it's twenty thousand times.

So the resolution of your secondary

electron image can not be as good as
the electron image with a solution.

But you have high mass.

So you can spot her and

modify your surface which you cannot
do with electron beam or not.

So the beam sizes in the nanometer range
for both the energy is up to thirty K.

we beam operation is
usually done at thirty K.

we also you could choose five but
usually modification is thirty K.B.

because the lower K.V.'s are not
enough to spot and you have

lower case of use you have a broader
distribution so less resolution.

Here that's interesting.

You see the penetration
you have penetration.

There are sixty and
then the meter twelve thousand trained and

meters for the electrons and
I are in here twenty and

then a meter so
that also gives you the range of.

To your sample.

We need to focus and be willing and hear
the signal per one hundred particles so

you create hundred to two hundred
secondary electrons per article for

hundred particle fifty to seventy two.

If you're interested to
get more information.

There are two good sources there is and

you can focused on being technology that
just came out two thousand and seven which

gives a nice introduce introduction to the
technology and the stable is out of there.

So what happens if you have your eye

on your sample surface there
are several processes.

You can have either a back
scattering of your ion.

You can have less and

less interaction.

So if you have in elastic interaction
you emit electrons if you have.

If you have

less take into action.

You have interaction.

You see that nicely here.

So you dislocate terms

in Crystal material you form face

changes you have the iron implantation
where you have mentioned before.

And you have if it's
happening at the surface and

the energy trends lated
energy is higher than

the binding energy you have
sputtering of your material.

So here listed all the effect
you can have and the crazy year.

Shows you that simulate the interaction

the size of the interaction with your
eye and beam you see here the penny

is a powered you're given with twenty
nanometer depending on the energy of

your beauty you have two hundred
nanometers and the lead is five to

fifty nanometer if you expose
your beam to your sample surface.

If you have a crystal in sample
you have non uniform milling so

the edges are milling faster and

the middle part hopes the middle part of
your sample and that's very important.

You have dependents of the angle and
hitting the surface.

So there's a lot of simulation
papers which are going

into the dependency of the incident angle

as well as the energy
pm when doing milling.

Here you see a simulation
of the spotter yield.

Versus the incident angle and
what you see the highest spot or

rate you have for
an angle of eighty degree.

And the fastest milling
sample is sync here and

the worst is silicon simulations are done

either with molecule molecule or
dynamics simulation or

with Monte Carlo simulation there
are a commercially available for

for the kind of simulations and this is

the most used the trim or
stream code for doing.

The simulation is a tropic simulation.

So it doesn't account for
all the interactions but

the model fits pretty good
with experimental results.

So here is a simulation for
twenty five to be

hitting copper or silica and
you see here that they are meeting cascade

is much better for
the silicon than for the copper.

So here there are more frustration
you see for ten and thirty K.

we are silicon it takes here twenty eight
hours a night for twenty four and so on.

So I'm printing all
the material you born to mill

you have to determine the spot the rate.

So usually the commercially
instruments provide

you with milling files so
they determine the milling rate.

However if you have a different material
and this is getting more complicated

if you don't use a crystal in sample
if you have like a polymer sample or so

then you have to determine your
billing rate for your sample.

So here a typical milling rate
you see aluminum is milling

very slow Silica is low and
there are already the first

limitations you know you get people
coming to you and say I want to mill.

A fifteen and a trench but

it should be Hundred my computer and
I can tell you are either way.

Doesn't work very well or you want to do
a cross-section thing but you have a layer

of fifty microns of aluminum oxide on
a number in them so that takes forever.

And then if you take forever you have
tripped you have freed the pursuit.

Effect.

And so on.

So you know there is no take me.

We can do everything you want to do so

you have to think about your sample and
your application.

So here are the basic operations.

You can do imaging
the secondary electronics for

imaging and
this is sometimes quite help because it

gives you a better contrast
electron imaging and

it's called challenge tunneling so

sometimes and
this is dependent on the angle and.

So sometimes if you change the angle
you can really nicely resolve

grain boundaries and
lead in an area of twenty meters so

you get a much higher
contrast compared to imaging.

And we're of course you
can spot the smiley but

it looks more like a middle
ghost there than a smiley and

then you can do chemical action
if you haven't interaction and

here we just deposited
M R R C on the silicon.

Substrate.

So about half in the literature.

Here is just a list you
can do devise modification

mask repair that was one of
the initials motivations for focus.

And you can do basic imaging grain and.

There is software out for three D.
recon corruption so

if you slice through the material then
you can really construct it later on.

You can do micro and then that's the part
we're interested or our main focus with.

You can do with their position.

A lot of people use our systems for their.

They make contact.

If you have a single belt or

if you have a carbon and
you want to have a sensor.

It's pretty hard you know usually
to make the contractor electrodes.

So here it's very easy you can contract
with the position I show you that later on

and then of course very important
part of this sample preparation.

If you do usually polishing
sometimes it's hard to get the point

of your sample you're
interested in polished to less.

So this is very very nice and I show
you examples for that and then types of

samples in principle there is not real
limitations of course if you samples.

You have to take some measures
to get good results and

then you have to think about what
happening before on the list

the heating of the sample due to the iron
solid interaction is a problem and

I show later on an example where
you see the effect of heating and

if you polymers you know the energy
my trust be enough to form

other reactions in there and you get
a false result of your cross-section.

So nice thing is you can upload files and
this is not scientific.

What I show you here but
I think it was nice of first this hour so

you can upload any from a web page.

I did the day before Christmas
in the afternoon I create my own

Christmas card and I shouldn't do
that on a scientific instrument but

I just uploaded the file and
do the milling and

you see here it just added Merry Christmas
and you have a nice Christmas.

Card a micro Christmas card with very
high resolution you see here the bar's

five microns so you can get features
resolve down to fifty nanometers and

here you see if you have for grayscale
image the rate of milling is different so

you can do three dimensional
structuring with one map and

there is like in the recommended
before the toilet and

I thought I'd put it on
the paper on the slide but

then I thought I already have
something on scientific symbol.

I didn't want to add something more so
than a little toy.

But they're also made for micro Motors.

With with Matt Miller.

This is an example published by
a serial long screw up to have here.

You know this nano helix milling
using I guess the Noble.

And with the fish they could determine

that the preservation of
the shape after birth.

So there is no relaxation of the Nano
helix with the focus there and here.

So you can do a lot of
surface modification.

Another example I looked at and

you see here this is a nano particle with
the diameter of sixteen nanometer and

that's covered with a layer
we had a collaboration with

also in chemistry layers.

Sensitive and heat and fatigue so
if you change the temperature they swell.

And they can collapse again and
we did some studies on that and

this particle without any
contact with coating.

So with a sixty nanometer.

You see it completely.

But it's pretty hard to do the milling
because it's a non-contact of samples so

you have tripped involved but
you see here nicely the hydrogen covering

the particle and of course that would be
a nice example if you could combine that.

With an Because then you
could do afterwards and

measure during swelling of your particle.

Another particles or we are working
on molecules printed polymers and

it would be really nice you
know there is the chemical or

the chemistry society is drawn into two

sides imprinting is nonsense and

the other believe or
think they have scientific.

It's working.

So it would be nice if you
could make a particle and

see whether you can see the micro
channels of course again this is

conductive sample it's
pretty hard to mill.

So what I tried and that was a shot.

I thought if I soak it in I only can
liquid and might get a better contrast

than if they ionic liquid would
penetrate into any porous there.

I might have enough contrast to see.

The cross-section.

Particles So this is one sphere and

it's covered here with ironic liquid and
cross-section ink.

However I don't feel any channel so
either you know my own intellect or

it was not the right choice or
again due to

the interaction with a higher energetic
beam I might modify the surface or

the interface don't see the channels but
I think it's a nice

demonstration what you can
do in single particles with.

Another nice capability.

You can do out to slice and so there
is automatic software you can set up.

You see you can define slices and
then you know

it's creating a reconstruction of that and
again this was part of a micro

part already had in there and
you don't see a good contrast if you have

inclusions in your material then
you could slice through and

you get the construction of your
inclusion of particle in there.

Prototyping I mentioned before
the community is growing more and

more to prototyping Here
are some examples provided

at F.E.I. you see here nano print so

you have thirty nanometer now on
approach to positive with even chemistry

there you have a full Tanika Ray so
you can create very nice regular patterns.

However.

A lot of users come and

say I want a one centimeter by one
centimeter of fifty millimeter pillars.

So the field of view for
that is four hundred micrometers so

you're limited in what you can do
you could do feel stitching so

you move your sample on however you
introduce about twenty percent.

And again depending on your sample and
it's kind of tricky.

That's our only research what
we do we modify cantilever

in a way the contacting layer and then

to lever and then to flip milling to
expose the electrodes in principle

what we want to do with scanning
electro chemical microscopy So

you use here to probe any micro like for
chemistry or

activity going on on your surface and
that's very interesting for

biological samples there
are a lot of bio active and

allied for example on the cell surface.

You can measure glucose A.T.P.
hydrogen peroxide and so and so on.

By having a little electro tiny
electrode integrated into this and

you get the topography at the same time so
you add to scanning pro pier and

then another pro is working
as opposed to going.

He created the terror probe and

you see here the resonate with

your the aperture radiation.

So you see you can do a lot
of prototyping fabrication.

It's a serial pro se.

So it takes time and of course therefore

just again

how you can use for

milling so you can opt depending
what sample holder you have

you can upload quite a bit of cantilever
to hear the modified and then.

And you can record.

And you end up in a nice example.

And I and how are you here.

He was working with six in the cantilever.

With.

The beauty by electrochemical
the position or.

Sputtering different electrode
material you can modify

each individual and
then you have the whole sensor.

And again in the last step.

This was micro fabricated from scratch and

the last that the opening
was done I focused on and

there is not a lot where
you can do a three

dimensional structure at
that scale because if you do

regularly talk or
a few larger electrodes for

for resolution you are interested
to have a very small electric.

So.

I mentioned before that
you can guess chemistry or

chemical reactions involved and
here is a list right now.

And that's mainly for

circuit repair or protect or
contact your sensors and

here is the chemistry imprints
of the organic precursor

going very close to
your sample surface you

introduce us to your sample surface there.

And then interaction with the carrier and
use the precursor

material on your sample surface
size of mosque you used.

Also you have gas assisted very important.

I mentioned before a problem
is read their position so

whatever you may weigh
that space somewhere.

So usually if you take a trench
you see you get a cold because

you have position of the material
you can improve significantly

by having chemistry and
you can have selective

carbon mail in principle that
both the polymer samples and

then you have an insulator and
that's fluoride or

metal and Hans you have guests here.

And you see here are the parts so you
can add a couple of them to your system.

If you are rich enough to do so.

Here is an example that was recently

in the Netherlands and

here is a ring resonator that
was arsenide and you see here.

On fluoride very nice
clear features very steep.

If you do the same milling without any
beam chemistry you see you have a lot of

the position you have you have like
droplets formation all over the which is

not what you would like to have if you
want to do your micro nana for brick.

And here you have and Huntsman's for
the different chemistry.

And also some of the chemistry
are slowing it down.

So if you want to mill polymer on
a silicon You know it's good to

have selective carbon because.

If you only want to milk
the polymer you know your silicon

winning rate is reduced significantly and
your polymer

is enhanced so
nice to have all of them but.

The money was only there for
one with the president's position.

Example for the selective carbon mill.

Again and here you have an example for
milling polymer without.

And with significantly difference
between between the two and

of course I mentioned before you
have your sample perpendicular So

if you feel it's going onto
your sample surface it's very

much dependent on
the structure of your sample.

So you.

You have different milling rates on
your sample and if you have an alloy

or different material then you have
very different material rate which is

sometimes frustrating if you want to
have a clean trench in your sample.

And again here you see the rates for
the polymer.

I go a little bit more into depth for
the Platinum the position because

we are interested in we want to use
the deposited platinum as an electrode.

And because we have the system here.

So you have the organic precursor you
heated you bring the needle very close

to your sample surface we're talking about
one hundred fifty to three hundred micron.

And then you have your precursor
onto the sample surface and then you

hit it with the galley or you split the
precursor and you have your position here.

And as you can see already here.

So you have the ratio between carbon.

Platinum is unfavorable So
you you compensate you don't

deposit platinum competent materials or
principle you have

proven implantation you have carbon and
you have to know.

So here are some examples a line that
was deposited with a beam current of one

hundred nine a meter looks pretty nice and
this is what we are working currently

on are you still working currently on
we implement biosensors into this air.

However if you have such
a small Elektra mound of

biomolecules there is pretty low and
there for

the current yield is very low and
noise is a big problem if you're scared

you have the to attach to the scanner
if you scan across the surface.

So we thought we can keep the lateral
mansions pretty pretty much the same but

we can increase the electric active
area during the deposition and

have a good Elektra.

However this composite material
is not very favorable for

electro chemistry and
we can tell you they have.

Here we made a nozzles we feel
the backside of the string

with platinum and then drill a hole
through so you could use to you know if

you bring it close to your sample surface
to suck anything that's released there so

that's not very far but
that's an idea here we have to do that.

So here again small alliance
twenty five nanometer lines and

you can get about lines about
twelve thirteen nanometers but

you cannot create a paper.

One millimeter with an enemy lines.

You can also use platinum their
position however you have even a higher

and lower contact because you
don't implant with the contact.

So if you're only interested
to use platinum contact.

It's fine if you want to do a little
bit further investigation like power.

So here is a scheme for the trade.

If you think about her and
if you're too high

the sample faster than you
can deposit the material.

If it's too low the pro's extremely
slow to a point where you just

precursor and you don't get any position.

So you but
you want to have a medium range rule of

per square my commuter However if
you change the middle position and

your position are changing dramatically.

Maybe the composition is changing so
there is a lot

of effect influencing your position there.

And that I mentioned some
studies on the very current and

you see on our system even for
five hundred were not

mailing the samples we are still
paying and you see the growth rate.

Also we are interested in
the platinum content so

if you go to literature
you'll see that the bear.

Quite a bit so you have reports from
fifteen to twenty up to fifty percent and

platinum since we are very interested
in the high platinum content we try

to reproduce value and
Justina collaboration with.

Years on I think of one my
computer patch you laid out

our platinum content on our systems and

she tried post pled Quantrill and
is about twenty percent.

So she contacted her and
all is quick on track to the F.B.I. and

we're still not sure because you know
there are a lot of in certainly how they

use selective carbon will claim
that they got up to eighty percent.

However it was not reproducible but

if you do electrochemistry you want to
have the same composition every time.

So you're still doing a little bit
more further investigation on that and

of course we're more than happy to
share that data with anybody of you

who is interested using
the positional number system.

Another example because I talked
about the can send each group

made a sensor of a single diatom and
they use that and

the platinum for contacting so they have
here and that was published in Nature.

It's already out there didn't
update that they happen and

guess answer with the single and
the focus that may be possible.

But that's a very nice application for
that.

Now the last time I would
like to spend on in

order to prep you need
a micro many to you or

your you know your little sample out and
our system has the client Eric.

Not as convenient as the only prob in the
US usually the systems are equipped with

only protocols are software controlled.

For the client you have an extra so

you have to be very careful when you're
micromanaged don't pump into your.

Color choir bit of experience
before you are allowed to use but

here you see this fine
needle you can manage.

With your sample you can
use the platinum position

to Psalter a part to the needle and
lift it out and move it to

just stupid movie sample but
it's nice you can make a snowman.

So you attach it with the platinum you
put it where you can attach it and

then cut it here with focused and in and
since it's a nice compact example you can

create a movie at the same time when you
do it with the platinum growing and.

A nice example if you go to prep

hours it's a little bit more tricky
because you want to have a very very

thin layer Mellor and
then you have to take it out.

So here are common techniques.

So the part that's called because
it looks like and if you do that.

So you do a mechanical pretty thing
off your sample then you mounted

to a copper crate and
then you do find anything for

you for your sample and to lift out.

You then you put.

You put your sample out and you already
cut it out but only a little piece is

holding you a teeny tiny sample and then
you'll need an extra micro-mini plate and

an optical microscope microscope and you.

Capillary forces or electrostatic
interaction with a fine class

could pillory you to pull yourself out.

I think it sounds already that you need
a lot of experience to have this very like

fifty two hundred never meet
the nicely prepared or very nice out.

So you do everything in the chamber
you have to come in there in your

sample you pull it out.

You put it on a career and you're done.

And you know as an experience
I think you're more in

the experience and you show you later on.

You can come down to
a very different time and

that was an application engineer

in twenty six minutes but
he didn't answer any questions.

He was like you have to be quiet now and
then he was like working on a very

impressive twenty six
minute I would like that.

So here's this you have here to put

your pretty clean sample
on there because you don't

want to have the implantation
into your sample that's pretty

tricky thing in it and then you.

You know you from top and
you view it from the side.

And.

Here you see here.

Nice contrast in there sample.

So the first thing you cut from for

on from the middle and cut it out here.

So you use a focused and
beam again and then you mounted and

then you can lift it out.

So here is the whole regime.

So here you have the cross the road.

Cutting and then you either you

when it's still in or you mounted
to the grid the grid and then and

then already on the grid and here you see
this you share it on a cart you have to

tilt the sample stage here you see
the needle coming in you attach your leg

to the needle using the platinum then you
can lift it out and mounted on the cord.

And I mention automated software.

So you can mark the spot of your
sample you lay out the Platinum.

Paired here.

So this is the recognition mark for
you or for you.

Automated software.

It can correct for shifts and
then you do the milling so

you can start bed at night and
come back the other day and

you're at this position where
you only have to take it out.

I have to admit I don't have a lot of
experience with that we are no fair.

People should get up to speed and
I hope you will be able.

If you.

You know if you don't use it all the time
that he is preparing himself for you.

So here just a list of

what you can do and don't think
due to the time I read that right

now I want to show you another where
also listed the disadvantages.

So you can do math class
patterning nanoscience mailing

difficult materials can be processed and
so on and so on.

However it's cost intensive.

So the hour the charge
here is forty five dollars

per hour economic rate if you need
an operator eight hundred nine dollars.

You cannot do so it's a serial
process things you know if you want.

To process away for takes time.

And then you have sample damage due
to the imaging and implantation or

heating and
sometimes it's tedious to find the right.

Milling rate for your materials or
if a new material you have to start all

over because you want to have nice wheels
and with different grain orientation and

different materials in there
might take quite a time.

So to show you an example and

the person in collaboration
with Dr has interest code.

Paper samples with the polymer
we had another collaboration and

I talked to the still working with
the that's interesting because

what they would like to know is how is the
polymer penetrating into the paper and.

I didn't want to spend many
many many many hours on that

because it didn't give
reproducible results.

Here's just a single fiber you
see here nicely the fiber.

And this is moving into the fire
you see here again the structure

here this is a polymer coated you see
here nicely the polymer layer and

then the fiber structure of the paper.

However the paper is
Hundred my commuter think

here quite a time you see here
it's mounted to the carbon.

Here you see the polymer of
the paper fibers and the polymer but

it's really hard to tell sometimes I

have a contrast see how it's
penetrating than a middle position.

And I didn't feel and

then if you look at your sample
afterwards with the optical microscope.

You see that you do quite a bit of
damage on yourself about ever you see

here might be just an artifact and
has nothing to do with how do you.

The Palmers really had it right there.

So in

order to avoid that it would
be nice to have a cryo stage.

You could freeze your sample and do
the full milling on the frozen samples so

you would reduce the damage
done by keeping quiet.

And this is very interesting in
that star starting right now.

Penn State has a system
with a cry was stage.

So this is very interesting for

biological polymer research to
have this tool and in principle.

It's just so you have a transfer
tambour and then the cool state.

Another possibility for Polymer samples
is using the environmental S.M.

However you cannot mill high vacuum for
doing any by milling.

Examples we started we looked a little bit
silly but I think you know you have to

it's in principle we have a water
atmosphere in there and you cycle that and

I think when we did the cycling we
didn't we were not careful enough so

we tried to sample out before we really
did imaging there is now available and

I think Shell already bought it for
the SE.

There are caps where you can
keep your sample in a liquid.

It's like with a member and
the electrons can penetrate

your sample real wet in there and
here are some literature examples of

a unified South and
I think you get pretty nice imaging and

then also you know
the environmental S.C.M. is here.

I think it's just somebody
playing around with using.

Sample.

Here's the crowd I mentioned before.

Again you can freeze your hydrated and
you read

quite a bit so couple of papers out is

an application you see here that was
a polymer with ceramic particles and

you know it's smeared out but
you see nicely the contrast here.

Here is example of an outer membrane

two hundred men a metre you.

And that was also cryo So

if Marcy is very rich and needs to
spend some money something interesting.

Again limitations are you talked
about here's an example for

the wanted to have a five
hundred nanometer whole

thing twenty micron in and what do you
see here now is this really filling.

So this would be an application where
the chemistry would be very helpful and

chemistry.

What you have to do if you have to move
the cones or if you're only interested in

one side you have the small you
can mill from the other side and

try to bear.

And then here.

I mentioned before that the trench.

If you just apply a line in
the pedaling that's durable but

if you want to have that on a large scale.

I I don't.

So the repros produce ability wouldn't
be good and then another limitation of.

If you do really like sometimes you know
somebody comes and say I have a flaw.

And I want to make
a crating in the slides so

you have to otherwise
it's really the truth.

You never get a good resolution of that.

Something else if

you have money you can buy
a flip in the chamber.

So you can do the processing and
imaging at the same time

which would be also nice to have got
of course very very expensive again.

And with that I would like to thank.

Post.

Now the center and
one of the major reasons we

turn to the characterization
center the I.P.S..

Has really building problems so

we had in summer we had temperatures
over one hundred in there so

the electronic was failing because
one of the Tiller was not working and

you know we were really scared that we're
not covered under the service contract

anymore you couldn't use the system
we had a couple of power outages for

a long time with water in there.

You know and
that's just not the right thing.

We had the power room across the hallway
we had huge bill cancellation systems and

as I can see here the room
is really good so far so

I think it was a good move to
do that I would like to thank

all the people because he is
now in charge of the system so

I would like to thank our service
engineer who lives in the area.

So if there's a problem.

He comes in.

Research questions and
then people involved in our.

And Brian what are you.

And Dr has for
the paper collaboration and of course and

for the funding in your for
your attention and the hope for too long.