Thank you Jim for that kind introduction.

And I would like to start by thanking the
supply chain and logistics Institute for

inviting me to share some thoughts on
additive manufacturing and three D.

printing and how.

These technologies
are going to impact the.

Supply chain.

And so just a little bit about myself.

I came here came to the United States in
one thousand nine hundred very passionate

about manufacturing events many
factoring and fast forward

twenty seven years later I'm really
happy to be working in this area so

my my background is primarily in
many factoring process development.

With the specifically in
the fields of three D.

printing and additive manufacturing and
designing and developing new processes new

machines and
developing the materials know how

to enable breakthrough advances
across a number of industry sectors

including aerospace biomedical
automotive and even nanotechnology.

So I've been a Georgia Tech for ten years
now I came here in two thousand and

seven and prior to that I was at
the University of Michigan and

arbor for seven years where I
started my academic career.

And then moved here in two thousand and
seven and have been here since then.

So as I said my background
is primarily we're on

many fracturing processes for three D.

printing and additive.

More recently have become
interested after some

conversations with colleagues
in in in your school.

To discuss the impact of supply
chains impact very to many fact and

supply chain so I'm going to share
some thoughts on that today so

before I go into some of those subs split
the stock into two parts the first part

is going to be more of a primer
a background on three D.

printing a narrative
many factions I know that

I'm sure that several of you have
already seen quite a bit of the.

In the in the media in
the press on on Web sites and

lots of You Tube videos out there but
I just thought I'll

talk a little bit about the genesis and
some backbone on three D.

printing out of the manufacturing and
then.

Then after that get into some of the.

Impacts on the supply chain.

So first thing interestingly enough
this name additive manufacturing.

Just give you a little background and
I'm not going to bore you for

ninety minutes here you know you have time
to one thirty but I'll try to keep it as

brief as I can this is a relatively recent
term additive manufacturing and three D.

printing about ten years
ago when we said three D.

printing we were all the people that
worked in this field all were referring

to a particular process that came out
of MIT which was spreading powder and

then printing droplets of a binder.

Abit of manufacturing came about
again roughly about ten years ago

prior to that there were
about a half a dozen or so

names you know there are all kinds of
rapid prototyping rapid manufacturing

layered many factions and so forth and
some of these are listed here.

And the community came together and
said look there's too much the so

many different names too
much confusion why don't we.

You know come up with the common
terminology that will be

used across the board and that's what
I did in manufacturing came on so the.

American Society for.

Testing of materials S.T.M..

Came up with the definition so

we didn't even have standards we didn't
have any esteem committee Sony has to

be in committee was formed is the F A S D
M A forty two committee that came up with

this definition process of joining
materials to make objects from three D.

model data usually layer by layer

as opposed to subtractive
technologies like machining

one of the things they also didn't include
here are things like forging casting and

they were primarily informing to
removal of material from a block.

And so really how it works
we start with our design

some concept that we have we we draw
it up on a CAD computer workstation

drop the design and then that design
gets turned into a specific file.

And that file represents
the surface of the part

all of the surfaces on the part and then
that file then gets mathematically sliced.

So we determine a direction and

on orientation in which
we're going to build a part.

And having defined that orientation then
we mathematically slice that file and

the slicing of that file mathematically
will give was a series of cross sections.

And those cross sections
basically determine

where there is material in the part and
where there is no material award and

that information is then
transferred to a three D.

printing device a three.

Printer and that takes the information
present in each of those

slices and then determines commands
on where it needs to go and

deliver material where it
needs to go deposit material

in some instances there's only one
material that's being deposited and

it might be to some kind of a tiny little
nozzle to which you're delivering a molten

plastic which is what most does stop
pretty printers that's how they work

in other cases you might have two
different materials will be one material

which is called a part material another
material called a support material and

that becomes important especially when you
have complex three dimensional geometry

and as you're building up a part of your
growing apart because what you're doing is

layer by layer deposition as
the geometry changes you might reach

situations where let's say you are growing
apart like this and then it begins to.

Have an overhang if there's no material
right underneath it there's nothing

to support so we have to build support
structures in addition to the main part

we would have to put support
structures that can allow

material to be grown on top
as the cross-section changes

oftentimes the support structure material
can be a different material that can be

easily dissolved the way removed after
the particle has been completed.

So.

You see this this is a.

Just very briefly allude to this.

You know it's not it's not really
clear on the screen here but

the technology from
the nine hundred ninety S.

to present day has seen
a pretty significant growth and

I would say especially in the last ten
years there's been somewhat explosive

growth and that's got to do with
the fact that many of these.

The two major phenomena that
have occurred one is where

many of the patents that were filed in
the late one nine hundred eighty S.

and and
early to mid one nine hundred ninety S.

those patents expired.

And this allowed other
parties to come in and.

Create.

Low cost less sophisticated versions
of these technologies that protected So

one key example there is for instance.

Stratospheres which is one of the if
not very leading company in three D.

printing today.

Developed their technology called
Fuse deposition modeling and

what that does is nothing but it really
effectively equivalent to a robotic glue

gun so you have a blue gun that's
mounted on an emotion stage and

it's extruding a bit of modern plastic
that technology was patented evolved

into ever more sophisticated machines
industrialize and so forth and

when the patent expired a couple of years
prior to that there was a bunch of other

folks that were cloning the technology and
that was the genesis of Maker Bot.

Maker Bot came in and produced this ultra
low cost printer that you know ordinary

consumers could buy and what what's
very interesting what happened there is.

Stratus is so make a board as a threat and

acquired them for
seven hundred million dollars.

That was amazing to I've never seen
anything like that happen in the in this

field and then later on it didn't
actually that that didn't pan out and

they took a four hundred
million dollars charge for

having made that acquisition
because they didn't quite see

they thought those SEALs were going to
take off on these low cost printers and

it just didn't happen but we're seeing
that and we're seeing also that the.

The the manufacturers that.

Really gave rise to this to this field
continue to improve their machines these

machines were about ten years ago they
were not very reliable but they invested

lots of resources and they've made these
machines much more reliable to the point

where now you can make industrial
grade parts and once that happened and

once the availability of the ability
to make metal parts became available.

Sales began to take off so that's
kind of what we are seeing today and

in many instances this is really going
towards industrialized manufacturing

so if you look at different
classifications there are roughly this

committee came up with seven kind
of seven classifications were all

nearly all additive manufacturing and
three D.

printing technologies can be sort
of bend into seven categories so

first one is that for
the plan rising action and

here what what's being done is that you
have basically a container of liquid

a liquid polymer monomer and by shining.

Typically shining U.V. light of though
there are some instances where you can

shine visible light as well but
by printing by projecting U.V.

light on that surface of that
liquid resin you can harden it and

you can do this layer upon layer in every
layer having a different pattern and

you can grow an object the original
technology here was to be one of

the first commercialized technologies by
treaty systems which is one of the biggest

players today but since then with
the availability of chips like

the Texas Instruments digital
micrometer device which

is the kind of device that drives this
projector that's showing the images here.

We can actually directly project
images in ultraviolet light from

a chip like what's
projecting this image here.

And then we can we can do this layer upon
layer in built up so companies like form

labs they're doing this kind of work so
that fulcrum resurrection uses liquid.

Liquid all liquid or
liquids filled with particles

then there's material extrusion that's
the other one I mentioned earlier fuse

deposition modeling here extruding
the beads of a molten plastic and

you're doing this in a controlled
manner and growing up objects.

Then you have part of a fusion and this
is also gaining a tremendous amount of

popularity especially for metal three D.

printing.

Fusion what you're doing is you're
spreading a powder a fine powder and

a thin layer that layer maybe on
the order of a quarter of a millimeter

not a quarter of a millimeter a quarter
of a tenth of a millimeter so

like twenty five microns which is roughly
one third diameter of human hair so

we linger on a thin layer of this powder
and then you come in with a very tightly

focused laser beam that scans
over the powder and it fuses and

melts it melts the part of particles
in a given pattern and it forms some

arbitrary two dimensional cross-section
corresponding to the slice that's being

printed and this goes on layer upon layer
so we spreading thin layers of powder and

using this very powerful focused laser
beam to fuse these parts together to fuse

these layers together the nice thing about
part of it fusion is the power that can

be applied polymer can be a plastic that's
how it actually began it started with

a process called selectively the centering
and that was actually invented in my Ph D.

advisors lab at the University
of Texas Austin so

we started with polymer Paolo's like
nylon they were even doing powdered wax.

Abs plastic and things like that and but
what's become very very popular today is

metal powders because there's a huge
amount of interest in being able to

directly print metal parts that
you can go from a three D.

design file to a printed metal part and

with some additional
work on the printed part

be able to actually use that printed metal
part in a functioning piece of machinery.

So for instance this has become so so.

Important and
industrially relevant that G.

just last year acquired two
companies one was using pain and

electron beam to fuse powders Another
one was using a laser beam so

the company that uses electron beam
is a Swedish company called Arcam

the other one was a German company called
concept laser they were both acquired for

roughly seven hundred million apiece so

a one point four billion dollar
investment that Gene made and in doing so

literally they have snatched
the majority of the metal three D.

printing market.

There's some other were going on in Europe
as well as here on ceramic powders as well

so that's part of it fusion then we
have something called directed energy

deposition where what we're doing is
instead of having an existing part of bed

we might be spraying the powder in
the in the line of a laser beam and

both the powder and the laser are moving
together and they're depositing material

continuously we can have a powder stream
or we can have a wire that's being fed.

And we can build up large quantities
of large amounts of material fairly

quickly you don't get very good drama
trigger resolution you don't get very fine

feature parts but if you want to make
large parts and you want to put down a lot

of material very quickly then directed
energy depositions a good way to do it and

in this one example recently
a company called Norsk titanium.

A Scandinavian company has
established a one hundred

twenty seven million dollar facility
in New York state state of New York and

what they're doing is they're
taking a wire of titanium alloy and

they're using a plasma to
melt that wire and lead on.

Lots and lots of material very quickly and
in doing that they get a very high quality

deposit such that it can be certified for

use in aerospace so
companies like Boeing and Airbus and

others are streaming to this to
this company to use that technology

to directly print large structures for
things like wings on aircraft.

Then there's another process
called material jetting and

this is very similar to
an injector printer so and so

we know how to inject into works we
have a print head that laying down

droplets of ink but now instead of
having an ink that's going to create

printed characters we can have
a functional ink so the ink could be.

A suspension of some some
material can be a metal or

a ceramic things like that so we can or
it could even be droplets a wax so

they're actually printers that we use this
method of material jetting to put on very

fine droplets a wax and build up complex

structures that you know can be used
in casting jewelry for instance.

Binder jetting is another one in this case
you have a powder bed and instead of after

sweeping up out of it instead of coming
in with a laser beam to melt and fuse

material you have an ink a print head like
an inkjet print head that comes in and

it's going to lay down droplets of
a glue binder so when that's done.

What we're doing is layer by layer we're
printing glue in a bed of powder and

that glue will dry pretty quickly and

as we bring these layers together they're
all bonded together so at the end you have

a part that has a three dimensional shape
and it's the part of particles held

together by the glue now we can take that
part and do additional things to it for

instance we can put it inside a furnace we
can burn away the glue and then it even

higher temperature we can get these power
particles that might be metal particles

to get bonded together and we can increase
the strength of the part that way and

we can even infiltrate the park
with some liquid metal.

And make a strong dense part.

So this is actually the technology if I
don't know if anyone's here is hold of a.

Cambridge Massachusetts based
company called the Stop metal

which has been in the news recently
the stop metal is doing this they are.

Sweeping the metal powder and then they
are printing a binder and once that's

done they take the part out they put
it in a microwave centering furnace and

they literally cook that part and make it
strong the last one a sheet lamination and

here what we're doing is we instead
of taking a powder or a wire or

droplets we're taking sheet
the sheet might be a very simple

print of paper and and
what we're doing is we're printing and

then we're cutting a pattern
into the sheet and

doing this layer by layer by
layer building it up so if you.

Stores like Staples they have a three D.

printer from a company called M.

core M C O R It's a British company and

that's this is what they do
their duty it's just regular.

Printer paper the print colors on it and
they stack it and

they have an extremely sharp tool
that comes in cuts on chips in you

stack them up that way and then what you
can what you get ultimately is a three D.

printed object mean of.

Paper and glue.

OK So these are the seven major.

Classes here the key thing
to note is this is not

new this is been around since
the one nine hundred ninety S.

late eighty's in one
nine hundred ninety S.

these most of these technologies
have been around and

it's only in the last ten years or
so that as I said this three D.

printing has really.

You know got the attention of
people across the world and I think

it's got to do with a couple of things as
I said improvement of technologies and

also the expiration of patents that has
allowed more consumer grade three D.

printers to become available and

that's caught the attention of
people in the media and so forth.

So.

There's been a as I said tremendous amount
of coverage in the media so is it hype or

reality so back in two thousand and
eleven The Economist

printed an article in
the showed that this.

Replica of a Stradivarius
violin was printed with

plastic powder to part of a fusion so
this is like nylon powder

printed in the laser centering machine and
you know they let me interrupt the car so

what they were making the claim
at the time was three D.

printing makes it as cheap to
create single items as it is to

produce thousands and does undermines
economies of scale that was

fairly wishful thinking at that time and
I think it's still us we're still nor

there yet
we're still not at the point where we can

produce a single part as cheaply as it
would be to make thousands three D.

printing out of the manufacturing is not
good at that scale of mass production

where we can make thousands except for
a few limited.

Applications in a few limited.

Compelling business cases and I'll show
you some examples a little bit later.

In the same the next
year in twenty twelve.

You know this claim was made this is going
to be the toward industrial revolution and

the digitization of manufacturing will
transform the way goods are made and

I'll change the politics of jobs to
know there is some there is certainly

some truth to this and as I go towards
the end of my talk and show you how.

The terminology today being
used digitalisation or

what they call industry four point zero.

That is definitely going
to play a role in.

Modern three D.

printing and additive manufacturing.

And it is causing manufacturing
to come to come back to.

The wealthy countries so this is happening
we're seeing that happen here in the U.S.

we're seeing it happen in Europe as
well and that's got to do more with

digital manufacturing with
greater levels of automation and

the reduction of dependence
on low cost labor.

And it's not as digital So
this is just what I just said

this was again in The Economist that
said as many faction goes digital it

will change out of all recognition and
some of the business of making things will

return to rich countries that's
definitely happening especially with.

The explosion in sensors in the I.O.T. of

internet of things that's coming together
and that's going to play a huge role in

the modern industrial manufacturing
with embedding of sensors and

gathering huge amounts of data
that will then be interrogated and

from that interrogation of the data the.

Many factoring will be made much
more efficient defects will be

reduced crap rates will be reduced so
that's going to play a big role.

Same as you also said making
things with a three D.

printer changes the rules of manufacturing
Yes it definitely does major thing it does

it takes out tooling so international
manufacturing whenever we make

things we need to have a tool
whether it's in casting or

forging or machining who are molding
injection molding any of those methods

we always have to make a tool first that's
going to enable making the part and

the tool is typically
specific to the part and so

you have to go make the tool first and
only then can you go and

make part and especially when you have a
lower number of parts initially to be made

like in prototypes the cost of the tool
would dominate so much that it would be

oftentimes be cost prohibitive to do that
but that is now that paradigm is broken

because now the only tool that you
need in most cases is the three D.

printer itself and once you have your
design file and the appropriate software

to turn that into a set of instructions
then it's going to go ahead and

deposit the material and deliver the
material additively and make up make up

the part the other thing that it does is
it dramatically opens up the design space.

You know have the ability to make
designs that were previously impossible

to make because they were limited
by the manufacturing methods and

they were limited by the ability
to make tooling to make a given

design there are many many many designs
for which you just can't even make the two

it's impossible to make the tuning
because the design is so

complex now those those kinds
of designs get enabled and

that is going to enable a big revolution
in manufacturing especially in

what we call lightweight energy efficient
designs you're going to see this

in aerospace you're going to see this in
automotive where we're going to take.

Traditional there's.

Lines and we're going to run them
through a optimization process

where that optimization process will
carve out material that's no longer

needed because the part is going to be
it's going to lead to a very complex

design or
many oftentimes organic features but

it will only be possible to make
through additive manufacturing

and so we're going to get these what
are called apology optimized designs or

generative designs Autodesk
which is a major software vendor

in this space has already made huge
investments in this area and they've been

there launching software products that are
going to enable these kinds of optimized

typology optimized designs which are going
to ultimately enable light reading and

like weighting is extremely important
from the viewpoint of fuel efficiency so

in aerospace if you can.

Remove weight from the from the any
port that's going to go on an engine or

an aircraft it's going to lead
to significant improvements

in fuel efficiency same thing
in automotive this and in cars.

So.

Gartner which is it's a well known firm.

In the media space has something
called the Gardner hype cycle and

it goes like this old typically
over time what you see so it's not.

It's not clearly shown here but
up here you look at maturity and

here you see visibility so
it starts over the technology trigger and

what you see is there's
a huge interest build up and

it goes to a peak of
inflated expectations were.

The whatever the technology is it's
anticipated to deliver way more

than it actually is capable so there's
a huge peak of inflated expectations and

when those expectations are not met then.

The the enthusiasm goes down and

goes to a trough of disillusionment and
when it hits the trough of disillusionment

then there's a lot of work that goes in to
improve the technology and make it more.

Available for industrial use and

then it begins to climb up the slope of
light mint and part of productivity So

here's a twenty thousand hype cycle
again I apologize because of the.

The resolution we can't
really see that but

here's where you can see that in
twenty thirteen consumer three D.

printing was right here
at right at the top and

that coincides with when major investments
were made in these consumer three D.

printing companies were it was
the expectations were inflated way beyond.

What should've been the norm and

today when we when we look at today
basically these are the consumer three D.

printing has come through here down
down the slope and to the trough of

disillusionment and we're not quite there
yet where we have consumer grade three D.

printers that are available for
an affordable cost that are going to.

Be accepted by the public
were the cost of the three D.

printer and the cost of the the I think so

the materials that go into them
are going to be affordable on a you know

to the common consumer but
nevertheless let me show you the next so

this is a somewhat better here so
this is focused entirely on three D.

printing and this is a twenty
six thousand hype cycle so

you can see where we are today with some
of the technologies that are mature and

certainly on their way to
industrialization So we have three D.

printing of hearing devices
are showing example of the.

Scanners three D.

printing service bureaus where you can
send your part designed over the Internet

submit the part and they'll print
the part and they'll ship it back to you.

Software three print creation software
that's maturing tremendously very fast and

apprise three D.

printing where you have people that
are establishing companies establishing

factories that are fleets of machines
that are only making parts of three D.

printing and then three D.

printing of dental devices and
I'll choose an example of that but

you can see consumer three D.

printing is still here it's not tear
down it's not even hit the trough of

disillusionment yet and some of
the other things that we're going to see

coming in the few in the next
few years are going to be.

Three by a printing printing
of pictures and organs.

Printing of pharmaceuticals.

We're going to have individually
tailored medicines and

things like that we're going to
have hip and knee implants and

then three Treaty Printing Systems for
organ transplant so

all of these are right now on the way
up through people to me three D.

printing of consumable products is still
very much at the starting initial stage

but we've already seen some
instances where we have three D.

printers for chocolate we have three D.

printers four.

Can be made of sugar
just powdered sugar so

those kinds of things are coming out so
let's go through some examples here.

One of the most well known examples
of mass customization with three D.

printing was used.

Comp income combination
with digital design

technology is the case of
a line this was actually a.

Business case that was an in
Stanford University Business School and

it was a it was a.

Business concept that was pitched there
and today this company has made over one

hundred million molds so what they've
done is they've taken the ability to.

Take three scanning technology
combine that with three D.

printing and with customized software
to be able to make these custom made

custom fitting clearer liners for
repositioning Pete and

it's the largest installation
of these three D.

three D.
printing machines in the world and

they've done over one hundred million
dollars So this is a and again they're all

directly three point these these are
liners what they're doing is the three D.

printing.

A mold which is then used to.

Shape this clear plastic which is like
P M M a polymath element accolade.

Another example is in Foreigner
which is in hearing aids again

customized custom made hearing aid
shells matched with custom electronics

so the patient in this case
goes to an audiologist office.

They get an impression of their.

Ear.

Canal that is placed on a three D.

scanning device about
the size of a bush radio.

Spin scanning is done
the scan is then sent over

the Internet to a design
studio they take that scan and

from that they can design the shell
the shells are printed on thirty three D.

printing machines and
while that's going on.

Electronics there are optimized for that
particular patient's hearing deficiency

are selected they are then
fitted into the shell so

from Scan to finished delivered
part is about a week to ten days.

And the divan this where over ten
million personalise hearing so

another very very good example
of mass customization.

And that was outside.

Not internal to the human body.

With the advent of metal three D.

printing.

What used to be parts that
were originally cast for

hip implants are today being printed in
metal So here's an example of this company

Lima corporate partnering with Arcam
which is the maker of these electron beam

metal twenty printing machines and
they've taken advantage of the fact that

taking powered metal titanium
in this case we can.

Print these cuts with this kind of very.

Entanglement porous structure which
is actually very useful because

when it's implanted in the body
the bone can go into these poor and

integrate very well and
into lock with the.

The implant and

this was something that was not possible
to be done only in order to get that they

would have to do a lot of work they
would have to cast make a metal casting.

And then they would have to
had a different layer of.

Powdered metal get it bonded on to
create this kind of a structure but

now this can all be printed.

Similar to that you can also do
this where someone who's undergone

a head trauma for instance no need
say an implant a metal implant.

Taking the CAT scan or the M.R.I.

imaging of that person we
can design a custom made.

Custom implant that can then be printed
as a mesh in thirteen instead of taking

some standard off the shelf material and

cutting it in shaping it we
can make a perfectly fitting.

Structure that is custom made for
the person so.

This is actually even all the information
this number is even much bigger so

they've done over forty thousand of these
in Europe where they have implanted these

these kind of hiccups so
this technology is no.

It's not proliferating across a variety
of other anatomical structures

there's a recent example that K.-Mart
where in in China they did a.

They implanted titanium ribs there was
another recent example that just came

out with a portion of the rib cage
where they combine titanium and

a and a softer material like a polymer So

what these things are going to do is has
as this goes forward and as these kinds of

technologies get accepted by the approval
organizations like if the in the U.S.

Ultimately you can you will see these
kinds of manufacturing facilities

located likely very close to the locations
where these parts are needed

ultimately they might make their way even
inside the maybe the maybe a manufacturing

facility within a hospital that's
actually making these things

printing them on demand so that's going
to dramatically disrupt supply chains.

Another example is in dental implants

once again the ability to take
metal powder and be able to print.

And so here you can see various
types of dental implants can

be just printed from powder instead
of having to go and make castings and

do a lot of machining and finishing and

in Europe have done over fifteen million
of these have been made in implant.

So once they go this way.

It's this is the it's it's
very likely going to be

one way march in the sense that they're
not going to go back to their old ways of

doing things this is All Things
are going to be made in the future and

they're going to be printed on demand so
again there will be

customized the be printed on demand will
be very short turnaround time will be.

You know inventories will be shrunk and

supply chains are going to
be dramatically shortened.

Quick example here this
is the formula Group B.

and this was.

Using three D.

printing like this is a mammoth very
large machine called the mammoth

still covering machine the printer the
entire body shell and this was done in one

week three weeks from design to fully
finished preprinted car body so

again dramatically compressing the the the
lead time and taking on multiple steps and

being able to make this in a single
sending is going to be you know the wave

of the future companies like local motors
are doing this already the setting

up setting up distributed local factories
they call these micro factories

where they have a large robotic
device that's extruding

laying down a bit of molten
plastic infuser carbon fiber.

So this is what it looks like
once it's all printed and

then the the next thing they will do
is they will do some machining on it so

they can do some machining and
finishing and ultimately in.

Printing completed in forty four hours and
another twenty four hours they complete

the milling they added the motor they
added the wheels and everything and

they drove the car around during
this show this one of the largest

manufacturing trade shows the I.M.T.
has shown in Chicago

they did it during the show itself they
were able to do this complete a sprint.

And actually finish the car and
drive it so local Motors is now setting up

these kinds of micro factories across
the U.S. They've done one I believe.

The done one in Tennessee.

And there's a few others that they
are setting up across the U.S..

Boeing is doing this again in the case
of Boeing they've been able to take.

What was once multiple metal parts.

Joined together by welding long many
multiple steps may have to go to multiple

different vendors in sort of doing that
they took the the design the collapse it

into one part and they were able to
print their part in plastic directly so

they're actually printing tens
of thousands of parts and

putting them on their aircraft and have
done away with you know aluminum pieces

that would have to be welded so once again
they've disrupted the supply chain and

what they've done in this case Boeing has
by developing this process in-house and.

Qualifying these parts as substitutes for

previously parts previously
made out of aluminum.

Now they have set up their own
certified manufacturing suppliers

where all the suppliers are doing
is they have their polymer three D.

printing machines laser centering and
they're printing those parts

according to Boeing specs and
supplying those parts to Boeing so.

You know again in this
case Boeing has managed to

to collapse the supply chain
to have just a single.

Step where you have a series
of sort of you know

certified suppliers that
are providing these parts.

For Ga of years you know G.'s
doing this in an aircraft engines

Here's one example this
is a this is a myth.

Example of dramatic supply chain collapse
this was this is a fuel combustion nozzle

and what it's doing is it's There
are nineteen of these in every leap X.

engine and already G.

aviation's got a backlog of
some six thousand plus engines.

This new leap X.

engine they've already got
a backlog of six thousand orders.

Or originally this part
would have to be made with.

In some instances seen eighteen let's
say in this case two eleven parts

eleven different parts would
have to be welded together and

then they would have to do a lot of
different operations and testing and

gee was able to take
metal tree printing and

collapse that into one single part
make it in one single piece and

in addition to doing that because of
the advances in capability they were able

to introduce complex internal
passages that would previously

not be possible and in doing that they
were able to increase the efficiency

of the engine by I think two or
three percent

the combustion efficiency the the the
manner in which the fuel air mixture was.

Atomized and sprayed and

that led to a dramatic improvement in
the overall efficiency of the engine so

now they're not going back this is
the only way they're going to do it and

they've made a fifty million
dollar investment in a factory

up the road here in in Auburn Alabama and
they're going to be making these.

So you know for
each engine they need nineteen and

they plan to make one
hundred thousand of these.

Per year and they've even gone beyond us
now so they've tested out a number of

other parts they're doing a lot of
things that we won't even hear about for

another year or two years.

But another spectacular
example of what they've done.

In this in this type of work is
there they had a turboprop engine.

And in the store were probably engine for
which the design has not changed in thirty

years they were able to take
eight hundred fifty five parts.

And threw treaty printing model three D.

printing collapse them to twelve.

So imagine what that
does to the supply chain

they're able to collapse eight hundred
fifty five parts to all parts and

now that's the only way
they're going to do it.

So in many cases like this they're pulling
in there they are they're basically

pulling in the technology in-house and
they are dramatically.

Collapsing the supply chain and
shortening it to the point where now.

All they would need is primarily I
would say three or four capabilities

they need the printers they need
the powder they need the ability to post

process the parts afterwards because all
of these parts of the manufacture have

to undergo some kind of heat
treatment in a furnace and machining.

Those are the major things that would need
all the other knowledge the expertise they

have in-house so they're pulling all of
this and one of the things they're able to

do by doing this is not only making it
much more faster much more efficient.

Improving that the productivity the took
were great but also by doing this they're

able to choke off their competitors and
that's one of the things they've done by.

The recent acquisitions that they have
to they've made the two companies OK So

let's take a look at.

How to spend other maybe five or
ten minutes more try to finish this up.

If you look at the forecast of what
really different forecasts but

there's no question that
the industry is growing

you can see from twenty fourteen to twenty
twenty twenty twenty projections by

one of the most well respected sources
the woman is report is saying that this

industry is going to go to about twenty
two billion by twenty twenty twenty and

a very significant portion of that
is going to be metal to be pretty.

Other examples here's a Credit Suisse and
they've got a different estimate here

they're saying you know they've got a much
lower estimate on the order of about

twelve billion here a combination of
systems materials direct part supplies and

service and parts and then if you
this is again not very clear here but

if you look at twenty twenty three with
about close to twenty billion projected.

The largest components are going to
be aerospace medical who are going to

see a pretty big revolution in medical and
medical field especially medical implants

dental implants is about another four
billion so three and a half billion each

in aerospace and medical about four
point three billion in dental and

then another one that's projected and
we'll have to see that really turns out

is in personal or educational to
another four point three billion there.

One of the key things to
note in manufacturing is

if you if you look at a typical cost
curve in conventional manufacturing So

here is the cost per part and
here the number of units so

if you look at conventional we see
that in the at the very low numbers

the cost of tooling dominates and that's
where the cost of the part goes up but

as you scale up and you make thousands to
hundreds of thousands to millions of parts

then you know it flattens out and
here's where it's the material and.

Labor costs that are going to dominate and
the tooling is the cost of tooling is

spread out over the large number of parts
and if you compare that to additive

manufacturing there is always some kind
of a break even point where if you have

number of parts to be made below this
breakeven number then it's useful to.

Apply additive manufacturing
if it's higher than that then

it's better to go with a conventional
mass production method so

what we additive manufacturing
vendors are doing is.

They're striving to push this line down.

How to make Lee what you
want to be able to do is

push this line down to the point
where it's close to this or

even below this and that's when
it becomes really game changing

when the cost of mass production through
an additive manufacturing of three D.

printing approach is has.

As cheap or even less or
expend less costly than.

To convention.

And I think we're going to see that but in
order for this to happen they're going to

have to be very some very significant
investments made by companies with

deep pockets that are going to produce
these kind of industrial grade high

speed machines because right now today
one of the major drawbacks of three D.

printing and Additive Manufacturing
is the machines are fast enough and

there are always going to be inherent
limitations on how fast you can go.

Just because of the fact that you're
building up objects layer by layer.

So in terms of.

How this can impact various
organizations we can look at.

This axis here where we're
saying there's a high

degree of supply chain change and
here there's no supply chain so this is

the axis which is showing the degree of
supply chain change and this is the axis

which shows there's a high degree of
product change versus no product change so

this was a paper that was put out by
the light which showed that there are four

types of you know there's four
kinds of models that organizations

can see themselves taking when they employ

had him in effect in the first part is
where there is no supply chain change and

no product change so
in this case companies are just.

They are they are looking
at the capabilities of

additive manufacturing three D.

printing but they're not really
adopting them in a big way.

They might use them in some limited cases.

For design and
prototyping production custom tooling.

And they might have might use these for
some supplementary capability.

On the other hand if you look at
that to where this supply chain

chain evolution here the key enabling.

Capability for matter to visit
manufacturing closer to the point of use

so this is something we'll come back and
see again but

it allows greater responsibility
responsiveness and flexibility.

You don't have to transport
the goods over a large distance

you can bring the manufacturing capability
much closer to where it's the parts or

the parts are actually
going to be needed and

what that leads to then is a reduction
in the required inventory so

you don't have to store a lot of parts it
makes it more flexible you can actually.

Parts on demand and
that's the advantage of this back to

in part three we have a high
degree of product change not so

much supply chain change in
this case what we're seeing is

the capabilities of additive
manufacturing three D.

printing are being exploited to come
up with new product designs new and

innovative product designs that were
previously not available or not possible

so and it allows no customization we
saw examples of mass customization or

you so it allows customization to do

customer requirements increase product
functionality so we're able to make

advanced designs that are higher
efficiency we saw than the example of.

The fuel combustion nozzle for G.E.

market responsiveness and the zero cost
increase complexity that means that.

We are fully exploiting
the capability of three D.

printing and additive manufacturing to
create increasingly complex designs and

there's no additional cost of.

The last one here is business
model evolution we're

using a high degree of supply chain change
and a high degree of product change.

So in this case we can actually go to true
mass customization we can manufacture at

the point of use and we get what's
called supply chain this intermediation

where we're now collapsing the supply
chain we're knocking out a number of.

Supply chain step supply chain vendors and

it gives customer empowerment we're
now the customer can come in and

say OK I want my part to have.

This kind of.

You know little design tweak or
this kind of color scheme so.

One example here is being W.

is using this kind of approach where the.

Using a three D.

printing technique to print.

Portions of a car so for instance like.

Flaps that are found you know.

And trim that's found on their vehicles
they're able to print some of those

with a you know pretty printing
plastic polymer three D.

printing technology and the customer
has the has the ability to pick

the color scheme or some thing or design
radiation so they're able to do that.

As I said earlier there's going
to be an increasing degree of.

Digitalisation that's going to
be seen in the coming years and

as a result of that
we're going to see that.

We're going to see.

You know we'll never we'll never
quite reach the economy of scale

one but three D..

Printing will lower the minimum economic
scale for volume production so.

That is going to be enabled by.

Improvements in automation
in robotics and.

In the digital infrastructure
that's going to handle the entire.

Process chain from start to
finish who mentioned this

earlier we're going to have
on demand manufacturing so

this is going to lead to stalk less
inventory models will result in smaller

supply chains customization that also I
mentioned earlier they're going to be new

retail models that are going to emerge as
a result of this and the consumer is now

going to play a greater role
in the product design process.

And then the lastly the location
elasticities so supply chains will become

more location elastic they'll bring the
many factual closer to the customer and

that will not only improve
the interaction but also

the delivery times are going to go down
significantly it's going to have an impact

on transportation and logistics and I'll
come to that in just a few minutes here.

And so it's mention here transportation
of your finished goods and

that's going to alter the global
trade flows and logistics so

this is something that truly has
the potential to disrupt the way

supply chains especially transportation
and logistics how they operate today.

So I'm going to go through
a few slides quickly here.

What are going to be some of
the impacts that we're going to see

of additive manufacturing three D.

printing and supply chains.

As I mentioned earlier there's
going to be mass customization

there's going to be a greater degree
of involvement by the customer

in the design process it's going to lead
to greater democratization of design and

it's also going to you know enable
greater degree of postponement.

Supply chain sustainability So there's
various arguments here the fact that

you're adding material only where you
need it rather than taking a big chunk of

material and chipping it away will allow
greater efficiency in the use of materials

many of these materials
are going to be recyclable so

many of the materials today that
we find in consumer grade three D.

printers are a materials like B.

L.A. This is a recyclable materials so
many of these materials will be

once a parts are printed and they're
used and they're no longer being used

they'll be able to be recycled and
brought back in and to be reused again

it's going to lead to the centralization
of manufacturing for sure.

And this is going to lead
to local sourcing and

reassuring we're already
seeing that happen today.

And the other major impact that could have
on supply chains is the ability to reach

remote and disconnected markets so
instead of having to set up

a huge factory where you have a whole
diversity of machines with multi tens

of millions of dollars upfront investment
required you could have a three D.

printer that's going to do ninety
to ninety five percent of the work

in making the part and then there may
be some additional work needed to make

that into a finished useful component so
this is we're going to see a.

Proliferation of these technologies across
the globe as the cost of these equipment

goes down and I think then the key
thing is going to be are the feedstock

materials that go to these printers
are they going to be transported or

are they going to be locally sourced
are going to be locally manufactured.

Another huge impact is going to be
reduction of complexity a short a couple

examples where you had who original
parts that were made of multiple

different subcomponents that were then
assembled or joined together three D.

printing enables.

Unitized design a single part piece design
and that's going to then reduce assembly.

And that's going to collapse the supply
chain number of parts are going to

be reduced and as a result of that the
supply base is going to be shrunk as well.

So along with new design possibilities
because of being able to design the whole.

Assembly as a single piece and being able
to embed features that were previously

not possible new designs are going to
be possible and that's going to again.

Lead to some pretty dramatic
changes in the supply chain.

Printing on demand is going to
lead to reduction in stalking.

We're going to be shipping
parts as software not

as physical parts so there's going to be
transmission of designs through the cloud

over secure lines and
things like you know Amazon.

Cloud services things like that those
are going to be used with a secure.

Transmission it's going to lead to digital
inventories and change an inventory mix so

this is going to have a pretty significant
impact on transportation and logistics.

There might be a pretty significant
collapse in warehousing and

this is why companies like U.P.S.
are already getting on board and.

Using three D.

printers and printing parts on demand and
they're saying

they've set up facilities in Louisville
Kentucky and Singapore and Europe.

Value added activities are also
going to be impacted this so

this is going to lead to quicker
product changes small scale production.

Capital requirements are going to change
I mentioned earlier in sort of setting

up large complex factories who will
have smaller micro factories with

maybe a fleet of three D.

printers and some additional equipment
that will be required to finish

the parts it's going to lead to greater
collaborative many factoring where there's

going to be greater degree of
collaboration between the customer and

the manufacturer customer is
going to play a much greater role

in defining how the final
part gets made and

we're going to see greater number
of these kinds of services three D.

printing services it's going to Nabl.

Not just the big players but.

Entrepreneurs to be able
to establish three D.

printing services there's already
a number of them out there.

Both from the consumer
side like Shapeways.

And then there are those that are doing
it on the industrial scale and

we're seeing literally every week
we're seeing announcements of

companies that have been around for
many decades or even one hundred plus

years jumping in and making investments
to set up these kinds of three D.

printing service centers because they
don't want to they don't want to be left

behind and if they don't move
they're going to be left behind and

their sources of revenue are going to
disappear because this is going to happen.

And that's going to lead to destructive
competition reduce barriers to entry.

And we're also going to see an increasing
number of crowd funded startups and

that's going to lead to the ability
to supply niche markets.

So we're going to see greater amounts of.

Entrepreneurship greater amount numbers
of start ups that are going to arise

by being able to take advantage of these
lower cost more sophisticated three D.

Printing Systems that are going
to be available today right now

the cost is fairly prohibitive for
the common.

People to get in and.

Open.

Innovative startups because you need
significant upfront investment but

that's going to change.

I'm going to skip over those
because that's just in

caps EDITION the last couple of slides one
thing we're going to see is digitalisation

of manufacturing it's really fascinating
to me because I've been in this field for

twenty seven years but
what we're seeing is a period like

unlike any other we're seeing
a convergence of three D.

printing additive manufacturing internet
of things design software cloud

computing data science and robotics and
artificial intelligence all really

coming together and this is going to lead
to a couple of things is going to be too.

Much more sophisticated machines that
are going to provide really high quality

parts that are going to match or
surpass parts that

are made by conventional manufacturing
technologies so that's a big thing but

the other thing is going to lead
to is extremely smart factories.

And you're going to have and this is
already happening with companies like G.E.

and many other companies you can have
factories with fleets of machines that

will have embedded sensors and the sensors
are continuously picking up data and

feeding them to your data archive and that
data is being interrogated it's being.

You know models of the process of being
built and that's going to lead to early or

predictive defect detection
it's going to lead

to models where these machines are not
becoming to become much more reliable and

a breakdown is going to be predicted so
that those machines can be fixed.

Before it even goes down.

And.

These are the other key thing
is these additive manufacturing

techniques are extremely
complex the physics of these.

Needs is very very very complex and
it's extremely hard to make

reliable create physical models physics
based models that's going to change

with the collection of large amounts
of data combined with their designs and

they are this is going to allow us to
make these machines the these processes

much more reliable the other thing
we're going to see is the emergence

of distributed manufacturing collaboration
so there's going to be partnerships and

these are happening again by the day
by the week where you have companies

like you Piers tying up with A.C.P.
and with other partners like Airbus H.P.

start of service they're forming
partnerships because they're getting ready

for industrialisation of
additive manufacturing three D.

printing for instance there's a piece
working with twenty eight going to Beijing

companies documents product
design manufacturing and logic so

the idea is to cover the entire chain
the entire process chain the entire supply

chain from conception of a design to
the delivery of a finished serialized

product that's all going to be
completely seamlessly covered

through these kinds of partnerships so
there's intense competition.

And partnerships that
are being announced here and

so you know example you P.S. is open three
printing centers I said in Louisville in

Singapore they were planning to open a few
months ago to apply and open one in Europe

this is probably already open now and
the other thing I mentioned and

this is again happening is
well established companies

global O.E.M.'s are investing
literally hundreds

of millions of dollars opening up
distributed manufacturing centers.

They already have decades of experience.

And knowledge to know
what it takes to make

parts that are going to be
industrially acceptable.

Parts that are going to be mission
critical parts are going to go into

aircraft parts that are going
to go into automobile or

more automobiles parts they're going
to go into you know weapon systems for

mill for military applications they
already have they know what it takes to

get all of these parts qualified now they
are taking advantage of the capabilities

of metal and plastic to the printing
the making investments and

they're not setting of dedicated factories
and they already have customers.

Now they're going to.

Induce those customers and convince those
customers to stay with them and utilize

these new technologies so we're going
to see a pretty radical change in this.

Digital manufacturing work so

this is really all I have to present
today thank you for your time and

you know happy to answer any questions and
no meaning for ten minutes thanks a lot.

Writer that's an excellent question so

there's a number of studies out there and
it really defers.

Depending upon the particular.

Material system and the more you're doing
so for instance plastics which is metals

now and plastics you can you can actually
you can prove that in many cases

the part about fusion technique
of powders being fused by

a laser is if you compare the.

Energy efficiency relative to say
injection molding and you also look at.

Reuse or wastage of material that
they can be fairly competitive

quite competitive in metal three D.

printing today there is different

schools of thought there are some people
that are trying to prove that they're more

energy efficient but then there are others
that have shown that if you compare.

Metal twenty printing to casting
there's really no comparison in fact

the metal tripping technologies
are highly energy inefficient.

But I think one of the key things that
you have to look at in totality is the.

The lead time the compression in lead
time and the ability to make parts

on demand especially when you're looking
at small lot small to medium lot and

that's where the metal tree printing can
win because you don't have to make tooling

you don't have to sit and wait multiple
tens of weeks to get tooling made.

That's an excellent point so yes indeed
it's going to take some time for

these technologies to proliferate across
developing countries and I think that.

With already large installed
industrial infrastructure

it's going to take some
time especially because

the technologies may not all over
there may not be as advanced However.

I think that the impact is
going to occur more in.

Consumer Applications or

applications related to human health so
you're going to see the impact in.

You know I think you're going
to see impact in things like.

Medical biomedical implants and.

There are the the ability to
make these parts quickly and

at a competitive cost to something that's
been traditionally cast and machine.

Is is going to make a compelling case
similarly like in dental implants and

even somewhat simpler than that would
be things like you know hearing aids

and you know other assistive devices for
instance and

some developing countries there's
already significant use of three D.

printing for prosthetics and for
you know assistive devices for

people that have limb deformities or
they have you know their amputees things

like that I think those places it's
going to make a make an impact because.

That's a great that's a great question so

what's really interesting here is you
have a series of well established

companies that arose in the late eighty's
during the one nine hundred ninety S.

and they've become primarily
technology providers.

They provide equipment they provide
software that controls the equipment

the price offered the law allows
you to prepare the data but

now are you seeing an entirely new
collective of companies that are coming up

to address the cybersecurity QUESTION So
these these are obviously

these are companies that have expertise
in cybersecurity that are now.

Aligning themselves with
this very important need and

I think that need as you
mentioned is a very important and

critical need and it becomes even
more important especially for

military applications where you one of
the things that the Department of Defense

wants to do is remote manufacturing
the want to place these three D.

printers are more bases they might be C.

bases they might be an aircraft carriers
and all you're going to do is transmit

you have an spare part
that needs to be made for

a fighter aircraft that's
on an aircraft carrier and

they want the file to be transmitted and
the file is received.

It's all right fine and
so in those kind of cases

the cybersecurity concern important so
there's a whole host of new companies

that are emerging that are addressing this
this this need and along with that you're

going to actually see new file formats
the basic file format for three D.

printing has remained unchanged for
over thirty years.

And now there's going to
be new kinds of secure and

encrypted file formats that
are going to come about.

And along with that I
think you're going to see

implementation of block
change technology in three D.

printing.

Yes.

Yes.

So that has long been a shortcoming but

as these machines have gotten better as
more investments have been made in R.

and D.
both by the end users the big players like

the G.'s in the bread and
Whitney's in the Rolls Royces and

other major companies in those piece and
other industrial manufacturing along with

the machine vendors themselves and
along with that another critic critical

component has been the materials that
go into these machines those materials

have also been improved as a result
of that we're getting better and

better properties today so
in limited cases with a limited.

Shall I say.

Menu card of materials today you can
actually get properties in in some cases

even better than conventionally cast in
forged metals so that that's happening.

But it is definitely an important issue
how do you control defects because.

One of the big differences between say.

Manufacturing process like casting where
you pour liquid metal into a into a more

than allowed to solidify versus
building up an object by additive

is an additive manufacturing you're
putting down thousands of layers

every layer gives you the opportunity
to introduce a defect and

once a defect is there it's going to
be embedded deep inside the park so

today a major major area of
focus is the effect control and

mitigation and for that we're going to
need ever more sophisticated machines but

it's an intense focus area today.

So until we get there we're going to
still quite a bit of work to do yes.

Yeah that's a very good question I think.

The modern three D.

printing factory is going
to be highly automated.

It's going to.

Have.

Very few people actually running it but
the individuals that are going

to be running it are going to have
a fixed a very unique skill set

this person on the one hand has going
to have to be very much aware of

manufacturing in a physical sense but
on the other hand this this

individual is going to also have to be
equally comfortable in the digital space

being able to handle digital models
being able to manipulate digital data

being able to do some on the spot
analysis and so it's going to be.

It's going to be an entirely different
kind of very different kind of workforce

and today there the demand for

workforce in additive
manufacturing is extremely high.

It's really really high and there simply
aren't enough people aren't enough

new graduates or people in industry
that can address this need

and and probably don't even properly
architected training programs or.

Degree programs that can that can
properly completely approach or

address this issue so recently
Penn State insta started a masters in

in out of the manufacturing similar things
are going to happen across as this demand

continues to rise yes.

And it's.

So yes there have been
some studies based upon.

Technologies that are available today.

And people have.

Conducted those studies to
demonstrate how much of a speed up

you do you need authentic speed up or
need one hundred Expedia up over state of

the art to truly begin to Trenton
conventional mass production.

So.

There have there have been and

I think it would be fair to say
that you need an at least ten X.

to fifty Expedia up to
do approach those but

like you correctly pointed out there
are going to be inherent limitations based

upon the physics of the process as to
how fast you can actually really go.

Along with the fact that
in order to achieve

very good faithful three dimensional.

Rendition of the designs
that match the actual

the physical the physical designs
that actually match the the actual.

God design that you need to build in very
very thin layer so there's this tradeoff.

So I think there's a stem goes by
we're going to see more hybrid

hybrid technologies we're going to see.

And we're already seeing some
of these new machines new

technologies that are coming up that are
combining additive would subtractive So

this additive with laser and then they
subtract that with milling people

are doing some of that to do approach the
quality that you can get with conventional

then you're seeing older machines
that are having up to forty lasers

over time we're going to see
a machines that are going to have maybe

twenty thirty one hundred lasers
making a sweep like of single

bar making a pass like what you see
in scanners right you know like.

Document scanners you know a bar that
most similar to that you're going to have

an array of laser diodes moving across and
then to find entire part of it but

ultimately there will be a limit and
it's going to be really interesting to see

how much time can you eat away and
how much can you really what's

the fundamental limit that you can reach
and these are going to be dependent upon

different methods right whether
you're melting plastic in a bead or

your fusing up out of bed or you're
printing a binder or things like that.

But yeah I think it's going to be it's
going to be really interesting I think in

ten years we're going to see
in Darley different machines

than what they are today.

Yes.

Right.

Right yes.

So the feedstock material the material
that goes into these these systems has to

be of a certain material composition
it has to be certain quality in

the case of part of it you need pounders
you need powders of certain particle size

some certain fineness certain regularity
so yes there are some up front costs today

clearly no question the feedstock
material for industrial grade three D.

printers the material cost is high
no doubt compared to buying material

lot of a you know McMaster car catalog or
a Granger catalog but.

That also has to do with the fact that
the demand was not quite there and so

the companies that produce the materials
were not heavily involved but

over the past ten years we've seen
major companies like dark and

deep on and solving and

you know powder metal producers that
are producing metal powder for entirely

different applications they see this as a
growing market and they're jumping in and

so we're going to see economies of scale
and we're going to see these material

costs come down once these things
become really commodities they become.

Regular materials that everybody is using
We're going to see the cost come down

probably by a factor of ten but
it's going to take some time.

But it also gives an opportunity for
making money off recurring revenues he

seldom machine and then it's the it's
the printer and the ink model so

a lot of companies are going to have that
proprietary materials optimized materials

that only they will sell that they will
guarantee if you use this material you're

going to get a quality product and
they're going to make a mark up but

there's a threat to that because a lot of
people want an open architecture machine

they want to be able to put in
whatever material they want and

run so if there's going to
be a tug of war there also.

Last question I suppose.

Three years.

Part three.

So.

Just.

Now if.

You live here if your.

Child.

Just kept.

Yes Well you know in companies living
in countries like Singapore Singapore

is making massive investments in three D.

printing massive I mean
they've got literally hundreds

of millions of dollars going in because
they see that as part of the future.

Transportation logistics.

Of freight by shipping has collapsed so
they see this and

they also see an opportunity
by being a regional.

Hub and a regional area off
expertise that can serve the local

you know Asian region so they're making
huge investments that in order to make

those huge investments and support them
in the future they need a workforce and

how do you get the workforce you get
the workforce by getting young people

like yourself get very comfortable
with consume a great three D.

printers understand how
the technology works and

from there climbed up to the levels of
sophistication to to the point so that

by the time you are coming out of college
you're very well aware of how three D.

printing works you see that as another
manufacturing method or the manufacturing

method and then you're ready to enter the
workforce and be able to use the much more

sophisticated machines that cost you know
hundreds of thousands or even millions of

dollars so I think that's kind of the
strategy that they are they're employing.

That's.

Right.

Thank you very much to.

Thank you thank you all for for listening
and for your patience appreciate it.