Well Hola welcomed everyone Taishan for
the water team.

I mean Caitlin and this is tearing this
is pretty Rebecca Vernon and Melissa and

we're going to walk through it like the
whole process of the class today with you.

Well.

So.

We can overview her presentation that
we're going to go through the background

why did this cause why do we have it what
are our views on like how we're going to

go through with this project
the preparation that we went through and

getting ready to go to Bolivia and

also the methods that we decided to
use while we were in the country as

well as the trip and at that point
I'll hand it over to Rebecca.

So why did you take this class in two
thousand the World Health Organization and

UNICEF came together and came up with
a joint monitoring program for the J.M.P.

and it focuses specifically on water
supply and sanitation issues in low and

middle income countries worldwide so they
came up with Millennium Development Goals

which are to be to be completed between
two thousand and two thousand and

fifteen and one of the specific
goals we wanted to look at was

the goal to have the proportion of
the population without sustainable access

to safe drinking water by two thousand and
fifteen was an awesome goal and

was actually accomplished by
the year two thousand and ten but

the problem that we found was that it was
a safe was defined as an improved source

which and improved source is defined
then as rainwater protected spring

protected well piped on premises or
piped into the hole but

the issue with that is that you have
a source that's piped into my home but

it can still be contained and
it was fecal matter so

it can still have equal and it can
still be considered unsafe and I can so

it gets sick from having
this pipe source so.

Even after the school was accomplished
seven hundred forty million people still

act access to clean safe clean and
safe drinking water and

so with that they came back together and
are working on the sustainable.

Development Goals which we
talked about earlier and

the one of these that
we want to look at for

the water team is to achieve universal and
equitable access to safe and

affordable drinking water for office so
it means global worldwide in homes and

schools and in public health facilities
everybody has clean drinking water.

So the definition for this here is a micro
biological water quality tests for

this the indicators we call I which
indicates fecal contamination in your

water and fecal contamination is kind
of a big thing that is an indicator for

why people get sick.

Then so we want to take that out so
the proposed safe been right for

clarifying if there's.

Not too much fecal contamination in your
water is ten colony forming you know it's

a recall i per one hundred milliliters
of water so I mean if I took one hundred

milliliter water sample I would have ten
colonies of the whole life for me and

anything less than not is a pretty safe
bet for drinking water this number

still under proposal it could go down
to one but this is what we used so

in this school is to be accomplished by
the year twenty thirty so that was when

everybody should have sustainable
clean drinking water which we often.

So our objective as a team we needed
wanted to decide what's needed to

move towards the sustainable development
goals and we came up with the idea really

start to grow the idea that water quality
to us is needed to measure up to ten

colony forming units Preet of
a WHOLE LIFE FOR hundred miles of water.

In something that's widely adaptable or
affordable easy to use and

requires minimal technology this is a
necessity this is a necessity because it's

got to be used in places like Africa
South America Southeast Asia all around

the world and you need to be able to
have it transferred pretty easily.

So the good news is that the ph test kits
that we're looking at for this spirit

meet these requirements the big question
is are they accurate for field eous.

So our goal as a team was to get
ability and look at do the P.H.S.

kids are they accurate when
compared to standard methods.

So look at that in our preparation we
determined our question in the time in

our tests so we're going to compare the
test kits which you see here with membrane

filtration test called the three M P
three song which is currently in use and.

It's pretty easy to get this test because
three M. Most of them to you for free so

they're cheap alternative to really
expensive membrane filtration right now.

And we also wanted to look at different
methods because a standard incubation

method can also be costly and require lots
of lab equipment we're trying to look for

something that doesn't need that so
membrane filtration we just look to see

and he ration the P.S.A. test kits we
like to standard in India incubation

which means just leaving the test out and
like an open air room temperature room

to inhibit over time and seeing how
accurate they are after set amount of time

we did that as well with
the three in Petri phones and

the point of our trip was to
compare all those things.

Other preparation in court it included
ordering lab equipment preparing the test

kits for on site use which I'm doing in
the bottom corner here we prepared about

a thousand of them I think the two weeks
before we left and it was a lot of work.

We practiced there a lot of techniques
through we got to the field and

we learned about the living culture
by going to the Carter Center and

having Dr Jenny Lincoln talk to us not
this picture here and we also begin or

communication with our in country partners
which were engineers in action and

the universities that talked about in.

Alternative three records are going to
thank you and so we're all packed up and

ready to go to Bolivia this is
a picture of a few airports and

we flew over to Villa via the set.

A picture of what we saw as we
were driving down from the airport

into the city.

To mention that POS is located at
the bottom of a bowl like landscape and so

you can see the mountain
ranges surrounding the city.

So some of the first things that we saw
when we got to pause where water tanks

elevated on top of roofs many people
in Bolivia drink from stored water as

opposed to running water also on the right
there's a river that's very turbulent and

this is because waste water which is
any kind of used water whether from

the kitchen or the bathroom or
and you into any other water.

Is just back into the environment
without having any treatment so

this can pose a health risk for
the people in the POS.

So what did we do every day and.

Every day our team broke up into
two groups the WOD group and

the sample group the LA group
went to the to test the water and

the sample group went to different cities
around Bolivia to collect those samples

of water which they would
later give to the large group.

So Kaitlin formerly mentioned
three different kinds

of water quality tests that
we would be comparing.

The first one is called a presence and
test and I brought some to show and

tell but here our presence
absence tests and as you can.

Probably guess it's called
presence absence test because if

the tests detects the presence of
equalize and it turns purple and

if not it just stays
this cloudy water color.

So this test is a novelty that is being
researched on here at Georgia Tech and

isn't being currently used as
a water quality to a testing method.

The detection limit is tense yes we are
per one hundred milliliters which makes it

perfect to charge for the sustainable
development goals the analysis volume

is ten Molitor So it's really easy to use
because you can either just scoop water or

pour ten Motors which is the volume
of this little test tube and

so it's very adaptable and it's also very
affordable because it's only fifty six and

protest on the other hand membrane
filtration which is the current We

use a standard method of I cure
it water quality tests is.

It has a detection limit of one c
a few per one hundred milliliters

This means it can detect down
to lower concentrations and

PH us could you not listen volume is a
little bit Morris one hundred milliliters

but you can only do about sixteen
tests per day in the field and

it requires sophisticated lab equipment as
shown above and it's really expensive as

compared to the PH us kids it's fifteen
dollars per test and so it wouldn't be

very adoptable wouldn't be very affordable
worldwide although it is very accurate.

Lastly the petri foam is a little bit
of an in between tests because it is.

It is a little bit easier to use and
a little bit more affordable the Ph D.

phone is currently a low cost.

And widely used water
quality testing method.

However that however the detection
limit is one hundred C.

a few per one hundred milliliters and
this would not be useful and chocking for

as a you sustainable development goals.

The analysis volume is
also one millimeter.

And so that might be a little bit harder
to measure which is just a few drops

of water so it's a little bit harder to
measure than what you would put in a skit

but a lot easier in terms of lab equipment
needed with a membrane filtration test.

And it's also three dollars and
forty six cents per test so

it's in between cost between the P.A.
and the memory Bill Jason.

So I'll take it to her
to our lab in La Paz So

the first top two pictures
are taken at the laboratory

that the university
graciously allowed us to use.

And on the bottom here is our makeshift
Laboratory at the hotel which we

tried to make sure it was as clean as
possible but we had to play by ear with.

The law that we had meet at the hotel and

I'll hand it over to Randy to
explain what we did in the field

I'm going to talk a little bit about
are seen playing locations and

how we actually sampled this water so
what we did is basically wherever we went

around the globe via we brought something
called a world bag which is basically

a fact that holds about three hundred
milliliters of water and has sodium.

And that's important because sodium.

Eliminates chlorine to make
sure that the Corning doesn't

kill any of the bacteria in the sample so
we can get a representative sample

of what the water would be like
if someone in just a moment so

what we would do is we would try to
take three samples per water shores and

put them in these world bags as pictured
up here and put them in the cooler until

we were able to bring them back to test
them we also took note of other properties

such as Ph D. and temperature we had
something called Our allowed Bible that we

carried around which is basically so
we could keep track of our samples.

I'm going to talk about a little bit of
each of the locations that we sampled and

why we sampled there so first I'll talk
about those so like their team said it's

kind of the rim surrounding the PAS and
there we sampled in the reservoir

about most of the water most of the
drinking water from La Paz comes from so

we sample the reservoir as well
as well as the high altitude.

Their team was talking about so we were
able to take some snow samples of their.

Necks we took some samples and PAS So one
area we sampled was actually in our hotel

so and why we did that is to get a
representative sample of what it would be

like if we were drinking the water in the
hotel our team did the best our best not

to drink the water it's kind of difficult
to shower sometimes but there was enough.

So we were able to take samples from the
hotel as well as the engineering actions.

Next some of the team was able to go
Copacabana or say a team also discussed

earlier but it's a large tourist location
around Lake Titicaca which is actually

the highest altitude lake in the world and
why we decided to examples there

is that Lake Titicaca borders
both Peru and Bolivia and

some surrounding villages actually use
that as their drinking water source so

we wanted to see what people were
actually drinking around the area.

Next we went to and why we're initially
interested in looking at Konami is that

it's an intermittent water source so that
means that the water pump isn't working

twenty four hours a day typically any
written sources are thought to be as dirty

or and so
we wanted to examine that we were able to.

Take a sample from the water
towers of the source of the water

as well as schools homes and

even a medical clinic around the area
another really cool part of our Konami

trip as we're able to see the wastewater
treatment plant that they're building me.

And finally some of our team sample
in secrecy it's a municipality and

they are looking at potential drinking
water sources such as springs wells

you name it they seem put out a few
schools and homes as well but

I want you to see here is the water on
the bottom right is very visibly dirty and

with that I'll hand it over to Vernon
to talk about culture of that.

So we're.

Samplers border we encounter many
obstacles first there's only one route

that takes you from pos to
the city of El Alto and

this road is common for
row books due to transportation strikes so

we had to arrange our travel very early
to certain sites or just avoid them.

A second where we experienced some
mechanical issues with our Land Cruiser.

Where our brakes got assuringly hot and
stopped working at times.

And as shown in the picture to the right.

Is Brandy changing her first tire to
get the Land Cruiser back on track.

And lastly Rebecca had an allergic
reaction due to unexpected and

bites in the field.

Even though we worked very
early in the morning and

very late at night we was able to
get a taste of the Bolivian culture.

As a group we visit it
through areas of Bolivia.

Some of us.

Attended Dr Rubens air pollution class
where we talked to the students about our

research and attending graduate school and
especially attended Georgia Tech.

While others attended
the parade in secret secret and

before we left as a group we
visited the animal refuge in

the jungle.

And this was a very long week and
we're we're back in the land and

the work is not over so what's next
we needed to compile the data and

allows our results discuss
our conclusion and

present our findings and
I would like to pass it off to trn so

that she can tell you more about
the results OK So these maps said.

The locations of names of the sources
are we collected samples from and

the dots showing her present the risk
category that each of them were in so

the Greens low risk in less than one C.F.

uber hundred mil yellow is medium
risk one to ten see if you

will an higher risk is shown in red eleven
to one hundred sixty one hundred mil and

dark red is extremely high risk
greater than one hundred and

one see a few hundred miles or so and also
which was near the reserve in a lot of

kind of under-served environmental
samples were all low risk samples.

Copacabana as they talked about
has some of the dirtiest samples

especially like to the Kaga.

The city a couple Japan itself although
it didn't necessarily use the water

Lake Titicaca it did have thirty or
samples medium to extreme risk these were

taken from public bathrooms and
restaurants around the city.

Nonie we actually found that
the water was relatively clean

this one Red Dot year which is higher
risk was found in a well so it's

a separate water sample from the rest of
the city and then the extreme risk right

there in the medium risk are actually
from pipes that have very low pressure so

we think that the pipes were disturbed
somehow in some leeching and

from groundwater me of
contaminated water sample.

And seek a Sega the municipality was kind
of divided into six different villages or

small towns so a lot of them had
very different water sources so

we had a variety of results
from low to extreme high risk.

So there is a lot of
variability in secrecy again.

So this table.

Talks about the consistency
of Petri film and

presence absence tests of standard method
and we use that as number infiltration So

these numbers actually show the percentage
that feature film in presence

absence tests the percentage of pictures
of that presence absence has that.

It fell in the same category
that the member infiltration so.

The first row is actually
really high because.

There are a less false less false.

Negatives early us false positives sorry.

For tests that have a higher detection
limit then remember infiltration.

This is a really interesting column
in this is twenty four hours and

the reason that most of them are busier
zero is because there are actually

no color teams for twenty four hours
in the presence of some stress but

what I really want you to look at
is that this was actually the most

accurate presence absence test result and
that was for seventy two hours so

eleven to one hundred SEE IF YOU ARE
hundred mil and greater than one hundred

one see if your hundred mil were the most
accurate which kind of is consistent with

what we want to show a presence absence
test being a good indicator for

water that is dirtier than ten C.
a few hundred no.

So let's talk about false positives and
false negatives there are a lot more false

negatives than false positives which
ideally you'd want more false positives

and false negatives if you're
talking about health risks but

what's interesting is this row so for

the ambiance it actually turned out after
seventy two hours to be more accurate

than the standard incubation method and
it decreased it increasingly decreased

there at the time period which
could mean that after more time.

Presence absence has can become more
accurate than just the top percent

negative.

So what does this mean right so if you get
one take home message from all that was

just presented we were able to find
as was our goal that the ph test when

incubated and really for seventy two hours
produce the most accurate results and

again we're looking for the most
accurate way to incubate the samples.

That was good news and furthermore if
the sustainable development goals set

the limit for safe drinking water to be
ten C.F. uber hundred milliliter then

we found that the ph test kit is low cost
easy to use and has an appropriate lower

detection limit and based on our
results of the very feasible math and.

Unfortunately we have lots of limitations
including time we were only there every

spring break and so we had we could
only take a limited number of samples

also we had very long travel times to get
to a lot of the places that we went to and

so again that limited the number
of samples that we could take.

Also we did not take data
on the temperature that we

were immediately incubating and
we think that this

may have given us a better
understanding of our results if we had.

So for future studies and if this class
continues we'd like to see more data

collection on AM it in Cubase than
Especially since we saw the trend that it

became more accurate as time continued it
would be interesting to record data beyond

seventy two hours and also stick with more
strict time limits so like make sure that

we check out after exactly twenty four
seven forty eight and seventy two hours.

Also recording the data temperature
data for and we would also give a more

holistic view of what's happening.

With the life.

Of you.

You know so you don't.

Have a burden.

And.

You know that in that there are.

Going to be.

Taking dangerous drugs.

We.

Also like.

To hear these things well.

Or provide enough.

Your very core and we will like.

Thank you Mike.

On the good but I.

Also like to think about the Lakers
from the far distance or.

Information about the live history of our.

Last but not least like to thank.

You for them.

The brown water.

And the water.

With.

A welcome welcome investors.

Because this was their room and
one of the he's been.

With me on the right that I get
insight on what the graduate college.

I say my main takeaway was the value I
think gauging with the local population

because we have a lot to learn
from people of different cultures

I learned the importance of details.

Local culture and values and
the relationship.

That what we're here doesn't necessarily.

Earlier and that getting so
people for who they are as people and

not just group members and coworkers or
clients is really important and

really actually leads
the productivity of your projects and

I learned that I can better the human
condition by volunteering my knowledge

experience as a hell of an engineer.

Question.

To get a.

Look at.

The long.

You know because you.

Know.

I could grow them you know.

They were the.

One who.

Wanted.

Any more question.

I mean the question.

Of.

What if they so much are visitors
you've enjoyed listening to it I'm so

you're leaving.

I question about.

Chess I want to know
why they chose to you.

If the detention limit was above the.

Standards and why do you think it became
one accurate as time progressed and

of the seventy two hour days seemed much
more accurate come to the twenty four hour

day or thank you.

Thank you I'll repeat the question the
question was why did we choose peachy film

if it was if if that it lowered detection
when it was higher than what that

opposed and why the results seem to.

Be different after seventy after
some need to Ari's of incubation.

Yeah so the PH us actually became
more accurate at seventy two and

that's mostly because you can't really
have a false really a lot of false

positives with the presence or
absence just the Peter of film actually.

Kind of problematic after
forty eight hours of anything.

And that's not really compared
to memory infiltration but

maybe the picture phone standard to So
basically after forty

eight hours their pitch your phone kind
of like took off and that's Cali and so.

I think after a lot of incubation.

Colony accounting methods it's going
to be an issue because you're not going

to get a good representation
of what risk category.

But presence absence tests I think

it would be accurate no matter
what the time period is.

Although each year because
it's widely used by

the way I think on your next ten or
so and it also widely

available to students you can actually get
a certain number number three and zero and

that's what currently in use and
a lot of these Blondel income cut.

You so much.

More quickly.

I don't have a question but
I would like to make it so.

It actually shows on the only great work
I was pressed by Although that you guys

did I just wanted to say that you know
it was great to see some of the from you

there they stare at you know
especially tight no trouble.

Two years ago and you know what's really.

Their work and now he's be
the biggest scale so this really

you know this event or so
you know this really touching to me or so

to see you know it was just so
you know the water that is or

some Basine ice yourself when they said I
recognized early church it really simple

I guess you know they said that you
can see yourself with your civil but

she was a freshman OK.

OK OK she does share those
shuttle my class and and

I guess so you kind of already interested
in this you know temple person so

it's just amazing to see all
this history what they were

just doing so I just wanted to
say this that thank you all.

And you know

I.

OK So Bolivia actually has
extremely high you view.

Sorry So the question was if we think
that going another time of year would

create a lot of variability
in our results.

So we did our ambient
incubation inside and so

I think what how it's a lot with the
temperature for the in meetings relation

was the fact ability has a very high U.V.
due to its high altitude so

I think maybe it would have changed
variability and I think that's will be

interesting to see in the future with
the monitoring temperature specifically.

Both here in the lab and
elsewhere future travels but yeah so

I think that's why you Bolivia's like
a very interesting place to do you and

me an incubation is because of the.

Kind of like the climate and
the environmental.

Our survival

skills.

And.

So much.

Things.

Again I just want to I want
to thank everybody for or

against a great job of this
thank all the students.

Definitely thanks to our
supporters again and thanks for

the professors you're going to.

Do In tour these groups Thanks a lot
to the T A's again this is been a great

spirits and I really wish it had
a great time and I hope you too.

Any final comments from from Yale
right can we saw enough right

so.

From zero to.

Have.

You guys.

Can find time to join us.

OK I hope we'll be able to yeah

that sounds good there I
get that do you hear that.

OK All right thank you so much guys.

Take care and we'll see you next week.

OK.

All right thanks very.