Well look here.

From her.

In.

A short while your.

General.

And she.

Just.

She sits

inside.

Yeah.

And.

Maybe.

Lots of.

Great.

Things.

And.

Yeah this is one thing going on in my
group for several years at this point and

the funding agency and the sack finish and

the Gulf of Mexico research
initiative which is.

The organization that is handling
the pile of money that B.P.

to pay for after the whole spill.

And this is the consortium I'm associated
with and we're working trying to

understand how transport works in
the Gulf of Mexico which was the very on

the study basin before the spill and where
now everybody is just doing everything

possible because we got five hundred
billion dollars to spend only in the Gulf.

Spill out with the biggest pot of money
that we saw in the ocean on if you know

a long while so
those are the scales off in space and

time in the ocean and
while I'm going to fall close on today

is whatever happens in these blogs
here and we're talking about

scales that go between hundred
meter saying thank you dominoes and

we'll be I will look around
one kilometer in a ball.

And timescale that go from few
hours to let's say one year

few months.

There's been a lot of work in
the last ten years in this area.

And the interesting part
is that in reality.

It was in fact how we are simulating climb
much longer than I would to a scale and

the reason is that here is where the ocean
is able to dissipate energy essentially or

any way it turns out that this sees
the scale which some of the processes for

the energy of the station
become important.

So while we are interested in something
that is a scale that's again it's between

hundred meters and that's a tank you know
much as twenty kilometer kind of scales

because they kind of marking
the transition between to the end to be

to a balance of the ocean and a lot of the
way to go walkabout ocean circulation has

been the news in the closet you also
feel or to be essential to a balance and

really at those scale you can you
use that and it doesn't work and

you really get the translation between
the two and so it's where you can go for.

A system that is the inverse cascade of
energy to one that there's a direct one

therefore you can side dissipating stuff.

So it's a loop for energy dissipation and
leave me the strength

of the massive scale of this the thought
that was being essentially to be

I was just going to go a lot of true but
these are very hard to dissipate you

can dissipate them to interaction
with the Continental slopes but

it's not enough and terms of an edge
of the constraints of the ocean.

And it becomes very important for
very thick of that big now transport

because you get that just traffic velocity
that can be a relatively large also in

the vertical and therefore eight of
those scales to have mechanism to

transport thinks of all of them below the
mixed layer and within the mix layer and

it becomes important for by Although
it may likely become both climate.

And I would.

Maybe briefly discuss that.

This is a schematic that was put
together in two thousand and

four by car one traffic and
it's the energy project in the ocean and

why where we only are we looking
at these here the energy

of the ocean is still earth of the
constraint we don't have all the numbers.

And the centrally we don't know how how we
would be separating as much as we should

in order to give us an imbalance and some
of the problems we know more or less so

much that the contain in terms of energy
we know how much into in a wave containing

total energy how we have the significance
to an apparition of mixing and.

BALLANCE motions so motion that I'm
not enjoy also see they're not.

Just off of balance is where we
have the largest some certainty and

that's where some ISIS coming to play.

This is pretty much over the told
that we are looking at scales.

So five hundred meters to thank you all
matters that kind of models of use allows

me to look at scales of about one
kilometer maybe five hundred meters below

that I don't trust them any longer people
around them up twenty meters without and

problem it's not the model for
sudden breaks down

means the physics that break down because
the model I use a guide to static and

up twenty meter you do get too much
of it on that and I'm not going on so

I personally don't trust them any longer
I try not to push them up that limit.

You're looking at processes that
go you know hours and day and

that's the go between ten and hundred
meters because they actually hear it's

pretty much where I started and I will
try to move into that maybe fourth and

also at the higher you
that metals commotions.

Especially when.

These And we are essentially in
a museum where the certification and

the location of the planet still
matter but I'm not overweight me so

the low cost me numbers that we're
going to look at is not much less than

one which is sort of quiet and for the
cause itself in a position to be valid.

But you know or the one essential.

Where we see some scales well
usually one of the first places

where you will see very nice and these
are ground or we've seen that these so

it's moving the the mesoscale you
look at be get this in the ocean and

you will see that they are not as
uniformly as you would a spike just form

constrain.

And they do I bother kind of motions There

you see them wherever you have any
kind of front since before any kind

of strong bond with current at
the boundary of the current process.

And they are from the menfolk to achieve
a four workers scale of energy so

they are around we do.

Very highly energetic both
well beyond the currents and

they appear to be the solution
Michael names for transferring energy

from those very in the features into
small scale where they can be dissipated.

The dynamics of must live active as I
said the most number of you are the one.

And yeah the interesting thing is that.

Characterized by at least on the surface
by very strong sofas converge and

so on and vertical velocity.

And the other interesting thing about
those scales is that they coincide in

the overlap with the internal gravity
waves to in a way it's kind of scales so

you end up having both and

you also have to understand the piece
of relationship between the two.

Into the wave so generated by tides
by turbulence by wind fluctuation.

They can be generated by two graphic flow
so currents going over sixty Paga feet.

There is also and

this is something that was of interest to
me copying between mesoscale ideas and

in turn the way fields and that's where
you get from time your summation of all.

You know in their show wave to.

Slightly shift compared
to the initial period.

And we're going to see a little
bit of that because the reality

is it's one of the interesting places
where you do get some measure of feature

appearing that also link the presence
of very strong inertial waves and

you do get them to transfer
that go can go very deep and

it's probably where the climate
signal is going to matter the most.

So you know you for internal waves and
these it's the old and

quite simple come from KUSA that was the.

First paper in eighty five and.

Essentially what it shows that these
can polarize you know shock waves.

On the side clones and trap them and can
reflect the energy down more than cyclists

expel them and the way this is done

it's pretty simple if you have an idea you
have a concentration of forty sixty so

you have of the loss of the field that
can be simplified in just one dimension

like this one this is a schematic
that parties claim put together and

what you get is that because you have a
concentration of the loss of the field you

have a small change in
the velocity in the floor you are.

Dropping or you know shock waves that are
associated with loss of field are going

to be at the frequency which is
a little bit lower on the little bit

larger than the surrounding And so
they're going to be trapped or expelled.

And so on the sidelines are going to just
do this kind of job and you're going to.

Get the turn away it's trapped inside and
sucked in something.

And the interesting thing is that those
waves don't need very high winds to be

excited it's enough if you have a regular
wind field and if you do have a strong

enough concentration of a piece of the you
will get them and they they get dropped

and they are transferring energy from
the ocean surface all the way to beat and

to me the importance of these mechanisms
which in terms of modeling is just as

been studied not too much the reason
is that we are looking observations.

To constrain the models.

The interesting fact is that
if you're thinking of where

most of the exchange of
water masses come in

the ocean it's in the Southern Ocean
around forty to sixty South.

And pretty much all the mixing
of walk those below two thousand

meters with waters in the first two
thousand meters and so they're And

that tends to very high winds and and
and these so that's the region where.

Then I mix is completely eliminated
by the presence of this and

by the presence of high winds and so
this is going to be a mechanism which is

from the mental from the transfer and
for the mixing up that energy but

that is also the region where the climate
signal it's probably going to be going to

be large all models show
weakening of three winds there yet

so wish and do not so
we don't have a lot of wind up solution in

the sun of ocean to actually look for
trends the problem is that the one

we have a bias because they're usually
taken from ships and it's a very very

interesting thing the size of ships that
change so much in the last fifty years

that we're not taking we're not taking
observations of the same height.

And so while there's been found
there's that if you're count for

the changing average height
of the location of your ween

measurements it's enough to justify the
trend that we're seeing your solution so

essentially we're seeing a weakening but
the reason

is that we are taking the measurement
message we're seeing a strengthening but

the reason is I would think in
the measurements in the different place.

And we in the models we're
seeing a weakening everywhere.

So to me this is one of the.

Process where we have the largest unknown
and spot is changes in dropping of

Ethan topping off carbon and
release of carbon forwards and so

forth I mean ocean mixing essentially all
the energy that we're going to release in

terms of wheat and carbon it's coming from
changes in those in those my theories.

In my view.

And we have no idea no models
no climate model can can.

Resolve any of this.

So in practice what that
means is that the queen

of an energy that these at the frequency
by initial frequency been excited you know

shock waves in the ocean surface and the
frequency of the excited way before and so

on the correct that.

On I have corrected by the fourteen.

City is it that you had to buy to someday
become your initial and cycle and

send up with the expected frequency
which is larger in the form of the waves

get out and on the sidelines again.

And so the refraction by vertical or T.
Sity calls a decrease in your initial wave

and celebrate the vertical propagation.

And those papers have done very
nicely on the theory for this.

We try to move to Dia
more than it's we're.

Just trying to summarize
the operation energy budget we have

balanced motion on one side on
a forcing balance instabilities but

both topic instability is then we get
the into this kind of kilometer scale and

the base point we have that the energy
stuff because skating forward

we have a mission all of
the gravity waves and

there are waves we have bottomed
rock to take into consideration and

we have we are in the sun and we have
other structures that are here and we

go into the regions where the motion these
on the station on is some balance and

we can that by such appreciation and
situation.

We have here and I think.

I'm although so few here.

What we can do here it's free to
most of our higher solution but

we are limited in the the space and time
that we can simulate going from here to

here is another huge step because most
of our modest all of them all the so

useful climb out and also most of the one
that they used to here I just static and

here we are doing this stuff.

Characteristic of this amazing scale so
how can you actually observe

them is that if you're going for
the dynamics all off.

Dimension up to a balance of positive
strong think is strictly non-local and

I was OK to the minus three power spectrum
while when you get into the local Then I

mix up with the sub mental
scale then you get at.

Spectra that are less deep and.

Obsoletion suggest it to the minus five
Third small dose of just keep them

on the stool it's kind of difficult to the
single between those two with seizure and

both in your solution
sometimes even in the model so

I mean we have a very limited amount of
observations about the few we think for

a microscope.

Which kind of observations
we have we have some.

High detail satellite maps.

This is even though our cost Walcheren
this is an observation of sea surface

temperature off the California current and
the California current

It's cold it's coming down from the most
towards the south and what you get so

it's a four on a century that's coming
down and what you can see is the formation

of the system beneath the scale
that you can almost and

that you can explain only in
terms of supplies of instability.

We don't have a lot of images I like that

because these kind of observations is
done only for what I think a short period

there is if you see it on the screen it's
beautiful here it's a little bit more

difficult to see this is a.

Satellite image off plunked
in the solution in the.

Bering Sea.

In the early all the structure it's
essentially associated with some mesoscale

and the good thing of the Bering Sea
is that it's a notification basin so.

It's too much interference.

But the great thing is that they get huge
plumes of different kind of physical on

films and so the color is
different because of the species.

And so that allows you to actually
see all these summits of skill

sets.

And other place to look for

it fortunately it's the Gulf of Mexico and
those observations were put forward for

the first time in two thousand and
six by a group of biologist in Miami and

the question was walking the hell out of
those lines from their point of view I

mean why we're seeing those lines
those are satellite images.

Maximum profit intensity image is off so
I've got some lines for

those that are G.'s that leave
out the ocean surface and.

They organize themselves in these lines
the first thing that you would think

is the language the circulation
when you've seen.

The circulation to scale that
don't go above hundred meters

one kilometer the most and here you
have images that don't have that kind of

a solution the minimum or solution that
you have here is to keep on with those

things are tense hundreds
of kilometers long.

And couple of films with whites.

To appear in those images.

Unfortunately in the Gulf we had another
way to see those things this is the front

and this is all it this
was after the oil spill.

Thousand and ten and

these open a lot of question we know
already the subgraph from does that.

If you do if you if you work
in something as a scale you

know that some of the Skylark
most important thing we need to.

You don't see them as much in summer and

I will tell you later why but there's also
say that with the mix live in fact those

instabilities these to be the big
place and they do from the next layer.

And so if you have a very shallow me Clay
a decent enough energy to convert and so

you're not going to see it as much but
the spiel I've been in late spring summer.

Starts with a full twenty in two thousand
and thirteen until the end of July and

the mud just of got some that
I show you before from August.

And just to give you
here you look at that and

the idea of the scale so
I put this one which is.

Nicer because you can see a boat so

you have an idea of
the scale of those feelings.

So again we are talking about.

Tens of kilometers seen in length and.

Pretty wide this well.

So the problems that we
still have open is it's

up to characterize the structure of
the vertical velocity is a factor so

say two of those motions What
is the contribution of those

features to the top of the mixing overall.

And for the golf what is the seasonality
of the formation of some as to why and

how we're seeing them so much in summer
there are no other places where we're

seeing them so clearly in summer unless
the places where the meek layer it's full

stranger use them or
immediately after the storm.

So what we have done and this was the
properties of a student on Vine who left

the last year and he's now in Shanghai.

It was to take a model.

And do two simulations and
this is essentially a nice that

run on top of that one where we're moving
those solution from five kilometers to

one kilometer the choice of five kilometer
was knocked around them and it's due to

the fact that after the spill not a single
mother was able to predict where and

how the oil was going and all
the models were on the five kilometers.

So there was something basic missing

in those in those rocks because
they were doing that assuming.

So there were having the in the main but
also the fields right because they were

getting it from south alive and still not
be was able to predict where the oil and

so we're doing a simulation I wanted on
with her and this is that in the field and

this is the kid I think it get that again
the G. in the to see one issue and so

the two simulation of a in terms of
large scale almost indistinguishable.

But whenever you're looking at
what the field looks like that and

the difference is quite significant.

This is the it's actually both this is
the normalized by forty all this and

the reason is that it's giving you if
you take the absolute value of that

you're getting the ball speed number so
if you take the absolute

value of this thing you see that you
have a lot of stuff if it's over one and

if you do it a five kilometer you don't so
here the motion is on balance and

it's mostly in the local than on makes you
know you start having focus on things.

And you can make maps like this father
wanted this and if you look at the surface

here you see as large differences so
before.

That's a gradients beautiful one and
that's a great it is beautiful also

because you start seeing very large
a difference that not just of the surface

here we're looking at hundred meters
in the bottom part of those and

you're still seeing much more structure so
much higher volumes

even the higher the solution
one kilometer versus the five.

Other thing that you can do is to take
our Specter and those us back that

from there always be numberous in the
future before whenever you together if I

was factor in the five kilometer you
haven't it's the right lines have you seen

enough to pay to mine the story when
you're taking the power spectrum for

the one kilometer simulation of the so
physical to create a minus two and so

you are here the changing of the local
versus nodal call for the Spectrum So

you're going to have a viewer can skate
in one and then the most of the outer.

It's the one.

You know you will tell you that is five
thirty in the model we're not able to this

I don't know if we're just not able to
distinguish So it's a it should be a five

to four we all see that we've all seen it.

All in all the things so
far I've been seeing five to nine students

yes and not just my esteem as I mean I'm
putting there are two because pretty much

all the groups that I've tried to
do this are finding it minus two

when people start looking at this in
the observation they find something where

it's very difficult to distinguish
between the two or the five to earth and

the few who would like
you to find five times.

We may be missing still something and.

So what is the problem of going from and
on look alone I mix Well look I want that

if you're taking the be
very cautious which it's.

You know like I just a model that used to
say that the total divergence of what is

your philosophy of the zero is just what
you think the equation what you get is

that you get that especially close to zero
but when you're looking at the balance

flow then the vertical acceleration
of some steel or wasn't zero So

what you get is that on your resume
the you have almost a divergence free

field which means that in terms of
transport and mixing if you put the ground

of particles for example in your whole the
main your Lagrangian particles will stay

distributed over your whole domain
OK if you have add these to one

inside yeah this would say say the idea
is the one outside would say outside but

nonetheless if you're looking at the
distribution after six months it's still

going to be going to be uniform but
if this is not the case.

Then you're going to have
convergence of divergence regions

that are going to compensate for your.

Celebrations and

that is exactly what we're seeing and
obviously if this is the case then we're

going to see something that is going to
look like this if you're putting a trace

if it goes where you have convergence
you're going to get all the tracer go.

Going into it and being trapped.

And so what we do is I would put
seventy five thousand pairs of

clothes because I Anyway we had
a lot of C.P.U. at the time.

We had back then after two days there
were uniformly distributed in the longer.

And if you look at each day also where
they go inside a small idea so very large.

Off the number low cut off the number of
what you see is that they follow home

go into the sun divergence line which I
indicated they are in color the blue with

or convergence and the yellow is for the
very edges so they found all to go into

the one and that is the source of artistic
field on the gate so you can see that

all the action in terms of so minuscule
at least a lot of it was here in here and

those are the two regions that I.

Yes.

We integrate and you have to
integrate them inside the mother

because this kind of motion on
a scale of hours today says so

if you're saving the velocity
of line you're missing them.

So you integrate your leg and
do a grandchild together.

And you can call them and see that in fact
that there is a majority of five people so

that even after just a week it's
concentrated in the regions where you have

convergence that you respect.

This is another this is an example from
winter and the reason I picked these so

sample is that there was
a beautiful vortex here and

the stuff that was inside of all to see
me the only organized this is less than I

think it's about a week after we saw
the integration in each of the very

high convergence and it looks like that
when you put the convergence field and

this is in the solution satellites so
gas from inside than at the end and

looks very much like the same.

So.

This is all nice and we quantify those
differences Well if you're doing

the result of the special you're not going
to see ANY think they know pretty much

told us if these are the locals in
the next behind you are going to be.

You are just taking your particles and
looking.

It stunts that where they end and
you are very much the distance between

each of them I mean from the point where
they start to the fold where they are and

you just look aware how your.

Age is evolving.

And this is just a square and.

You're not going to see anything except
you know if you find that everything works

you have a piece of minus two to feed to
the two for a short time you have a key to

the five Fourth long time that is
associated with the presence of ideas and

then you tend to plateau
at the end nothing new but

there are no difference between
the want to get on the five.

Here if you fact you cannot even see
the one kilometer because I've always been

you know you only see X. and Y. for the
five kilometer we took off on top there

I inverted the call up some person so
you see the blue one but that's your inch.

And so it's not safe to say types
of always on full dispersion So

if you're just interested the where is
your stuff an average is going obviously

those of your distribution you're
the need to worry about this in other or

if you are into a set of where you're
putting something in the ocean where it's

going to be a month from now it's going to
matter what kind of ideas you have in that

ocean it doesn't matter which kind
of some ice is constructive so that.

If you're into so that two particle
dispersions then things change so how to

particle side evolving at short times well
you know that it evolved very different in

the beginning and then it keeps behaving
differently and the same is true for

your current size the atom of exponents
which is a different way of measuring.

I think he's been sent and you are not
plateauing which is what the would

like you to do feel to be to a balance but
you continue to walk.

And all this is it's fine and
all this work for so first.

Base is just one example
stuff what about the vertical

which to me was the most
interesting component and

the vertigo for variously as I know it's
not been looked upon those are graphic of

the last of the feel the sometime you
spoke of the last of the feel that the two

are solution and you can immediately
see that they are very different and

this is a fight they could be sometime
yes one that these assume on the top and

this is the five kilometer one and

if I take the standard deviation
off my velocity the difference is

substantial at all that now if I average

over let's say Well the notion
frequency here is twenty eight hours so

I average over about multiple twenty
eight hours or I just do a frequency

spectrum I remove all the frequency that
fanatical struck my velocity field then

my two velocity fields have a six
month and looks very much the same.

So everything what is causing me these
huge difference in vertical velocity

Remember I'm just I'm already a five
kilometer here so you have to think that

when we're doing climate stuff which at
the end is where you really interesting.

Things should come OK we have
a solution of conduit so

we are already extremely high in the
lesson we are underestimating the vertical

velocity by the Sigma it's subtle to me.

And it's a very large and that.

And so what we did here is to take

the velocity field in the two cases
take the notion of frequency of

the moved if we would see the higher
than that we will start to.

Lost the field and essentially look much
closer together and less in both cases.

So what this is showing you is that
those those frequency really matters and

do math and also for
the transport of those.

Our particles we put particles
about to even that can move also in

the vertical and we're looking at where
they ended up so we let them evolve for

forty days and
the color tells you how deep they were and

when you were where they weren't also when
you were walking up to a solution and

US resolving the sub mesoscale tell us
what event and those were practical of

the plight of the surface and those
were practical to flow a hundred meters.

And the difference so huge huge.

More importantly our own very large and
it's because of these copper ling up in

the ocean waves and most of his structures
so you have a very large fronts and

you are really converging a lot of
inertial energy so you're getting a very

very large part of the loss of those
side vertical displacement in the two

simulations after ten twenty thirty
forty days and what you can see is that

the vertical displacement of a particle
at the surface in the after ten days

is on average twenty meters in one
other solution and these of the or

they're off sixty seventeen out of
solution which is a very large scale

that's a matter for biology and for carbon
sequestration and might have some luck.

Because here you now have that particles
going below the mix layer makes a it's

about fifty meters in the simulation here
very still the forty days between not

mistaken if you call correctly sixty four
at the beginning of the they won and

it's like forty a set at the last day
of simulation because we're going into

the warmer season so the mix there becomes
shallower what you see here is that a lot

of particles have gone below to me so
that once they are below the mean so

it's very difficult for them to come back
up or anywhere more difficult than the.

And get a good deep OK so here you have
to question things below them if they

are the ocean surface here you have no.

And this is a video where
the particles go and

get pollution of Potch a particle that we
put there in that square the beginning

here we have one kilometer surface
one kilometer one hundred meter and

five kilometer in the two cases surface
and handed me to the floor men and

what you see in the video is that
if you have the the difference in

that to reach its significant and
fifty large from the beginning

at all debts not just at the surface and
would be in the next layer but

also when you start from the Gulf.

And that's actually where the dispersion
of the yearly change a lot.

And those are the dispersion curves for
the absolute discretion curves for

the part of the gold in the vertical and
the Q E the to be well.

Q G T U E will give you a.

Piece of square that you always see and
it kind of people it's the end and

you kind of see it in the in the.

One kilometer kind of see it also
in the in the five kilometer but

the difference in a few fourth of
this motion is very very large and

into the main Snot as large but still
very significant of that obviously there

is nothing magical about walking home and
there are so things could get even worse

when we get a higher solution except I
think we would have to change the model

second saying there is only one place
where I know there are decent A B.

C P velocity measurements take in a that's
inside the idea that's fortunately it's

the Gulf of Mexico and they are seeing in
the beta velocity that are almost twice as

large as ours we are getting to velocity
which are there are eighty meters per day.

They are seeing velocities.

Go two hundred forty one hundred sixty.

So although my needs is larger than
what you suspect that in the ocean.

So.

It will pull beasts this far it and
I have a second small project but

I may just go very fast on that.

We have a large.

Number we have partial imbalance flow and
at that point we have very large

they are back to that the axis that we
are not able to see in the other case

we now have a proposal in to go and
try to do specific.

Observations So we really try to find
one of those ideas said the C.P.M.

the way disappear and try to have
measurements off of those fluxes because

if this is the case we are really seeing
something that could have a potentially

a very large farm that sickness not in
the Gulf of Mexico specifically but

are on the Antarctic so
in between forty and and

seventy south OK where it's much more
complicated to the observations they

just finished the very large project they
have indication that this might be a work

we don't have any proof because it's very
difficult to target I.D.'s there your

ideas are very large and of the simple
from satellites so you can actually go and

place instrument and do it.

While those but also you do is that
they are really fundamental for

surface into a material exchange and

we get a completely different exchange
between makes layer and below in working

on metal simulations compared
to what we do in the five.

We have for work I skate to with
Michael because the situation that

we kind of knew we thought ready.

About the formation of the ocean so first
you get those lines that you can finally

explain why you have them and
what is the scale of those lines.

And we get very strong just off just off
it I think I'll stick you know we took.

Similar model and we did something
a little bit more sophisticated

to look at specifically the always feel.

And this is a five kilometer go figure a
shot for the golfer where we need to wait

nesting grete inside where we go
to about one point six kilometers.

And we have a huge amount
of vertigo solution and so

that's a view a simulation
of the one before and

this is clearly stick in the sense that
we have realistic surface forcing from

observations of the time we're simulating
three years of thousands tens of thousand

in the beginnings of thousand and
ten to the end of two thousand and twelve.

And we have also realistic about the
conditions because we are using at model

of the state a simulation and
this work has been done by how do or.

Velocipede there's a satellite's average
for the two years for the crying the ball

those kind of pieces you would be
cleared from satellites versus the model

I always have to say to look at them
think what is the mother and what is the.

Satellite So he's doing a pretty good
job doing also a very good job which is

important in the Gulf in that effort you
seeing so we need to see and temperature

profile and you would think that this was
simple before the always feel people wear

out by an order of magnitude
all the models that went on So

here we are comparing our
model we have observations and

we involve that that does that as a nation
so the small the less nose those and

missions we are comparing with our more of
the best in all it's completely free and

we are totally comparable So it's really
doing a very good job in terms of.

Vertical to see things.

You know we're looking specifically at
seasonality and what you can see is that

the both physically feel the winter or the
vertical velocity in winter versus summer

and be friend in the sense of you can see
more structure here that you see here but

you still see more than
a speck because the.

This is the season where you
should respect the east and

in reality if you look at Spring and
Fall going to see that unless and this

is a question that comes to came after
the spill because why we were seeing so

much them as the way in the Gulf in the
summer the mix later it's very shallow and

the energy for some measure of this to
be the is to essentially mix later so

the deeper you out the more energy
supply you can have and if you take.

I'm all distribution aware your.

Number is what you find your average to
the whole domain what you find is that you

have the winter peak which is what you
expect and then things should go down then

come back up instead you have been
intermediate take in summer and

where that is coming from because the.

Mix layer goes down and come up and
the transfer of energy goes down and

come up as is a perfect huge you
shape which is what you expect and

what people have seen
everywhere else except here.

And.

What with found this what people never
consider is that the Golf is a huge amount

of freshwater fluxes and the freshwater
Fluxus are very strong in summer

because the Mississippi the largest
in food from the Mississippi

it's in May usually May June April May and

the water we give each
is a continental shelf.

With a slope in June July and
so if you have a huge

amount of fresh water you're putting
a lot of changes and that's a fee so

you can have density gradients if you
have the right structures and then City

gradients allowing you to have both think
it's a pretty associated with the presence

of the freshwater boxes so what's
happening the reality in the Gulf is that

once the fresh water penetrates outside of
the show this is that been in summer then

you start having you just associate it to
the density Creative's and not to eat.

Even if you have a very shallow meets a.

And.

That changes completely in
the solution those are just the.

This is a vertical transect of
always off of that's a gradient

taking an absolute value and
what you can see is really that you see

very very large you are on the slope and
this is selling anything and

it's a beautiful one because this
is showing you where all the.

Ocean water of versus Weaver water
is mixing and how it's mixing and

how shocked by the gradients
that you find.

And in fact if you look at what
that's the gradient do you have this

huge peak in summer and then all those
plots of the field and shifted between and

walk those that I would be more
than two hundred meter total So

our essentially on the continental
slope and water that are on the shelf

that's why you have multiple lines but
the red ones out for the one kilometer and

if we worked out for the five kilometer
and this is the five kilometer and

the one kilometer in terms of always on
prevents the gradients the distribution

and what you can see is that the season
that there's the most is summer followed

by spring just reversed that here and
then you are going to fall and so

that is really driving a different kind of
instability that we didn't expect to have.

Much to do but it does.

And this is also telling you
that if the spill like that in

a different season would have been
a completely different thing and so

if we had to have another spill and
the spill was for

example to fall we would probably have
a much larger chance of having or

a lot of the Gulf which didn't
happen in this case OK then I mean

the fact that we had very little damage
compared to the size of the spill that is

used to get the fire that we have a lot of
bacteria the pate most of you want but for

the for the one that come for the So
first the fact that we got localized.

So well it's because we had these very
strong convergence zone associated to

the that's the great dance that
populate the Gulf and summer.

And if we had it in a different time
of the year thinks would have been

completely different.

And this is so you really.

Do mean it's and that's my
schemata somewhere else except for

the surface the answer is yes and
they do my thing whenever you are on

Continental Shelf slopes because you do
get formation of small scale ideas and

feel immense wherever you have
interaction with the topography So

what that meant is that if you put the
tracer which is what happened of the doing

this field with the spear was on the ball.

At the bottom and shoot it up.

It gets trapped much more in the model
whenever you are resolving this

kind of subways escape process that when
you don't if you are in the regions where

the same as it's kind of important where
the the spill happened about here and

they where and so what that means
is that this is very close to

where the spill happened if you have seen
late thing that we have a five kilometer

you're going to get much more
stuff coming up to the surface.

And spread in the water column and when
you do it a very high of a solution and

you are that close at that point you
have all those very small ids for

these authorises it would be
a semester that are going to top it.

If you are the dark.

In the regions where the sun mesoscale
are not from the men felt like here things

don't change almost at all.

And fortunately someone got funded
to put some stuff on the bottom and

I think come up with more or less of
the same place of this field and so

we do have some data and
this is I was simulation a one

kilometer five kilometer this is the data
that were collected six months after the.

In August of two thousand and eleven off.

A die.

And those are our profile.

For the one point six kilometer in the red
and the provide much thank you up.

And if you just multiply by two and
a half to a solution to provide them so

much at all.

So if you want to do any
kind of forecasting or.

You know ever faster response
in case of the out of spiel

Unfortunately you need more of those
to get to those who solutions and

when you get close to the shelf see them
or something this is this work whenever

your water column is at least two on the
meter of that if you are even a child who.

Is going high.

So concluding we get that in the in
the Gulf we have very strong

features and have a very peculiar
seasonal signal we get them in winter

like everywhere else but we also get them
in summer for a different reason and

the reason is that we have fresh water.

They impact both the always on
time in the vertical transport and

that's feeling when they're in the bin
some of the would be a bit different.

But it's obvious a better scope process
along the slope is also important because

if you're trying to do anything of that so
if you have been either deep

spiel you're not going to do any decent
but unless you have to a solution for

those might produce processes as well
it seems at the least that people for

getting to one kilometer one in
the Have you ever to wind down

at surface we probably need
even higher than that.

And one in five is not a magic number and
as I said along the shelf we have it that

and we expect to have to go through but
at least fifty twenty meters.

To be able to match your submissions.

Thanks man.

Yeah.

Yeah yeah.

You know it's not just computation I mean
you can you can easily take this model to

one kilometer and trust that when you
are in water that I'm up to shallow but

when you get very shallow your locale
also be numbered because it is and

then you just get in
the processes domain and

you know and
then I was stuck model of the back and

then see off sending you your
particular solution to a few ninety.

If your resolution goes to zero you know
vertical velocity will go to infinity

that it's not.

So you have to change the the model
you're using and we don't have yet

models that are able to do either
such a process closes coast and

then go on I don't stuff it so we are
missing it a nice blend of two essentially

I mean we have the two pieces on the two
different communities that are using

them.

It's the go to the game and let me go
there yes you want me to comment on that.

It's to be it's to be.

It's to be that's the only
problem I have yes it's to be.

What they're doing because they
are they just brought the paper and

I got very insulted.

Because they'd be there for a OK day
trying to explain the same thing so

they they have a paper summit that
try to explain the same thing

at the Sawgrass Apartments and
what they're doing it is that they're

taking the velocity that they calculate
from the something like two track to be

twenty five kilometer or so and
then they are putting light particles and

they're saying that the light particles
are going to do the same yes sure

we knew that already twenty years ago from
when I started my Ph D. people were doing

life and then the particles into the two
a balance that's for fifty two but

here that OK if they're every
They go down as by and C.

always said they go
down forget about that.

If they're light.

You have to go see their what is
the first approximation I mean what

is the important third and you can show
that up to five because that is twenty

percent more buoyant than water
the buoyancy const nothing

it's a very small correction on
top of the velocity that you

have associated to the convergence so they
cannot tell me that they have a different

mechanism that mechanism is not relevant
to nature because those are also much.

Stronger.

And the problem is that they have
a beautiful system of doing Lagrangian

coherent structures and
follow the states that these two D..

And so now they are trying to.

Use a wire and
seek to match the date up but.

It's not the physical reason
why they have to go to be and

you can not to give the easily go with the
God of clear and structural stuff because

it's based on the fact that you
have the virgins on the result.

So that's where I get your get set
because they specifically citing like

this is very easy for you but
you always wrong and why is right so OK.

With.

We try and I mean we actually thrive and
we would probably go

there right in five because of our
every change absolutely nothing and

the reason is that the velocity of much
of the convergence how much stronger so

they are that it's a zero zero zero one
zero zero zero one with a correction.

Lair and
they are working with people in Miami.

It's not it's not even the competition.

It's.

All the

money.

Now not in those ones I mean you can you
must live in the way I'm all done and

I'm all that is a complicated thing the
difficulty of the spiel was that first of

all the order was very rich it's not
the old that you think you get and

you use because back when it's life and
yet.

So it's very very So
whatever it is that he shoots out.

And then they put a lot of dispersant
of that broke some of the molecules and

kept the A.B. fired at that so
it's stay there on the thousand three

hundred meters and
that was cause of the plumes and

then another fraction came up and that was
another big plume around six seven hundred

meters and this was just associated with
the vents the structural Bedouin then you

got the one that was very light and got
to the surface got that so dispersant and

that also got exposed to the sun and then
it's a complete way their wing issue and

how or whether it's it's
a very complicated thing so

at that point in the model that is
doing the weathering months or so.

To understand where the plume went once
you know the back there which is stop

the lies then it becomes easy you can kind
of doing maybe it's because when the plume

is form is form we've all that there's
the same sense of your water mustn't that

of this guy so it's

boss.

OK.