Today closure a day of siege and
eat from well to give our breakfast club

the world they know Sujan she
came here in two thousand and

four for the first two degrees were sold
the National University in Korea and

the from the University of Chicago.

I didn't realize until I
took a look at her C.V.

that she did a little bit of a little
school teaching back in Korea.

I think and she also spent some time.

It's unclear from her sleeve
how much in Scotland.

Personally it was enough to give or
scholars an accent but I could try.

I wanted to but you could you
probably don't want to hear it.

Yeah actually received
about a year per year.

Yeah and
you know she came in two thousand and

four rather ever as a colleague and
the faculty and children.

It's all yours.

Thank you thank you thank you Barbara for

this opportunity really it's really
nice and James and Callie and

everybody for organizing these and
for wonderful breakfast.

It's really nice.

OK so

I'm going to talk about one of my

it's on for he my thing you know.

I could try to yell and
you got to hear me in the back.

I try to yell.

OK OK so I'm excited about.

I'm excited to talk about
one of my main research for

side my lab about D.N.A.
methylation and you know evolution so.

So many of us in the room who may
not be in evolutionary biology

probably heard about the in
a mass elation because it is

one of the most important types
over at the genetic modification.

Epigenetic modification means
chemically marking D.N.A.

or teens and so on so
that the cell can regulate.

In addition to the information already
in the codes and D.N.A. methylation is

really widespread in or the three domains
of life founded bacteria you carry out.

And also in archaea although it's
not clear if the archaea one is or

isn't it there or
it was literally transferred and

not talk about one type of D.N.A.
methylation which is site of sin D.N.A.

methylation OK it's we all
know there's four bases and

one of them side to send
looks like piece and

the enzymes that puts Matthew
groups D.N.A. method trance brace.

Puts the method group
through the five position.

So instead of eight.

Now you have C.H.
three and this is the template.

OK And this on your curves for C.
right next to G. in that direction.

So these nucleotides are called the C.P.G.
so only see and C.P.G. are messy lady.

And this is the predominant
model of D.N.A.

methylation in animal genomes in plants
there's maybe some other ways for

example they use a C. and G.
so and means any of the four bases but

it enabled you notice it's most
almost exclusively a C.P. G.

and this makes analysis for
us easier than otherwise.

So there are many studies going
on about the role of D.N.A.

methylation and the emerging theme
from these studies is that D.N.A.

metal ations acts as a silence or
dimmer of the expression.

OK.

The actual mechanism how it
does it is still debated and

we have a couple of slides.

Describing some mechanisms but basically
the in a methylation can silence.

Gene expression.

And it can almost all play
a role in combating complexion.

And it can suppress recommendation between
transposable elements with the deep

sequences and because of these things
these are related to stability.

OK.

Or Soul D.N.A. methylation is
the Maybach an ism how one of the X.

chromosomes is silenced in females

also plays a role into only imprinting
by putting method group in C.

you can distinguish between C.
versus method of C..

So not only you have full basis but
you have auditioner information and

you can distinguish this way tool
ears from father and mother and

that's how this is only imprinting words.

So these are all or function or aspects of
D.N.A. methylation that has been widely

studied in a million models human and
mouse basically But

another important aspect of the I.M.S.
lation which is not only is appreciated by

molecular biologists is the fact that
it could always use mutations and

is actually a main force or main source
of be tensions in animal genomes.

And if you close mutations it
leaves evolutionary signature.

So it is a very important source
of genome evolution as well and

I'm going to show you what I mean by that.

First let's see how methylation
code just be patient.

So this is the methylation that
I've shown already so ciders and

gets methylated becomes method side of sin
and this molecule is chemically unstable.

OK so it loses.

I mean group in here very quickly
by spontaneous chemical reaction.

No enzyme is necessary in this step.

So this step occurs very quickly and
then when you lose time in here and you.

Insult to what America was or
become oxen instead I mean

then the Chemically it's
equivalent to a time in so

what we have that what they have done
what he or what baddies here is that

the cyber same became so I mean by
methylation and the I mean NATION.

OK So see to T. retention has occurred and

this occurs very frequently now D.N.A.
repair and

repair mechanism Shute take care of this
but it's not very efficient because T.

is naturally found in the genome and it
doesn't always distinguish between the T.

that is mismatched versus T.
that is should be the real T..

So this is even go with you need
repair exists for just mechanism

because theses so regularly occurring
there are still a lot of mutations

that goes through the next generation
that generate from this process.

So basically C. to T. mutation a C.P.U.

sites we create a T C C P C to T.P.C.
or in the reverse triangular B.C.P.

to C.P.A. So we started to teach
ins are called a C.P.C. mutations.

OK.

And these are really the major source
of mutations in animal genomes.

I've done some work in
my lab to see how often

these invitations are curved compared to
other C. to a T. or G. to a beautician.

And we have shown that it's about fifteen
times higher than the norm or transitions.

And in other anymore texts are there is
a wide Brian's variety of estimates but

everybody estimates there listen although
magnitude greater than the norm or

be patience.

And in the genome sequencing paper
it was shown that one quarter

over point to be between human and
some Pencey has occurred at C.P.T. sites.

So you can appreciate how

important these mutations are in
animal genomes including our own.

And I want to.

Consequences of this process is that
many C.P. This will change the T. P.G..

In other words disappears this will
be eliminated from the genome.

So if you look at for
example human genome.

We don't see a lot of C.P.G. sexually
because there or change it to T.P.C.

or C.P.A. or some point and then went to
other because our process is so D.N.A.

methylation will in effect to reduce
the frequency of the piece directly or

tight and this is an important property
they will be using in the next steps.

So in my let me have been analyzing
the influence of genome in methylation on

evolution for a few years now and we have
several other directions we have pursued.

We have shown that methylation
improves no molecular clock and

also affects competition and evolution.

Now recently we have started
looking into the function or

aspects of the M.S. lation and
employs them to the evolution.

So these are the two papers that we have
submitted and focusing these days and

I'm going to talk about these two today.

So let's first talk about mess lation and
I was an Alberta Ripper Border's

the rest of the talk I'm going to
introduce one measure to you need to know

and that is normalize the P.C. contents or
I say C.P.C. only for simplicity

C.P.C. always a simple matter that
basically is the ratio of services to

normalized so if you have a lot.

And you have a lot of methylation.

And you.

Timescale suppose you owe your bed to

the lower than G.'s that has
not experienced a lot of D.N.A.

methylation So there's this relationship
and you need to remember this and

this property has been noted early
on by a bird in nine hundred eighty.

OK.

So if you look at the human
genome then most of C.P.G..

Are less elated.

Most of time.

OK so it isn't epigenetic modification so
it can in principle change between

tissue types and
developmental stages and it does but for

them was the pieces for
about eighty percent of cities.

For eighty percent of tissues
they're usually methylated.

OK.

Now because of this the human
genome has generally

much fewer surprises than expected.

How few so this is the distribution of
C.P.C. O.E. in that you know make reasons.

OK so if you look at these then
the mean is about point two means that

about twenty percent.

Expect a sickly G.'s are present
in the human genome and

this is basically everywhere.

OK.

And these methylation
is called Global D.N.A.

methylation in other words
in the human genome.

If you look at anywhere.

It's basically methylated and
is reduced to what paves what is expected.

Now there is one exception and
very important exception to this rule and

that is the promoter reasons.

OK so a promoter reasons some
of them are less lead it's all

there are not methylated and
indeed this is what.

Regulates the expression
in the case of humans.

So generally speaking it promotes our
methylated then the expression is silence.

And there are many
hypotheses how either curse.

No one idea is that message site or
since can recruit specific proteins.

Metal binding Domaine protests and

these proteins make themselves
inhibiting expression or

they recruit other protein complexes
that will make the quality of structure

more compact and make it less accessible
to transcription factors and so on.

So these are some different theories why

math leisure promoters were
reduced in expression but

the point is that metal original
promoters can repress transcription and

many promoters are generally methylated
but also as many that is not less lady.

OK So genes that is expressed in

most of tissues are broadly expressed Ians
those parameters are not less lady and

it makes sense because you want to have
the genes expressed in most issues.

So the promoters of early hypo
methylated while genes that express in

specific manner in the printed issues
are different developmental stages.

And they tend to be methylated So
there is this distinction promoters.

And this is reflected if you look
at the distribution of secrets

in the promoters then what we see
is these very clear by modality.

So there's two.

Distributions.

One with about mean about point two
just like the rest of the day you know.

OK but the other one has high C.P.C.
only meaning that there's a lot of C.P.D.

is compared to the rest of the genome and
close to the expected value of one K.

and if you look at what are these
genes then these correspond to two

methylated promoters of
tissue space big dreams and

these correspond to broadly
expressed housekeeping genes.

So there is the structure and function
of my modality in the human genome and

I would like to call this curbing
the lower C.P.C. part as low C.G.

meaning low C.P.C. promoters and high for
A.T.C. for Hyslop is a pro bowlers.

OK.

And as I talked about
they are distinct from.

So how is it was a promoter there is no
social read readily express trains and

associated with specific chains.

OK One more thing that a lot.

Broecker confuse sometimes is that knowing
high C.P.C. promoters a lot of us they're

in tech because they're not subject to
D.N.A. methylation and imitation of decay.

So there's many surprises many more
surprises than the rest of the genome and

these are often called C.P.C. islands.

So it's the eighty C.D.'s that's
associated with the P.C. islands.

OK.

OK so.

Even though this promoted by a model
of the has been noticed before.

As I said most of the focus on human and
mouse models and

there is no idea of how this
by mobility evolved and

what has closed and when did it evolve so
we started asking these questions.

And I thought this is related to
the distribution of methylation

in animal genomes which is really
not very were known right now.

So this is one anywhere follows a so
anywhere follows is a mess.

It's really not.

But this is one type.

So let's us orient ourselves humans and

mouse belong to the chordates with Board
of Rights or border like structures and

the others are other anywhere's and
this is really very old followers and

I mean the depth of fallen is easier
easily graded a billion years

now except chordates
the methylation in these other

any mercy is not really where understood
and it was not very well studied either.

Now the reason for that is that
two modern species in animals.

Soft and C. elegans in them do
not have been in methylation

like a bird of rates so people are thought
OK methylation don't exist in insects or

nematodes in other species and
maybe it's not so important.

So it was now.

Not studied very much.

And even if you look at reviews
like published last year this year.

They are say in any other animal
as metal is usually absent or

scars and I'm going to show
you that it's not true today.

OK but
first of all let's focus on chordates So

according to its Are those
like vertebrates and

also species likes sea squirts
which is a very primitive.

Bird or like structure it's
not really vertebrates but

it's our ancestor records and this is
other insects so distant invertebrates

we don't know the methylation pattern but
we do chordates we have some idea.

So the ancestor Corday So you're not
interested in Pest analysis a cease fire.

Many of you are not Nobody looks like
this and in Korea we see sport and

we just say that maybe Nazi or
not by some other species and it's tasty.

Anyway if you look at sea squirt
the methylation paren is patchy.

And I show you what I mean by that.

In both the greats like humans and

other vertebrate species
the message is a global and there's

other important differences as we have
seen in humans methylation is everywhere.

Does not distinguish between genes and
into regions or

in trans except some promoters
it does distinguish now in C.

or not it has been shown that
methylation is a little genes.

It's your perspective and again I show
you what it is one of the other very

interesting difference is that in Siona
transportable elements are not an isolated

while in humans transposable
elements are heavily methylated And

actually because of these observation.

Some people propose that global
methylation occurred because it wasn't

the we needed to suppress the you
know wide transposable elements.

So that's one theory but
it's not the case it's the sport.

So.

If you look at C.R. Now case I'm going to
show you what is a pet's methylation So

this is by other birds a group and
published last year early research.

So this is the gene model and

then they have a look that
the percent of us ladies C P G's.

So it's a hundred.

That is methylated people it's
a zero it's not methylated So

I've just shown you rid of blocks
the thread is methylated and

blue is not methylated So
let's look at these two model.

So they did body is methylated And
then if you go into an equation or

promoters it's not really methylated
again if you look at these genes and

these new can compare these students
are methylated in between the reason is

not methylated Now let's
look at these two genes.

They're next to each other but
one is mass lady.

I mean not mess lady and
one is methylated So

there's two things
that's very obvious one.

Methylation is really for
genes including enjoins and

two somethings are not met little
somethings are methylated Now

if we looked at over the genes and also.

Promoters then it looks like these so
genes are some of their methods on

the methylated So if you look at the gene
then you have these two curves the lower

one reply acting methylated genes and the
high one reflecting not methylated genes.

It's a similar to the promoter by a modern
human except this case it's happening

in the gene bodies and
if you look at the promoter reasons.

It looks like this it's around one and
it's more than winning that it's not

methylated So again this reflects that you
know make the end I methylation patterns.

OK And if you remember.

Well you have seen earlier in the talk.

This is the complete opposite
of what you see in humans.

So I put them together like this.

So if you look at a gene
model like this in humans.

You have complete methylation of the into.

And these high and low promoters in
the promoters why this is reversed.

So one of the projects we did is that
try to determine when this occurred and

also we want to know how
the switch happened.

So we looked at several that were
available at that point with patients so

we looked at zebra fish.

Frogs and office chicken and
human and compare to see or not.

And also we looked at other inward
such as a kind of them to see or

chance which is a little over here
where we have seen is that C.

or not in C. or most look like this while
it is reversed in the vertebrates OK so

the switch has occurred very early on
invertebrate evolution would be two P.

for the divergence of the fish and and

other vertebrates OK So
let me just point out several things here.

So you can see that they look like by
model but I've learned not to trust

my eyes when I do analysis so
we do some statistical really see.

It is not yet my We're going to
basically find the best fit.

Best Fit distribution model and
tested the fits using.

What you would raise your test.

And it is true that for
all the vertebrates and

interest and

another interesting point is that the low
one is always similar to this one.

So these are in different scales
to two and this is a poor one.

But if you look at this then
the lower one is always similar to

the intra human if you look
at the low A C G S E Z

promoters have been about point
two equivalent to the mean.

And we also look at their
functional differences.

So in humans.

These are.

It's been shown that the C.Z.

promoters correspond to teachers
Bisbee Perseus broadly expressed genes.

So we decide Look at that and

because there is not good data in other
species we've said look at us today.

Talbot's is also a very good
indication of the space based game and

basically for older for bird or
a species the M.C.G. always have lower.

Tissues that they're expressed in other
words they're more tissue specific than

A.T.C.C. and these are statistically
highly significant.

So again in older species.

Specific genes are hyper mess lady and
probably express genes are hyper

methylated OK So they are functionally
distinct So based upon this

we propose a model how we can explain that
the by move the promoters every ball so

we think that what happened is
that the promoter ancestry was

a unique situation with no
methylation around one and

then the global methylation happen and
global level Asian will push this curve to

herd lower side because of mutation decay
of C.P.G. OK with the use of surprise you.

And why this is happening.

This can be delivered here is poor.

Genes who has to be expressed
in a variety of tissues.

Because if the promoters
are methylated then.

They the expression is down.

So that's pushed up for

those promoters that are required to
be expressed in a broader issues.

So for broadly express the housekeeping.

We think that's a lesson is
preserving the high C.P.C.

content and as a result the balance of
between these has created by modalities So

this is our hypothesis and
we see proven true or not.

And there are a couple of studies in
the literature that looks like supporting

our hypothesis.

So there is a paper in Nature Genetics and
seven by Weber at Target.

And what they have done is that they've
looked at surprising methylation of human

genius about twenty thousand ins and
they're experimentally tested methylation

level and they also compared to the Pennsy

using rest as much as an article
to see how often C.P.C. is lost.

Now in their study they divided into
three classes or city A to city and

intermediate but statistically
it's not really significant but

anyway they they did that but if you just
look at compare seduce and eighty cities.

OK then.

Now this is the last opposite P.G.
and last is much higher in a city or

a C.P.S.
their core promoters than an eighty CD.

While game is almost identical in
the three promoters in other words if you

do the losing C.P.G. quickly more quickly
than a two seater like we predicted so

I think it's supporting our practices
another study was published an M.B.E.

in this case they will look bad.

Human and
mouse promoters using dogs as an outgroup.

And I have to say this
follows is not always.

Not always true sometimes
doc knows inside.

We know the mouse but anyway for
this paper it's not so important.

OK so when they look at C.P.C. loss and
gain promoters using these false names.

What they see is that tissue
specific genes tend to lose C.P.C.

again as we predicted.

So I think so far we have only supports
and hopefully our hypothesis can be proven

so from these observations.

We concluded that deliberate
promoters are by more though and

it is because this is a form
that you two mutation or

decay pieces which is caused
by the global methylation.

What A.T.C. the promoters have avoided
mutational decay by natural selection and

those remain high C.P.G.
and form disappearance.

So that is our current hypothesis.

OK so I'm going to switch gears and
then go to more invertebrates.

And this is a paper we
just submitted recently.

And waiting to hear from them.

OK so let's.

So hear about talk about honeybees.

OK So let me run through again that.

It was understood until really
recently and to even now.

The many people think that
methylation is not very

prevalent in animal genomes because
the two mother species C. elegans and.

Do not have D.N.A. methylation Well

it was a big surprise when they
sequence the honeybees and found that.

Methylation enzymes are there
in the honeybees in arms.

So if you see already enzymes
then maybe it's there.

So they'd say look at a few genes and
they found that sixty NS they were

able to show experimentally that these
genes on the road D.N.A. methylation.

So this was a big surprise in published
in Science in two thousand and six.

So this has prompted other
people to look at the presence

of methylation enzymes in diverse and
emerge in arms.

So I'm going to show you that.

But before that.

Let me just remind you what
are the methylation enzymes.

So in humans.

It looks like these.

So there are three classes or three.

Families of D.N.A. method trance
price at the end of the one two and

three there we have three of the three.

Now one.

Heritable D.N.A.
methylation So it basically copies

did in medicine inclination from
parents to the children and unity.

Does the new.

D.N.A. methylation.

Now this guy has to do.

Domain which is highly conserved and
domain but people don't know

what that is to actually what people have
no idea what the empty two is doing but

it doesn't seem like it's related to
heritable order nobody any less lation So

it's doing something as well
we don't know what it's doing.

But the main is capable of
massive transfer rates.

So it is including the D.N.A.
must address brace.

If you look at the distribution
of these enzymes in

animal genomes it looks
something like this.

OK so here mammals and humans as we
have shown there is one of one and

two and three.

And in C. elegans there is none in two.

But as I said because it's
not clear what it is doing.

People didn't think there was the less
lation In fact if you look at it

it's around one everywhere.

So there's no signature of D.N.A.
methylation So these two

people have generally seen and compared
to mammals and now we have more genomes.

So we have a fuller picture.

OK so the honeybee have over three and
there's a tool one.

Of the and the one and
the human head lice that sometimes

goes epidemic and then make parents
go crazy also have or three.

OK And
recent studies there was a recent study

that showed that actually in C. elegans
there is none but a close relative.

P pacificus another
nematode has damaged two so

maybe it got last year and maybe the last
you know in the fourth somewhere.

We don't have any closer.

We don't know what's going on here.

But if you look at insects.

It almost looks like perhaps he
was last in here rather than.

Gain.
In here.

So it's not clear and
we have to have more data to really see.

But the point here is that
just based upon the enzymes

that these three vision of them.

It looks like methylation may
be prevalent in insect genomes.

So we decided to look at the honeybees you
know more detail see what is going on.

So as I said in earlier study
they found these enzymes and

they tried to find what genes
are methylated and they found six.

Now as I've shown that we have this mess.

Those distribution so
we said Look at that and

see if some sleeve
evolution is signatures.

So the questions we asked are what is
the parent of methylation honeybee.

Is it pets are global.

Or does the fugitive's OK.

And also we want to see
what are the role of D.N.A.

methylation and
there were some hypothesis before so

we want to check these things and
talk about this in more detail later.

So let's first look at the paradox norm
again unless lation really used to do so

again in this case and
this is what we found.

OK so if you look at the soft
luggage it's just a union.

But if you look at honeybee you have this
clear Bible Delhi again reminiscent of

where they were promoters or
see on our genes and

these arrows are those genes that was
found in earlier study to be less lady

with C.G.
It's really predict to be less lady.

OK so it looks like a lot of genes are
methylated it's actually roughly half and

half half last two and
half belongs to a T. Sity OK so.

So we think that reflects
best laded genes and

a to C.-Z.
reflect not methylated Janus and so

far the genes that we know to
methylated support the distinction.

We also analyzed transposable argument and

there's not there may transposable element
that's annotated in honeybees you know.

But the modern argument is.

So if you look at modern
element the C.P.C.

or use a wrong one meaning that
it's probably not less lady.

OK So this actually is very
similar to what we have seen as.

So we think that the methylation pattern
in honeybee is likely to be patchy so

some design methylated and
some things are not in question.

That's an excellent question.

KING I knew when I asked that.

Yes absolutely.

So if you look at this the meat of
the low carb is about forty five

the meat of the high is actually
about one point five So

what I think is happening is there's
other mechanisms to increase.

H.C.G. and I think it's related to
the fact that these genomes are really

low to see cotton.

So the content of these
guys about twenty percent.

So if you just follow.

If you just a tiny percentage see that
you have a really of only a few C.P.C.

you expect there were four percent of
the genome would be in C.P.G. so to prove

preserve the high C.P.C. cut then I think
there's a lot of the past in conversion.

That's upwardly forcing the C.P.C.
or you'll be eighty cities.

That's that's my suspicion.

OK.

So what is the role of D.N.A.

methylation so
to infer this we first look at if these

two proteins in these two categories
have different function and patients.

And if you look at
the it's basically says.

And there are many significant
enrichment in eighty cities and

fewer significant enrichment cities but
the petard really is very

very clearly very clearly different so
genes in as you do use are really.

These categories like translation
biosynthesis and response to D.N.A.

damage while genes in eight cities
are all related to settler communication

singer transduction and more importantly
system or organ or cellular development.

OK.

And these are all highly in
weights in eighty cities.

So we can sort of broadly
classify them as housekeeping

and developments best fit for
eighty cities.

Good to talk about another
implication of D.N.A. less lation and

it's function in honeybee and this is sort
of a really exciting sort of new ideas.

So I might not take a small
detour to talk about what is so

interesting about honeybees now honeybees
and our social insects are really

interesting because of their you know
to be plasticity there's are like

mother system for now to be plasticity
Now what I mean by that is that.

Let me just point to you that you
know if you compare versus worker.

These are both premier honeybees and
very have the same genomes.

But they are so
different in terms of you know and

not only that in terms of labor so
workers do work and

queens reproduce and they have
completely different development so

workers who have only been run and
ovaries and so on and

queen has of course for
reproductive system and

other aspects of social behavior
is really standing out as

an extreme case of bequests use the and

when people are first found out
about the an escalation in honeybees

before it's got excited and
because so different from Grisoft.

There were some hypothesis that perhaps

the methylation relate to the you know
to be plasticity in social insects.

Which is clearly different from the soft.

And there was a paper.

You see here that has really shown
this may be the case in science.

So in this paper what the authors did
it did it is that they knocked down

demented three D. nubile D.N.A.
method trance price.

Now if you do not do the knockdown then

most of the larvae develop into workers
and some of them becomes queen lice or

if you knock down the most
of the lobby becomes Queens.

OK.

And these queens actually had
fully developed ovaries and so on.

In other words if you remove a mass
lation then the honeybee becomes Queens.

Even though it was supposed to be workers.

So in other words we conjecture
that D.N.A. metal the metal ration.

Crispness big genes will
generate workers lives.

OK.
And by reversing the that mechanism we

have seen the development of like meters
and there was another paper that have.

Sort of a survey.

How prevalent is the only D.N.A.
methylation in this Hymenoptera and

basically this shows that there are some
appreciable proportion of D.N.A.

methylation in Hymenoptera many
of them are social insects.

So this has got to make people
as well as it's very excited

thinking that perhaps in a mess.

Lation is the mechanism that
genomes use to regulate you know to

be plasticity because remember you know to
be plussed is most likely to be related to

it in expression and that's lation is.

The effort mechanism that
you can use to really

regulate expression of different genes.

OK So then based upon this idea.

We have to predictions.

One is that.

Because if you mess liquid specific genes

you develop work a few types
were proposed to that.

Christmas picture should be
preferentially in eighty cities.

Now another way of thinking about this
is that if you think there are some

genes that can be easily manipulated
between different types.

Then they should be generally in A to city
because they should not be methylated

by death for methylation them off
those and so on a specific and types.

So we also propose that test
perspicuous should be also an agency.

And I would like to really test
this hypothesis with more data.

So there's one sort of
data set that look that

expression the cross between versus
worker from adult brain tissue.

It's from growth into our paper.

So we looked at the distribution of cities
and eighty cities school districts.

Now let's go through
this diagram together.

So the lap panel is poor and
ripe and is poor eighty cities.

And this is the ratio between two worker.

So it gets a bob.

Zero then it is more expressed in Queens
below zero is more expressing workers.

It's in the local scale.

OK And

this gray area is where we contributed
as sort of no significant difference.

OK So

in this area genes are basically similarly
expressed between Queen and workers.

And above this gray area is big and below
this grey area is worker specific OK.

So our hypothesis is that the police
Presbyterians should be more

in the A to city compared to
the workers perspective is

distribution and we can test this by for
example Fisher's exact test.

OK And
it is sort of marginally significant so

I have to see if it's true or
not with more data.

OK Now the second prediction
was that cast perspective and

should be more trouble in the cities and
in this.

Case we've got very clear signal that
it is definitely more in the weeds

in as it is.

If you look at Caspar speak to.

They look like this and

they are almost similar or
even more which is highly significant.

We also looked at literature for
genes that was known to be specific and

we found twenty eight cases and
twenty two of them are eighty cities so

the second condition seems
like it's a standing.

Pretty from the.

OK So to conclude that this part while we
have seen is that the parent of D.N.A.

methylation in honeybees Petty and the
majority of them are methylated half and

half are methylated and the role of D.N.A.
methylation at the first look.

It does not look like it's
silencing transposable elements.

But many transcripts
many housekeeping are in.

So maybe it is to make sure
that there is no spurious

transcription of housekeeping genes and
also it is related to pretty

specifically Casper speaking a to
see this compared to other cities.

So these are our conclusions prom
honeybees you know when Alice says we have

many other directions that going on
in the lab relate to these issues.

So we're refining the boundary between
the promoter by modality versus

by looking at species in
the order in word of evolution.

So recently.

Is almost completed and
it's it's accessible so

we're looking at that as
we read analyze N.P.R.

which is another closely related
ancestor according to Bill of Rights.

And we plan to analyze other invertebrate.

Using competition or
an experimental analysis for

the evidence of D.N.A.
methylation and I'm very excited.

I have to say the second part
is collaboration with Mike and

also we plan to do more experiments
methylation in social insects.

So it's right up.

And in memos at least we know that

is directly correlated
with an expression level.

And nobody knows if it's the case or
not in social insects.

So really look at this and
also stemming from our observation.

We will tell whether different cats
show different levels of D.N.A.

methylation I think that
concludes my study.

So these are called those and
collaborators the most the work is done by

my student and Brandon hunt and

then people are working on aspects of
some of these or some other projects.

So I wrote their names but
most of them had to leave for classes.

And then some funding.

So thank you very much.

Yeah.

I see so you're basically asking if maybe

you specifically knock down
the silence for example metabolism.

That's an excellent question.

Instead of really it's working to the
plasticity now to answer this question.

No you know really old age
is that in a honeybee and

see if any of them are different from for
example Siona right because it's you and

I has these pets methylation it also has
probably been knocked down the tubes and

not methylated methylated And but
they don't have like soldier behavior.

So we have looked at it briefly and
what we see is that both you and I and

honeybee have similar genes as
you G.'s as images and cities so.

So further studies are needed
by my suspicion is that.

Now another way of answering your question
is also to see if similar is a meth lady

in nonsocial or insect species.

OK so if you look at insect
species there's nonsocial yet

she has distiller paranoia methylation and

the same desire not done the same to knock
down then I think it proves the idea

that maybe the evolution of her peepee
plasticity is secondary rather than

the first push toward the evolution
of D.N.A. methylation Do you agree.

So we are looking at this using
likeness on your genomes right now and

my suspicion is it's and I'm really
a little bit but we have to say yes.

We're all words

so that is a very good question.

So here now we're talking about
the definition of sort of housekeeping.

OK So
we sort of were starting area bird study.

So if you're a bird when they
look at they say that skipping.

And when they start housekeeping that
is the Janes that is intermediately all

all expressed by being brought tissues now
in humans when we say House committees or

regions that's highly expressed
in many of the tissues

now in humans many opinions that
are highly expressed are broadly expressed

because these two are expressing a level
of paranoia strongly call it as you know.

But is it the case since Yoda.

Actually we don't know at all.

So when I say housekeeping is your eye or
insects.

It's we don't know
the expression level but

it looks like a basic cellular processes.

So that's sort of a loose
definition right here.

Yeah yeah yeah.

She's OK

we know a little really look foolish.

But yeah that's a really
great question a lot.

So you know but that's what's Yeah I mean
I can tell you a little bit about it.

So for example be so
this epigenetic Siegel's

the interesting part of it is it
can be stimulated by environment.

So you know you have a problem.

We get from the genome.

But you can mark some cities
with massive holes or

other things based when Barack you
saw the honey bee experiment for

example you know the honeybee Queens
become just because they like royal jelly.

So they produce influences in
this case hypo methylation

you don't have a lot of dishes and
you have hyperbole.

You don't express a lot of genes don't
develop very well like in humans.

I'm sure it is a problem because
we know that the prince and

the ration if anybody penetrations
you grow a lot of you grow less.

Probably all episode response.

So.

There's a lot.

Related to evolution is
another question and

I don't think many people
really know the answers.

But.

I think so.

A couple of years ago there were
just studies and plans in the US for

example that you know you find this

recurrence of these new phenotype
there is not in the genome at all.

So some people it was in its nature and

I don't know if you've
disproved I don't think so.

Yet what people suggested is that like for
example we keep our

grandparents are a day or
some chemical signals as a form of R.N.A.

some are in the genome so that was
the hypothesis in that report plants but

what I'm trying to say is that this
is completely unknown area but

I think there's these possibilities that
some kind of may be kept in the genome.

But again I am just
really speculating here.

Yes I would like to know but
you know what.

Well

that's

a good question.

So I'm not sure what kind of
transpose of elements are genomes but

when we looked at for example.

In the human genome.

So we can look at the end elements
reprimands and separately.

Then they are all methylated except there
are levels of methylation is different.

So this could be a possibility.

Actually I haven't looked at it but.

OK Thank you.