Thank you and I'm going to try to

do.

The part.

So if you're a graduate student you
can probably expect to get a survey

from us when you graduate asking

you what you're doing after you
receive your physics degree.

And I'm going to present some of
the results of that survey today a lot of

the statistics that I'm going to talk
about today I didn't do the survey for

them so I'm kind of here representing
the whole statistics division of a IP and.

So I'll post it I wanted to give you
an overview of all the different types of

things we have and
talk about the some of the issues that

physicists are facing in terms
of just their demographics and

what's going on with the employment
situation for physicists.

I wanted to take you through
some basic statistics

on how many people get physics degrees and
I want to start at the beginning with that

which is we do a survey
of high school physics.

And this study is conducted
every four years so

you'll see the red line my point
here is that really bright today

the red line there has dots on it every
four years this is the time that we

collect every four years how many
people take high school physics and

I wanted to show you the slide because
it's really a positive thing for

us to see the number of people taking high
school physics is the highest it's ever

been it's a little bit higher now than it
was in two thousand and nine where it's

a little more than one point two million
people taking high school physics and

you can see that as a way up from
one thousand nine hundred seven

please notice that on this graph
there are two different axes so

we can try to show the numbers together
but the number of high school graduates is

actually on the left axis and
you can see that currently.

There are about three point three
million high school graduates and so.

One point two million have taken
at least or taking a first physics

course this number is the number of people
in their first year of physics high school

physics some people actually take more
than one year of high school physics.

People never would be at one point four
million so in all physics classes across

the US is one point four million students
out of three point three million graduates

and we estimate that thirty nine
percent of high school graduates

are currently taking physics.

So I want to also show you degrees and I'm
going to focus on bachelor's degrees and

Ph D.'s today and interest of time we
do have statistics on master's degrees

today in today's talk
I'm going to focus on.

This shows the numbers of people
getting a bachelor's degree on the left

still see bachelor's degrees and
natural sciences man and

engineering and I want to show you that
that said by almost three hundred thousand

I wanted to show you that because
a lot of people in the press say that.

Not many people are getting the grazer
science and engineering and

math agrees with us just not true the
number of people getting stand agrees or

science degrees is going
up at the same time so

as the number of people getting physics
bachelor's degree in one nine hundred

ninety nine there was a low point in
the number of physics bachelor's degrees

awarded that year at thirty six
forty six thousand six hundred.

Ninety nine since that time
it's doubled to more than seven

thousand about source to Grace earned in
two thousand and thirteen in physics.

It's.

I think per year.

I'm used to know that.

It's a little over a million I think but
I'm not sure don't quote me.

To be wrong if you really need to.

Remember that.

We do have that report this isn't.

One of my specialties some of
the better answering questions.

So you can find one of those
slides by asking me questions.

Here is the number.

One thousand nine hundred.

Conferred.

You know there was a real.

Downturn after two hundred forty five and
then continued growth.

In the fifty's and sixty's and

the downturn of the eighty's we're
currently at an all time high.

That's about seventeen hundred eighteen
hundred physics Ph D.'s in the U.S. in two

thousand and twelve which is an all time
high I also put on here the number of.

About half of them are U.S.
citizens earning.

You can see that there are some
fluctuations in the number where sometimes

there's been more non-citizens.

And another number I don't know.

So that's one of the many
numbers I don't know.

Here are the just so you can see the
totals you can see how much the number of.

Up.

To.

Where it was.

Around eleven hundred which would be
going to back up one which would be

on the corner work at all.

It is right here right here there's
a lot about eleven hundred.

To seventeen hundred we have today.

But that was the wrong direction.

OK So that number continues to get bigger.

Now I wanted to.

Show you some slides about the employment
because that's one of the things that we

also collect data on and this is going
to focus on the employment of people.

We do have data on the employment
of people bachelor's degrees and

master's degrees and for today's talk I
wanted to focus on employment of people

with Ph D.'s in physics.

Like I mentioned the beginning we send
out a survey every year it's of people

who have graduated with a physics degree
so you can always look forward to that in

addition to getting your Ph To
you can get a survey from a ip.

And this tells us about the initial
employment of physics Ph D.'s this is up

to one year after a degree you can see
that the majority of people are getting

post thoughts that's fifty six percent
thirty one percent in a potentially

permanent position that's what we
call what you might call a real job.

Where it has potentially permanent no
set ending date so you're just hired and

you're there until you or
you get fired for something like the.

Other temporary positions
are things like the visiting.

Lecturer saying the unemployment rate for
physics is usually about half

what it is in the U.S. population at
this time two thousand and eleven and

two thousand and twelve unemployment
rate in the U.S. was eight percent so

it's four percent for physics and
this is one year after the great.

Businesses tend to have a very
good unemployment rate.

About half of what it is
in the general population.

I mean nobody wants to
see four percent but

you are doing better than everybody else.

This is historic look at.

One point in time.

That the percentage.

There in the middle of the graph was
in the one nine hundred ninety S.

where a whole lot of people.

Permanent jobs in the middle of the U.S.
economy.

Time and a lot of people.

Essentially permanent jobs right after

graduation.

I'm a sociologist I like to look at
things like recessions you can see.

Unemployment rate going up so

it doesn't really have that
much to do necessarily with.

US economy.

OK I'll leave this up for a few minutes
for a few minutes a few seconds to you can

find your field on there this is
the national employment of people.

And who's more likely to take a post-doc
with the people down at the bottom in

those fields like the nuclear
physics biological fifth physics and

of course the people least.

For those in applied physics.

You can prop perhaps find your field
on merit and predict your own future if

you're a graduate student.

Like.

This for the twenty eleven and
twenty twelve

what types of jobs other than just.

Permanent shows the.

The big blue bar at the bottom of the post
doctoral position shows that about

seventy five percent are three
fourths of postdocs are working

in the field of their dissertation in
the subfield of their dissertation but

if you get a potentially permanent job
you're less likely to be doing that and

that shows so if one person working
outside the field of physics and

some of the top contenders
are engineering and

computer software or
followed up by business or finance.

You might think well I don't want to
do anything except my dissertation

field I don't know you might change
your mind later but to compensate for

that working outside your
field the salary outside of.

The potentially permanent positions
outside of physics especially tend to be

very high so that's an advantage
of that type of position.

Now the greatest let's I
showed you were just for Ph D.

so I want to show you our best guess for

what all Ph D.
physicist in the economy are doing almost

half of them work outside of
academics in the private sector.

So if you're one of the physicists
who ends up with a private sector job

you won't be alone sometimes in graduate
school it seems like everybody's going to

be a professor but actually that's only
about thirty percent of physics Ph D.'s

and Fs professors significant proportion
at the labs in government and

the five percent other like
our medical physicists and

finance and things like that I'm sorry
self-employed I guess finance would be in

the private sector.

But that this slide is from just about
physicists in the private sector this is

salaries what I was alluding to
earlier we just completed a new

study of ph who have a degree
of physics degree at least ten.

Teen years ago because all of our data
up until this point were just about new

Ph D.'s What did they do so

we wanted to know well if
you've had a physics degree for

ten to fifteen years what kind of work do
you tend to do what's your salary Locke so

we're just about to release a new report
is going to be ready probably by the end

of October because it's in our internal
review process right now and it's going to

show it's going to be a description of a
physicist working in the private sector so

this is just one side of results
from now showing the salaries.

You can see the biggest range there for

the self-employed physicists a lot
of whom start their own businesses.

And then the other big down there
are the industry non stem the very last.

Most of those people with very high
salaries especially are managers

in technology firms so
they have a big salary but

you can see the physicists in the private
sectors tend to do very well financially.

With finance of course
making a lot of money.

It's wrongly sorry now.

That.
Was the good news OK.

This is if you want to be a professor.

Which a lot of people do this is we
track every two years the number of

people hired by physics departments in
all physics departments in the US OK so

we're not counting this it's us who did
Jobs a non physics department says or

physics and astronomy departments actually
this is just physics departments it's not

the astronomy departments it's
the number of new hires over time and

I wanted to show this because I wanted
to show you that there was an effect of

the recession our data are collected
in the spring of two thousand and

eight actually the spring of all these
even numbered year or so in the spring of

two thousand and eight was still at
a pretty good level about the same.

It was in two thousand and six their
reporting on the name started in that

same academic year so this is the academic
year ending in two thousand and eight this

is the number of people who started in two
thousand and seven two thousand and eight

and then you can see the recession came
in the fall of two thousand and eight and

by the time we collected data again the
number of new hires dropped really love.

That I have been collecting.

I thought it was wrong and.

I didn't I didn't expect it to
have that big of an effect and

you can see that the number of new hires
dropped a lot especially at the granting

departments these lines here are the
bachelor's line means that's the physics

departments he granted bachelor's
degree and no graduate degree.

The red line is.

There's a department that Grant Ph D.'s
there's a smaller group us on her physics

departments that Grant masters degrees
is their high security but says these

are the majority of physics departments I
wanted to show you what the number of new

hires was for those type of departments
and to say the good news is that

by twenty fourteen which is this new data
that we just got ready like last week.

The number of new hires was returned
almost to prerecession level so

there's not a lot of jobs out there but
we're doing better than it was in twenty

to him so I guess you could be thankful
for there that you didn't come out.

Here is the type of new jobs that people
get this isn't the best source of granting

departments you can see another big effect
of the recession with two thousand I did

the top there where after
the recession the number of part time.

People hired went up.

And the number of tenure track
the red bars over there on the left.

This is in the Ph D. departments where
the majority of new hires are tenure.

Track but
that percentage has been getting low.

So we're down from seventy two percent
before the recession to fifty nine percent

in two thousand and fourteen.

And we have an increase in
the percentage of non-tenure track

people.

OK the next series of slides I want
to talk about the title of my top is

progress for all and we've seen some good
news and some bad news about physics right

number of degrees going way
up bad is a whole lot of.

But I also want to look at

is this rising tide of physics is it
bringing everyone along with it or

there are some groups who are perhaps
behind physics as a community is very has.

Been very interested in women and
under represented minorities so

I wanted to talk about the situation.

For those groups.

So again all started high
school this is the proportion

of high school physics
students who are female.

You can see that it's about forty
I know it's forty seven percent

of high school physics students girls so
about half of high school

girls which is about what we
expect from the population.

Actually another business is that the rate
of girls taking physics in high school is

growing faster than the rate of
boys taking physics in high school.

Here is a slide show and
what type of physics high school physics

Sorry high school physics students
take sets you can see that.

The overall percentage is forty
seven percent and for honor.

Physics which is one of the fastest
growing physics courses in high school

in terms of number of students it's
forty nine percent the other quickly

growing physics.

So a lot of this growth in honors A.P.
that type of thing is for

people going to college right everybody
thinks I want to get into Yale or

whatever so I better take physics that's
good because at least to some physics

in high school but
of course as you all know when we get

to the college level there's
a big draw in the number of.

Women pursuing that career.

Here is the percentage of women earning
physics three bachelors and Ph D.

over time you can see
that it's gone way up.

Currently for both the outsource and

Ph D.'s It's about twenty percent of
the degrees earned by our own by women

but that's what percentage has gone down.

But I'll show you some numbers that
will kind of explain that in a minute.

Right.

Note in particular the percentage
because I'm going to refer to

the percentage in the late eighty's of Ph.

It's around I don't know eight
percent nine percent ten percent and

that's going to affect our
faculty numbers they're under so

in just a minute.

I forgot about my own admission
on there in two thousand and

four around two thousand and five
something like that there were one hundred

fifty three women getting
physics thank you so much died.

There were one hundred fifty three women
getting physics Ph D. by two thousand and

thirteen that had more than doubled
to three three hundred fifty four so

the numbers are going way out.

For physics.

There's a number of physics bachelor's
awarded pay actually have this one

on the chart notice that the number is
doubling up but the percentage was going

down because the number of overall
graduates of going up really quickly and

the number of women is going up but it's
not keeping pace with the overall number.

OK so if you are concerned about
this decreasing percentage here.

It is a concern.

Sorry the percentage is also going up so

women are really losing ground
in terms of percentage.

This is the percentage of
ph to survive women and

I wanted to compare it
to some other fields.

I.

Noticed that the percentage
of physics Ph D.'s that

are women is the lowest of any science.

We're doing worse than chemistry and
way worse than biology

course it's hard to get a job in biology.

We're not doing even as well as
engineering that started out below.

Although engineering so
big if you can look.

There in the more that engineering looks
like physics like electronics electrical

engineering for example the fewer women
there are so there is some diversity there

still engineering has more women
than electrical Anyway this is why

the issue of women in physics is
important because we are the science

of the lowest representation of
women although it is increasing.

So a lot of times people say well you know
women are going to science I may physics

because they you know I
just really can't do math.

OK but what if we got here
thirty percent of the math.

And by women.

It's almost forty percent of
the chemistry Ph D. is earned by women so

I think we need to look a little bit
farther deeper than that in terms of who

can do math and who can I mean some
people can't do math that's true but.

I.
Think that

one of the things that we have
in our society is a perception.

That physics especially is done by guys
who look like Einstein right and for

my talk tomorrow I wanted a new picture
of physicists so I go to Google and

I type in physicists and I look.

Down.

Not only are they all man
most of them are dead.

And they're.

The really funny one is this one up here
if you do this yourself this is just from

Saturday you should still be there
if you do this yourself that.

You can click on that they're all little
cartoons that look like Einstein and

psychologists have done
experiments where they say draw.

This little kids in your old draw
someone who looks like Einstein So

I think that that our cultural perception
that this is a male field is still pretty

strong I scrolled down a little and
I found the picture of a woman and

it was on Marco who is
the chancellor of Germany right.

I didn't know she was
a physicist learned something.

Like this one of Einstein.

We got here we got some new some
Einstein and Stephen Hawking.

I don't know who all
these guys are looking.

At Einstein figures prominently.

OK.

So let's look at the actual data not
just my Google search that was kind of

amusing but these are actual data here and
you can see we collect data on the number

of women who are on physics happens every
four years we just did twenty four but

I have the data ready yet so I can bring
it sorry we will publish it on our Web

site overall in two thousand and ten there
were fourteen percent of the physics five

the members were women I'm hoping that
in twenty four it's only sixteen percent

because it's been going up by two
percentage points every four years.

And this number has increased as well
remember what I said about the Ph D.

production of this is we think
from our studies that we've

published earlier on the going to talk a
lot about those today that the reason for

the low percentage among full professors
have to do with degree production

in the past because unfortunately
we can't just wave a magic wand and

become a full professor I mean that would
be great right if we could all just hope

full professor but it does take
Unfortunately it takes time and so

a lot of the reason for the slow number is
that back in the late eighty's around that

time that was about the same as degree
production the degrees are above women.

You can look here as.

Assistant professors.

Were twenty two percent women in two
thousand and ten you can also see

here we've got divided by the highest
degree offered by top of the parliament so

this is a Ph D. granting department
here at Georgia Tech and

nationally twelve percent of
the factory members a research.

Departments are women it's higher
bachelor's departments I'll talk more

about that and then.

Now we also collected just on the newly
hired faculty members of these are just

some people who just got jobs brand
starting in the academic year.

And then in two thousand and ten.

You can see that twenty nine percent
of the assistant professors were women

the new assistant professors hardest of
professors were women in two thousand and

ten but remember that degree production

was a little bit lower than they
thought so what's happening in physics

not happening in other fields is
that women are actually hardest.

Greater than their third availability
right now I'm not saying that

there's no problem for women in physics
there are problems of physics but

historically since I've been doing the.

Once women get Ph D. in physics they
are able to get academic jobs and

advance up the career ladder.

And I want to show you even more some of
the next encouraging some is discouraging.

Right sorry went on line here
it is these are the nearly

hard assistant professors you can see that
after the recession in two thousand and

ten the number of new hires went way
down already showed you that but

look at the number of women
who stayed about the same so

physics departments are making a real
effort to hire women assistant professors.

These are the proportion of
physics departments that have at

least one woman on the faculty at a big
department like this you might be shocked

to learn that there are lots of physics
departments the don't have any women

in fact it's what about
thirty five percent.

Correctly guess thirty five percent of all
physics departments in the US don't have

any women faculty members a lot of these
are the bachelor's departments and

that's because the apartments
have smaller faculty

smaller numbers of faculty so
the average size for

a bachelor screening department is only
three faculty members so if you only got

three people the odds are a lot less
that one of them is going to be a woman.

OK let me talk next to my next series of
slides about under-represented minorities

what I mean by under-represented
minorities what I mean in finance is any

group that's represented it less than
their population in the U.S. So up.

African-Americans are about twelve to
thirteen percent of the U.S. population.

Hispanic Americans about
fifteen percent of the U.S.

population but in science generally
are represented at much lower rates so

most of the next slides
are going to be focusing on.

African-Americans and Hispanics in
physics and what their representation is.

Is in Americans are not under
represented in physics.

But here's the high school chart actually
things are looking good because here is

the proportion by race of people taking
high school physics you can see that

the most likely group to take high
school physics or Asian Americans.

Then why and then blacks and
Hispanics down here the good news is

that they are taking physics greater than.

Their representation in the U.S.

population and
this in a serious very important.

These differences are likely driven more
by socio economic factors than by race

it's not there for some reason some groups
of people decide OK I'm not interested in

that what is happening
here is that black and

Hispanic students tend to go to schools
that are less well off economically and

those are the high schools
that do not offer physics so

if you're a high school doesn't even
offer physics you can't take it right so

what this tells us is if more high schools
offer physics we would have a more diverse

group of people taking it.

But high school remember I said
it's a little bit greater than.

Right when we get to.

The numbers draw a whole lot so

that by the time we look at.

Three.

Three percent.

Hispanic Americans getting
back to producing physics and

that's an upgrade your average.

I wonder so you have to compare us to
other sciences like I did with women

at the bottom down there
by geoscience where.

Are.

Our African-American
other sciences doing much

better.

Look at that there are number.

One.
Point five million.

OK this is the number of degrees earned
by blacks and Hispanics and the.

Blacks are kind of holding
the number constant at around.

One hundred fifty a year.

Remember out of seven thousand
people Hispanics are increasing.

This is the percentage.

By Hispanics their numbers going up the
number of degrees going up the percentage

going to Hispanics is going up but
look at the percentage going to.

Remember the number was kind of
stabilized there at one hundred fifty

percent the number of degrees overall it's
going up African-Americans are going up in

number and so
as a consequence they're going down.

When I first started doing this it was
about five percent now we're not even

making three percent.

I wanted to mention.

That.
Historically Black Colleges and

universities there's two here in
Atlanta Morehouse and Spelman play a large

role in granting physics to graze
to black Americans about half

of the physics bachelor's degrees earned
by black Americans they get them and

H.B.C. are historically black colleges.

Here's a list of the top producers of
African-American Babson's degrees in

physics they're all historically
black colleges except for

University of Maryland which is
a traditionally white school but

these are the top of the top producers of
black physics boxer's degrees don't even

produce more than ten per year.

OK moving on to Ph D.'s Where
are percentages get even lower.

The percent of Ph D. physics Ph D.
is going to black Americans is two percent

over a bachelor's degree so it was three
Hispanic Americans this dropped from four

percent to three percent.

But the numbers are going up for both
races of the American Physical Society

is doing a lot of efforts to increase
the representation of underrepresented

minorities getting physics Ph D. So we're
hopeful that these numbers are going to

continue to increase.

His physics faculty members.

Where.

You can see in two thousand and

twelve three percent exactly the same
percentage as it was among those.

Are Hispanic two percent
are African-American and

you can compare that to all disciplines
it's a lot bigger especially for

African-Americans.

Now there's a lot going on the slide so
I'm going to talk about it for

just a minute this is
the number of faculty members.

The actual number and physic.

Departments across the US with we
do a survey of all of them and

we get more than ninety percent response
rate so this is the number of black and

Hispanic physicists in a physics
departments if we total the stuff

we'll see right here we have sixty
eight black faculty members and

all Ph D. granting departments and there's
one hundred at least one hundred seventy

five so there's not even one per
department that's worse departments

there's five hundred there's ninety
black faculty members that bachelor's

departments total all three of these
numbers up it's one hundred ninety black

physics faculty members in
the whole United States.

On top of that.

Half of the hundred ninety black physics
faculty members work at the historically

black colleges so
the odds are that the average physics

student is never going to see a black
businesses unless they turn on the T.V.

and saw Neil de Grasse Tyson Tyson on
the and his in the straw on the right but

you know they don't they
don't see black businesses.

So this is how low the number saw it and
the totals for Hispanics is two

hundred eighty eight Hispanics kind of
spread out across all departments but

the black back to members really
are concentrated at the A.B.C. News.

There is our number is two
hundred eighty eight Hispanics.

And one hundred ninety African-Americans
that's out of nine thousand

this extract the numbers.

There's just a number departments
that have diversity on their faculty.

Only twenty seven departments out of seven
hundred fifty have both African-Americans

and Hispanics if you just cannot
the number department would have

black people it's about one hundred.

And remember a lot of those are H B C.

So again.

And I'm just showing
you more evidence that.

This is why our cultural perception
of physicists is done by white guys

continues because that's what people see.

Now if you want to talk
about really tiny numbers

we'll talk about the number of women.

Who are minority.

And those numbers are so small I think
like with the other one see I had to this

isn't part of the bar I just had to put
that number up there because the bar so

small that means there was fourteen
black women at physics Ph D.

departments in the whole U.S..

And fourteen.

There's none of the Masters departments
but that's because in two thousand and

eight a department that was a grad

with sorry master's printing department
became a Ph D. granting department and so

these women went from here to here.

Yeah.

That was.

They say you know Florida Florida I am.

If you add the suckers the black women
fourteen plus zero is still fourteen

a sixteen that's thirty black women as
exciting members in the entire U.S.

Hispanics are twenty two plus ten is
thirty two plus eleven is forty three.

OK.

A lot of people are very concerned about
the situation of women of color minority

women in science and of course because
physics has such low representation of

women and such low representation of
minorities there's a particularly.

Dismal situation for.

For women of color in physics.

Now been working on issues relating to
women and minorities in physics for

a long time.

And I've been listening to physicists and
a lot of businesses think that if we can

just get more women more minorities
that's going to fix everything.

And I'd like to introduce you to the idea
or get you to think about it that yes

getting more people to do science is
good wherever they are more people doing

science is good because science is
good science rules more educated

people are about science
the better off we are I think but

just getting more diversity doesn't
mean that the crime for example for

everyone is going to be what it should be.

So although they IP spends a lot of money
clicking on date on who does what and

when they do it we also
need some more data

on other important areas the last time
I was able to look at salary data for

example I found the gap between
the salaries of male and

female physicists even controlling for how
long they'd been out of grad school and

what sector of the economy they worked in.

We need more data on the workplace
environment is it what it should

hire people treated fairly at
the workplace not only in academics but

also in industry because we have so
many physicists employed there.

A.P.S. does a site visit program where
they go to physics departments and

labs and look to see you know is the
environment friendly to all groups they do

a survey as part of that and so there are
data about that but it's A.P.'s data and

I work for IP So we want to see it today.

And I also want to get you to
start thinking about this thought

say that we could wave a magic wand and

suddenly there be fifty percent of
the people in physics for women.

There would be fifteen percent
Hispanic Americans twelve percent or

thirteen percent black America and
even if we could do that I.

That doesn't mean that the resources
that people need to do their work and

that the opportunities that they have to
present their work and tell other people

about their work that doesn't mean that
those things would be equally distributed.

And we do have data on that for
women in physics and I'm actually

going to talk about that a little briefly
today because I'm almost done and

more about it in my talk tomorrow which
is at two o'clock I don't know where

because I've never been to Georgia Tech
before so I don't know where I am.

But.

We did a survey of fifteen thousand
physicists in one hundred thirty countries

and we were able to show with this data
that women had fewer opportunities and

resources that they need
to advance their careers.

So even across the diversity of countries
where some countries have a larger

percentage of women in physics than we did
some countries have worse even across all

those countries controlling for you know
the resources of the country has what

kind of job they have how long they've
been doing physics women have fewer

opportunities resources and as a result
their careers progressed more slowly in

physics than men so I just wanted to
leave you with that thought if you

want to know more about this particular
study you can get the slides for

me or
it was written up in physics today and

I can help you find that if you want to
read more about that but I just want to

leave you with the thought that yes it's
good to increase the numbers of people but

we also have to keep thinking about are we
giving them the same resources are those

resources being distributed equitably and
I wanted to because I didn't collect

all that data I wanted to thank my other
colleagues who did are mentioned here

there are some funny e-mail if you want
any additional information from me so

thanks for coming and
we probably a few minutes for questions.

To a.

Eight.