It's something that we call artificial intelligence process control. With the goal that I mentioned the entire time is scaling all the inventions that you may have here and at other places. Our ideas behind how this might be done and how we're starting to do it and how you know customers and partners of ours are starting to do it. Now this is this is something that you may or may not agree with this part we think that life kind of goes intentions of making the world a better place I think nearly universal. But even with those intentions technologically. Or even just society in general you can be running parallel and everything can be going fine but they can start to diverging if we start to choose the wrong things. And I'll talk about what some of those are I think are labels got lost here. So I won't go into that too much I don't know how that happened but we will the. And we'll see what we think is the right thing in the wrong thing. And of course this is up for debate and would love to have debate on it so this is one called the Gigafactory that. Tesla opened recently in Nevada. It's an interest remotely a large factory it's a single floor extremely large factory for making extremely small batteries. Now if we go back in time and I think part of that. Part of that divergence was had to do with you know making a very large batch. Things in big facilities which we consider kind of an old idea or making in this very small and affordable ie the way that somebody like Eric Drexler described with with using you know assemblers or even like we're seeing with industrial three D. printers where you're making something that is about the size of the three D. printer so why have such an enormous facility. I think that Tesla and all of the rescue rest of mosques companies have done amazing things this is one idea I don't think is really the way to look at things in the future so they do combined these ideas that are starting to be considered the State of the art you know normal things so STATE OF THE AIR You know you have. Really the state of the art which is the we call the state of the art that bottom part of the curve you know what the state of the art which is the state of the art is also status and in our view. The what we want is improvement so this is the way factories have been done. There's a there is a natural leg from lab to factory and something like this occurs. The Internet of things we talked a bit I.O.T. doc just was talking about it's amazing and important we could think of ourselves in a way of being an industrial Internet of Things company but in some ways it's a dangerous concept. In the sense that you're just producing a lot of data and what do you do with that data if you have data across this whole facility you have to figure out how to combine that data and get rid of the wasted data so the data being a type of pollution in a sense unless you know how to manage that data which we'll get into a bit. I'm. Distributed networks instead of vertically integrated networks something else we'll talk about. So in intended future we're going to see which is our are our ideas that of course are not only our ideas. I've learned that don't be careful about taking credit for anything because somebody in this room might be doing the same thing and I welcome that it's wonderful if people are working on similar things where you have process optimization high yield less waste this is the this is the future that is that divergence is going up you might think of really these are two conventions in a way the Hyperloop and they get a factory but one we consider to be a vertically integrated idea that affects transportation things like this so. So you saw one big picture of our instrument but part of this is that it isn't taking up a large part of an enormous factory. It's also can be so it can also be right next to a production tool and I'm repeating some of what I mentioned earlier but we'll just go into a bit more detail about that. So it's moving in this case a semiconductor wafer moving it onto a macro inspection aligning it and then doing inspection on a smaller scale it's one tool. This is something that John will talk about an application later on in some of being egged Gnostic to applications this is an application for a film that goes underneath the screen of an i Phone Is that correct so this type of technology that is critical seems like. An old material science invention in a way but if you're dealing with something that requires it. Pixel is a pixel that's wrong can propagate through out. A screen this is an issue so using a tool online with a roll the roll manufacturing and still be able to do inspection. Work something I give this rather than that small or this is still incredibly small for materials lab. But it's you know what we roll to roll doing the same thing this is actually a conceptual design we have done for an aerospace company that does carbon composites for parts of an airplane where they have to overlay these manually overlay the different layers of the carbon composite at angles that are very are very specific and some of the things that we're looking at could not be more mission critical we we work with you know if you're working on a self driving car for instance you can't get anything wrong so you need good AI For this you need good you need to make sure that everything comes out perfect obviously an airplane you want to make sure that a human that's inspecting it does not get anything wrong so this actually does not eliminate humans they move to different days lay them down imaging they they inspect train an AI system and then place it down and move it to others so it makes those jobs not the Boreas miserable jobs that we had said before but makes it something that produces quantitative interesting results that are guided by a neural net. But still involves people so it looks something like this this is conceptual work but it can work even over you know using this boom to look at an entire you know for oil in an airplane something called telescopic microscopy so my cost me a bit looking at over large areas. Yes the whole wing. So Tories and intended future that. A lot of this is the world that we're we're starting in with partners to you know do little bits and pieces of but where does this all go where does it go from imaging right next to something to creating cities so I think this is really grand vision things some of them will see sooner rather than later I think I I'm hoping that we see them all eventually. So what this is this is how you can think of a normal factory. And it doesn't matter if it's the most sophisticated semiconductor factory or a car factory I say that if Henry Ford were to come back right now and walk through a fab. Course he would have been injured a clean room couldn't imagine the electronics that are involved but the process is still his assembly line. Things still work in that map manner and there's some inherent problems with that as you move to more critical things going forward. A big part of that is that it is simply a line is meant to produce the same thing over and over again that's good right you know if you set a spec you continue to produce it over and over again but why though if you're going to keep up with doing rapid iterations and improving quality why that has its limitations so this just goes on and on until you have something that. Looks like this and you're getting to be a bigger and bigger factor to something that looks like this and that's agenda up with. She is I can't believe I mean that's critical of this factory This is a pretty I'm a. Easing invention in there's solar panels across the entire thing the power it it's hopefully will produce the best batteries possible and it very well might. But just to push back on not it's easy to push back on what we consider is a low margin old fashioned business is it's less that people are pushing back on things like this but there are reasons to I think. Now this is history that you may all know but something that we keep in mind a lot. Before World War two I would say so really in the night we talk about this leg between inventions in labs versus things that happened in production and so in the late twenty's out of Bell Labs. And inventors came up with an idea of statistical process control where because you didn't have sensors that can measure and produce enormous amounts of data there was this is to Stickley relevant amount of data that would allow you to have a process that's in control whether then what happened before that which was making sure that at either steps in the process or at the end of a process of production line you would have just pass or fail quality control checks. So that that invention incurred but then there became this necessity post World War two where Deming went to Japan and basically rebuilt a country that had been burned to the ground and ended up making you know taking this some of these early Bell Lab ideas putting them into practice so that you get these amazing Chinese production ideals that we are still using in the world of S.P.C. so things like lean manufacturing and it's all based on S.. See. One way you can Fink of this is that you could imagine doing inspection physical inspection on you know it's a designed experiment that has some type of statistical relevance and that would produce a product is that what meets your spec you so people that well that that's old because now we're collecting a lot of data but even though we're collecting a lot of data that data is limited to what we're collecting it from. So your the idea of what dimming did be to create control charts for each part of the process so something is significantly different in the mean it's a certain amount of standard deviations away from the mean it's not it's not falling out of quality you know it would still pass quality but the process would be altering being altered so that you know that there's an issue in that part of the process. Basic idea it's sampling it's interesting the same thing occurs even if you have sensors at each of those levels so I put a little bit back on Internet of Things and this is done correctly so you could have a part of a process than if you're familiar something called P ID controllers this is something existed for a long time that on say a temperature controller you set you have a set point of a temperature that you would like to get to and there's some simple regression analysis that happens to make sure that it always stays within that control so in a way that sort of this a small AI A P I D controller that allows for S.P.C. to be allows Deming's model to work but if you have a process that is bit as large as what we're talking about with a semiconductor fab or that Gigafactory or other things what happens at the end of the entire process even if you're not out of those. Limits on any individual layer of the process you can have a jittery final product. So there's no speaking back and forth between the process itself and different parts of the process and the whole not in a I doubt it's not how some go by propagation works where there is you know you're assigning causality along the way because your computer you're communicating back to a central system that's saying wait it doesn't matter what the temperature was because somehow three steps later something else went wrong so maybe the temperature should be altered even if it was out of what we thought the temperature should be so in the end you have this self-contained system. I mean do you mind body is like this things go wrong all the time but it's self correcting. And if you have good analytical tools you can start to assign causality to why something happened why an infectious disease was caused by a mosquito bite and so on this is a similar thing that we think factories should be they should not be just the dimming model but should be it's not S.P.C. but a I.P.C. so dimming did a great job but we want to actually every time get better. Our factories should be better our products should be better and that information of where causality were something could have gone out of control you can and you can address it and you can invent something new. So. If we think about. This non vertically integrated world we live in where in the semiconductor world there are a lot of companies that in I think starting in the eighty's and ninety's went to some fabulous fabs where. He would go to a foundry by and this still happens all the time you buy. Your way for from one place to integrated another and you have a sort of a large supply chain this is great unifies the world. In a way this is great commerce it doesn't necessarily allow for something like a I.P.C.. So I mean if we look by the way in a we inspect many layers of an i Phone for instance and we're talking about factories in Cupertino chipsets that are made in Italy and another company assembled at Foxconn in China. So if there's something wrong with the coding versus something wrong with this that this screen versus something that's wrong with the chipset the really you're dealing with some statistical variations within each node being a whole factory not a node even being parts of the process so this is sort of spiral thing. On the far side is what we consider something just moving spiraling down a single factory that can make something. What's what's interesting is this also comes out of a Japanese ideology so I said maybe certain things don't apply anymore because we have so much data and we have and you know we have deep learning and basing probabilistic learning and all of these other tools available to us one thing that did work in something called lean manufacturing. Was this idea that you don't necessarily want to have the largest batch now semiconductor companies don't do this they make they go from you know a one inch wafer that has very few devices to eventually a three hundred millimeter wafer and they have tried to do a foreigner in fifty millimeter wafer and you go. Bigger package more devices and you only need one tool for it. It's a really lean model is you have as small of batches as you can so that you're controlling everything as it goes and you have you know it's ten a single device that then gets integrated into a phone directly on the same production line and you're controlling each of these so you have a very small factory footprint you're and you're sticking to kind of lean manufacturing ideology and you're doing this by constant feedback and feedforward in the process I mean there is this issue that you know there are many things that lead to this rocks a lot of problems and one of them is if a way for goes bad it's a three hundred millimeter wave for the whole wafer goes bad if it's just one chip you have much less of that problem one chip is probably unrealistic at this point but you know we're you can with a company for instance that makes a very small. That makes a very small F.M.R.I. and what we would like to do is have them create a factory that makes the chipset that and everything else that goes into this in a space that would normally be required for each one of those steps a much larger facility that's working for a lot of different companies so we have some really interesting examples of how this works. And this this has some I think geographical and cultural implications you can have entire factories around the country and around the world that make entire products it's also wonderful for entrepreneurs or people with a I do as they can reach out to entrepreneurs we work with a company that is right now getting an enormous amount of attention for potentially being the first quantum computer. And they're competing against I.B.M. it's a start up company. In a fair hell how large is that we get a fab do you know you've been there. Not much larger than this room you can imagine what their competitors that are we're trying to work for the most advanced Maybe world changing thing ever which is quantum computers and they're they're not inhibited by the find the financing because they're trying to create the process in such a way. And I mean MIT just did an article just two days ago saying that they're just as likely to succeed at this in the next few years and have a proof of concept. Before the end of the year as any of the other companies that are competing for this all of which are more time Altay billion dollar companies. So you saw this picture earlier it's reinforced this is this is what we're talking about that no matter how much data you're collecting it doesn't you know the probably shouldn't even be the white lines in between it's a fully connected process where you don't consider a single production tool or a single sensor in a production line to exist by itself using as you see it as a whole process and once you see it for a single factory that makes one thing you can see it for a single factory that makes an entire. You know and in and in tire not semiconductor devices but an entire product that would be a consumer product or a commercial product in some way and you know we've seen pieces of this working such as they were getting example also a big hard drive manufacturer I mean the so there are a number where it's starting. But this is the goal we place as P.C. with A I P C It's only now becoming possible and I did John will go into some applications. Of where at least on the imaging and recognition side the feedback loop changes from the way that it did before. So you've heard about imaging I've barely touched on how AI works I've barely touched on the way Super resolution works or on the way rapid three D. inspection works touched a bit on how large visions of the future but since I've touched so little really in the end please let me know what you're interested in and we'll talk more about it do you have any questions at all or just areas that I can go into more detail about yes please. Yeah. Sure so. Well the things that I think that the first place you can start to think about it is. A bit the just take one part of a process so we're talking with a whole factory let's start with one part of a process and. A microscope that uses a high. So. If you're dealing with a reactor something that is doing a deposition of a thin film on a compound semi-conductor doesn't matter if you have any background in this particular area or not it's a reactor it's a certain temperature it's growing a seed of a crystal on another crystal and your you you have something that is a device that is better or different than anything if it were not to pose. Now on the substrate that happens before you put this deposition on. There can be limits so there can be defects on the substrate. Those defects can be predefined as either device breakers that just things will not work you have to throw it out they could be defined as well this is a problem that we have to look at later or that we don't use that section of the way for. But you may be you may inspect that and inspect it in an S.P.C. way so you're looking and you're saying there's something going on so then you're doing adding something to that with fairly limited knowledge but knowing that it passes your specifications so somehow you're not going to throw away this way for the. Substrate made and so you're going to then add something called an ep a taxi to it and you're going to do this in a reactor with that has deposition so then you get through with this and then you measure it again with a microscope. Microscope being this AI enabled super rez microscope and you find that there are more defects. Now. Where did this happen and why did this happen. You could at that point choose to throw away the entire thing but that could be hundred thousand dollars you know that you're wasting right there I mean we have a customer that has an eight inch wafer with one hundred thousand devices on it and it costs one hundred thousand dollars in the end because isn't that the device so this could be an extremely expensive mistake so you have to know why did this occur so the S.P.C. answer would be well you're looking and if the if the substrate was in control and the reactor was set to a certain temperature certain humidity all the conditions that it was set to. Then we're just going to keep optimizing it intil there's no problem in the end instead we try to see and John to go through this is what are the what are the trends that are happening so if there are hundreds of thousands of defects in the end what's causing those defects in the reactor so there are sensors on the reactor that are being measured you're taking that data you're taking the data from the information that we've acquired from the substrate measurements and then the information from the at the taxi microscopy measurement and through that you create one final control chart and that final control chart will say OK Something went wrong at one place now if you have a feedback system. That has you know that is you know constantly giving information back and forth it can say actually this happened it cracked the lattice structure by being by something being altered in the reactor so it should be able to set the reactor in real time to be able to adjust for that. So suddenly you don't personally know a human doesn't know what caused the problem. But an AI is learning through a process that there is a problem and what conditions change that problem so that it can be changed in real time so suddenly you have. A really complex device like you say it's a silicon substrate maybe it's a gallium nitride attack see that you're growing on it and somehow because of this feedback and feedforward you're creating it in product that works eventually because it's learning the way. A simple set a human would learn you don't exactly know why you learned to do something but through exposure you have learned it and you've changed your behavior. This small part of it produces a compound semi-conductor. Now the AI that does that John we'll talk a bit about how that works but it's this really interesting thing that we are the data that is pollution isn't pollution if you consider that the total amount of outcomes that you don't want to have for each of these layers is actually fairly small. So you know there are say thirty different potential types of defects and on both of those layers but there may be hundreds of thousands of them so a human can't see them they can't do anything with them they're too small there's too many of them. But their limit. So it's what we would consider sparse data so most everything except for those defects you can just ignore so you don't have the data pollution anymore you're working within a fairly small set and it starts that you start by actually training this you know you're teaching a system what a defect looks like and because it's smarter than we are it will get it right it will get rid of the bad ones and you can monitor this through time and John will show you this of how it gets better and when it gets better but then the next time you do it it's already learned and keep learning. And so we call That's a prior that it has then so it gets better with time because of this you have one small layer of this now that exists we can do that now if you take that same idea and then say we're going to print devices on it. Well maybe you go through this entire thing you see the process is not just a substrate with an epitaph but it's a substrate a taxi and an L.C.D.. That comes out of it in the end so what process goes into that so it just becomes another layer in of inputs in a neural net. So this can continually scale within a process until you have something enormously grand now. We're nowhere near doing this for cities. Entire factories that are making from the start of a car tire to the electronics in a car but we're doing it all of those individual places so that we're setting the groundwork and the ideology to bring those together and it's the exact same ideology. Now if your question is So does that make sense first of all. This. This makes sense OK. You know. Anything. This is a system. To this day. So. Give you. System. So my guess is that OK so there's nobody that's doing it so there's nobody that's doing this computational part of it because there are technologies that if so it wouldn't be the most efficient there's two parts of what we do so there's the fact that we can make a in an inexpensive tool that gets high resolution and can give information that makes factories cheaper more efficient and so on and it's one tool instead of many but you can imagine something that has many many tools there's a lot of physics and great advances and everything from microscopy to sensors and all of this exist so the ability to acquire a lot of data and to exists now what but to but the idea ideology even of assigning this type of feedback loop feedback and feedforward system with inputs some hidden layers in a neural net and a desired single desired in control output nobody's doing. And to a large extent you know we're only doing tiny bits of it right now but you know but what you know we will I often think that we don't have a lot of competitors and nano tonics so I don't mind talking about anything we have a lot of potential collaborators. If somebody is minute we're going to need the people to make the reactors to. Able to pry the right information and to be able to adjust it we're going to need people that have a lot do electrical testing and protesting and all of these things we're going to need other microscope makers products so we think of this space is one that we need to talk about so that everybody is involved with it and understands that it's not just your Amazon echo they can have a system of learning but also a factory can but nobody is doing it and to the extent that everybody starts if you're in a deficit of defense of room of business leaders the largest companies in any of these spaces they will mediately say we've been doing in machine learning and collecting big data since one nine hundred eighty and I'm sure you're doing a great job of it you are accumulating it you've made great progress but no matter. Whether you've had done this it wasn't possible it's only now becoming possible to be this fast and run a real time neural net so there's nothing to do with the genius is that maybe in those companies has to do with you know that these technologies have not been able to converge before so that's why nobody's doing it maybe it's partially a lack of vision partially status quo thinking and partially just something new. Yes please. This is your. Right so. Right so we we consider that. If if I were to look at all of these other nodes and all of the testing nodes in in I'm in a facility we happen to think that. That imaging looking at either morphology or cow in looking at all of the pixels that you can gather to be a first most important step right now so that's why we provide this so we start is imaging I view that at our company research were damaged imaging a nano trying to automations are one company but this is why were we think of it in this way so we do provide these bays of imaging. And we provide a way in which we can train a system so we have you can think of our company as being a large a huge codebase. That has a super easy to use front end for people to train things now it's the training is completely agnostic to whether it's our tools or other tools so we sell software for doing as C.M. in T.M. analysis we. We would you know we are an imaging company and we find that sometimes morphology can relate to electrical properties in ways that people didn't know it could before so we do supply the whole system and we supply the software separately and we supply a service that is not doing testing for others but the service being we're constantly improving your system not even this to your physical system we're improving your software system because we have a learning system that as we improve you approve so we get so honest a business sense of it we sell physical instruments we sell a long with the software or we sell the software separately or if we sell the software with the physical units we have an ongoing a new Woody which is being you know the updating of that software and keeping everybody relevant all the time so that the specs you look at are not fair. And you're not using today's equivalent of a floppy disk later on let's have the business model. Please I think so. Yeah. Me. Right. So. John and John will go into this a bit more but and training we have to first realize that the I mean the self driving car is an excellent example of an AI P.C. at work if you have a successful self driving car it's a self-contained system that's reacting to a lot of external inputs producing an output of not crashing and getting places as as quickly inefficiency as fission is possible so I P C exists in the sense of a self driving car not the inputs that you're giving in in our case are. The spar system out of human inputs possible this is the goal of what and I'm by the way I'm not saying that we have achieved everything this step we have a little bit and you know I don't I don't want to say that we are these but. The equivalent of self driving car we kind of achieve So what what we're doing is to say we have five thousand or just say a thousand for instance cracks that have an angle to the crack and the length of the crack a human would be measuring though so you know a crack is bad you know an angle that is over a certain degree is bad. So you train a system you say now that looks long I'm going to circle it chain a system that looks like the wrong angle I'm going to circle it you do this. Thirty times a few of those you're just going to get wrong you know the difference in six micron difference you know a human just going to get it wrong. And the first step to an AI is to say. Well you know we're going to get. Rid of the you know we're going to say that that doesn't seem to work throughout the whole system so maybe you should look at this and retrain it so then more retrain it and the next level of unsupervised learning will to be to retrain it now when you get enough data a human doesn't have to do anything so the system then unsupervised understands that you don't want these cracks and you've run so many tests and you've done so many things and it's fed back to this final process of success that the car not crashing is every chip working. And process always being in control so always not not only not getting in a crash but always getting there most efficiently Once you have enough data humans are training as sparsely as possible that's our big goal in order to get to a point where a machine continues to take that data and put it into a larger training set so it starts to creating its own training set. It's almost exactly the way that oneself driving cars are fully optimized. They will work. You know it won't stop driving cars will do is I think probably more similar to what and a few food you know deep minded division of Google beat the world champion and go the hardest most complex game that most theoreticians says couldn't win for you know it will never be able a computer will never be able to win it when it won by something called reinforcement learning where you make a huge study millions and millions of things and you go back you make mistakes and eventually the AI makes decisions that a human wouldn't make and becomes superior and human but you know goal player will set. Possibly thought of that the best just the just go players even looking back and think of it now we're lucky in a factory in especially so even a complicated thing is not as complicated and driving a car is not nearly as complicated as go there are there is a sparse amount of things that can happen so we can use other systems of machine learning that don't require millions and millions and millions of datasets the way that learning Go does and that's our big challenge is to be able to use the sparse amount of data to get that type of improvement that makes decisions that human could never make and you know in some cases we succeed in a lot of cases we have a long way to go. And there is another question here I'm sorry. Yeah John we have it with three case studies or so. OK Yes So we're going to a feel and then if you want to talk about more I mean we're lucky that we have I get with the greatest thing is that we're not a semiconductor company or we're not a nano tech company we get to see what what everybody else like you guys are doing in many different fields so a lot of different case studies so I don't know whether I don't know if you have this one but we have worked on self driving cars we've worked you know these thin film we've worked on. You know. You know all sorts of that you know you'll get into some of these. Later But say I said enough if you're interested in another one just ask me about it afterwards I asked John because we've probably seen a lot of them. How are we on time. OK this is it. OK. Anything else before. For this or do we want to know you please. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Right I mean we're we're interested in giving you the power to train and do that for no matter what you're using now. This is something we've done with a few partners so if we have a seventy five. Instruments in the field there aren't a lot of that that we have out there right now that do that but we have a customer that makes the next generation battery technology that uses a C N T. That. Takes our software does the exact same thing and it's kind of invisible to us. So yes now what we don't do is you don't offload it this is not part of the business model right now you don't offload data to us and we for a price give you data back. We put the the can we have the software system that you would own or be a part of a company or system or a lab from which you can train and work with and use the base the algorithms that we have built into the system already but it's no different to us is that a good way of saying I'm trying to think. Right. Yeah. Yeah I mean so ultimately. We're interested in factories. Because because I am interested in seeing somebody from an extremely large pharma company. My board level mazing scientists said to me and they're spending money on a buying a bunch of biotech companies and said you know really. Everything the vast majority of things have have been solved for what we're dreaming of in chemistry we don't they're not going to be enormous chemistry advances. In the scaling of that and making getting those into the world is going to require combinations of that chemistry that we don't yet know and making sure that this works in a will when they said that this is exactly why we started the company. And it makes as a chemist it allows you to be more creative and think that I don't necessarily need to you know yes I can invent a new compound but how do those compounds work together so that it actually can make a drug or can you know make a new product that's where we fit in is how does that point the right after research and right at the point of production and how do we figure out how to get into production and so are most interested in is a business I'm interested in research into research but that's so not who we are as a business. OK. So just. Thank you.