It's a real pleasure to have with us today, Professor zingy from the School of Civil Environmental Engineering here at Georgia Tech. Professors Zhe got his bachelor's and master's degree. His first master's degree in Environmental Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University. And then a second master's in materials science and engineering and his PhD in Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. And then did a post-doctoral stint at Caltech before coming to Georgia Tech in 2017, where he is currently the Carlton S. Wilder junior Professor in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He's won a number of awards, notably and then NSF Career Award in 2019. Awards from the American Academy of environmental engineers and scientists, the sustainable nanotechnology organization. And in 2021, the Civil and Environmental Engineering Young Faculty Research Award. And with that, I will turn it over to you. Thanks for the nice introduction and thank you all for joining today's seminar. It's my great pleasure to be here and share what we have done in the past few years using Lis lift technology with some nano materials, mainly for water disinfection. So let's go ahead and then talk a little bit, just a little bit background about water disinfection. So as you can see here, currently is still 1.10% of the population or don't have access to safe drinking water. And millions of people die from waterborne diseases and then a significant number of children under five years old. The reason for these diseases are really the pathogens in a contaminated water. So these passengers can be viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths is. So this is actually a slice pretty oocytes. I made it doing my PhD like more than ten years ago. But the numbers here I Australia is numbers before NAs, pretty much similar. So there's slightly different but still pretty close to this kind of significant numbers. So that really means that we still haven't done a good enough job in terms of doing water disinfection, which means we use different methods to either remove my gardening since these pathogens from water or inactivate those microorganisms in the water. So the white most widely used water disinfection currently in our, our water treatment facilities are pretty much more than 80%, 90% now using coronation. So we're actually start to use currying nation about 100 years ago in the United States. So as you can see from this curve, which shows the life expectancy over the time. So you can see after the Swedish star to start using coronation, average life expectancy really grow very fast. They'll definitely some other reasons causing making this improvement. But really just treating the water chlorination, killing the microbe pathogens mechanisms really play a very important neural layer. So really because of these, actually our National Academy of Engineering reach the safe, abundant water supply as the number for us of the greatest engineering achievement in the 20th century. So this is a really great achievement in the last century when the same time as I mentioned before, we are still not do a great job. Good enough job in terms of doing water disinfection is really because another thing we have, basically a trailer water by weight generating another problem which is a disinfection by-products. So this is really the so-called chlorine dynamics. So basically, this is a disinfection process basically which we can reduce the microbial risk of drinking water. So basically we will remove pathogens, but basically they are allergies and other organic matters. Drinking water which will react with chlorine. And then we'll produce some harmful disinfection, basically handful products we call the disinfection by-products. Such anomalies has been demonstrated to be carcinogenic. So we already have some regulations to regulate certain, a certain type of disinfection bypass in our drinking water. But thousands or even millions of different kind of disinfection byproducts which will be able we won't be able to regulate out-of-date. Let us a lot of uncertainty layer. But overall, when we were trying to make sure our drinking water potassium fully free, we are producing another problem which is at least imagine by-products. So in the past few decades, people have tried different masters tried to develop alternative methods to do for the coloring nation, e.g. you've UV ozonation or different kinds of technologies. Um, but although there are still some limitations or drawbacks, less why coronary steal money, 80%, 90%. It really depends on the countries, but still majority of the water stream parents, they use coronation as their main disinfection process. So let's the main motivation behind our research. We have been working on these so-called local eating has the virtue of your treatment technology, trying to really develop eventually chemical free or at least chlorine disinfection methods which can be used can be really largely implemented in the future for our next-generation water disinfection process. So let's get into this technology. So let's look at to learn what's the locally hence the electric field tumor, we need to know what you feel treatment first. So this is a schematic showing the electric field, electric field treatment process. Basically, this is a schematic showing where you have a positive electrode, we have a negative actual, in this case evil, they are parallel elections. We will be able to generate a uniform electric field strength between these two. Shows these orange lines here indicating, indicating the direction and also the strengths. And then these shapes indicating the microorganisms when they exposed to the electric field will happen is that the ions in the solution, the positive ions will move towards the negative ratio and then a negative ions will move towards the positive electrode. So basically the movement of these charged ions were generate a so-called transmembrane potential, or transmembrane voltage across the cell membrane. And then these strands, which transmembrane voltage you already proportional to the strength of external, you'd actually feel. So basically when the external electric field rituals certain, certain threshold, you actually will be able to generate a porous because of the transmembrane voltage or potential. It also depends on the strength. And then basically let determines the size of these pores and how long this course will allow. Asked if the strands is kind of moderate level, these pause can actually be able to recover or reseal. And then we caught it irreversible electroporation. And then this process has been widely used in biomedical few for Jack deliberate and Jeanne de were these kind of applications. But if you like external electric field strength is high enough and then basically spore becomes irreversible. And then these microRNAs and this will be able to be inactivated. So the basic idea we have here, basically we tried to create a situation for this trivial treatment processes that we want to reach your strong enough electrophile for your treatment. And then in that case we generate irreversible pores. And then basically we use this for my coping activation processes. So the biggest challenge here basically is that we know that there should be a strength is defined as the voltage divided by the distance and afford a certain treatment process you won't be able to use, especially for large-scale treatment. You won't be able to use a chamber that's very, very narrow. So Alice needs to be millimeter scale or even a centimeter scale. So that's why in this case, we really need to apply very high voltage, even more than several kilovolts to realize a strong electric field as high enough to kill my God exists. So let's the biggest challenge for, for large-scale water treatment. For his voice is very energy intensive and also it's not safe for large-scale application. So that's why the base either, as I mentioned as a motivation behind our developer monopoly lift technology. So basically we tried to kind of idea, which basically comedies idea. We tried to use locally enhanced electric field bases and uniform electric field rather than a uniform electric field between the two parallel electrical switch high to locally and hence that HE few. So in that case, we don't need to apply a very high voltage. It is a much smaller voltage, but within the chamber, within the system in a certain area, we have a locally enhanced electric field as strong enough to kill the microorganisms. So there are two general strategies or directions or to do different scales, we can realize these locally has electric field treatment. So why, why is that? We call it Mike macroscale enhancement. The ala is a micro-scale enhancement for Michael. For macroscale enhancement basically we, we can try to design the system, design the configuration of electrons. So e.g. we can have a center electro positive electrode sender and then we have an active vessel as a coaxial outside the lecture. So in this case, basically based on the physics, we know that the center is, if you do that a few students calculation, we know that at the center layer lecture, if you're strands will be much stronger and outer ring. And then it really depends on the size and also the ratio of the inner and outer diameter. And then the strands can be easily enhanced to be at least tens of times complaint to the normal background and actual, if you apply two parallel electrodes. The other strategy or without a scale is a micro-scale is basically, we notice that if we modify the surface of a parallel in actual Swiss tip structures, we can achieve a much stronger electric field, electric field strength at the tips of this tip structures. And also it really depends on the size of this tip structures, especially the aspect ratio of the stapes. The enhancement can be even several orders of magnitude. So let's basically, again, the mango is really want to use much smaller voltage to realize in wiseness system a certain location we have strong electric field. I can kill microorganisms. So to realize this strategy, or we have combined these two, these two kind of scale of enhancements to develop our kind of a prototype, to realize the streaming. So this is the tubular coaxial actual configuration. So basically we have a center electro and then we have outer electrode, and then we modify the Santa. It actually is tape structures. So we also do some simulation to make sure this is really followed a design. And then we can use this color to indicate if your strengths. You can really see near the tip structures. And the sente lecture, you have much stronger electric field. This is the image of the first prototype developing our lab. So it's just a very small system, only about ten centimeter long and one diameter tubular shape of the treatment chamber. Just show you a little more detail about how we may lean systems. So basically, as you will probably notice that the center electrode is really the core electrons of the system. So we fabricated this material. The lecture we use for this demonstration is the party dopamine or PDA coated copper, copper oxide nanowire, modified copper electrode. Okay, so basically we start with a commercially available copper while. So this is actually pretty cheaper material commercially available, which is purchase it from McMaster, widely accessible supplier. I think for one row of these copper, while for 1 mi long is only about $10. So it's pretty cheap material to start with. And then we just heat it up and atmosphere with oxygen and a certain temperature, we will be able to grow copper oxide nanowires on top of this copper while. And then we do another step of poly dopamine coding. Really just want to make sure that it actually is kinda protect it a little bit or stronger or can last longer. And then a party dopamine is really a very easy process to code it on the surface, basically, you prepare a dopamine solution and I'm thrilled that you are showing the solution and then you control the temperature, control their oxygen level. You will be able to control the growth of party dopamine layer on top of the electron. So just show you a little bit more SEM images. Weight because weight is in the facility here IN so you can see, you can see this, the core, the Sunday lecture is about 80 micro meters. So it's actually very thing industry has already done a pretty good job in terms of producing these very thin copper wires already. The Sunday ratio is less than 100 micro meter in diameter, and then we modify it after the growth of the copper oxide and awhile, this is an image showing a very dense copper oxide nanowire on the surface. And then you use TM. We can see the dopamine coating layer will also do the basically early elementary analysis to demonstrate it to really quantify the thickness of the polytope I'm encoding. Basically we can control the polyatomic I'm encoding precisely. So just show a little bit of a performance. We use this device to basically demonstrate that way. So reasonable flow rate with a reasonable voltage, also very low voltage, only one vote to vote. We can, we can achieve pretty high in motivation more than six lock, which means that 99.999, 9% of bacteria in the system has been activated. So in this test, we pretty much still use E coli, which is a modal bacteria. And then we prepare synthetic water in the lab in a very controlled environment. And then next step basically we try also different bacteria, gram-positive, gram-negative. And then we also try natural waters, river water. And then with those the natural waterways and E coli to do the similar experiments. But again, basically we show high performance, high activation efficiency with a reasonable flow rate. The dashed line here really indicates the detection limit of our methods. So the real division performance can be even higher. So to be honest, this roller is still pretty low at this point. So it's just like 1 mm/min. So you can imagine that the flow is actually not very high. So we have tried to scale this system up. So we joined that we produce this kind of about 2 m long. A device, so we try to maintain a similar retention time, which means the time we use to treat water. And then we basically realize that much higher flow rate. But to be honest, still kind of a lowly comparing to a normal flow rate, you can go from your tap. But we just want to demonstrate at least this is a scalar, scalable process, right? You can just have a longer Chairman chamber to realize that there's also other, a lot of other parameters we can optimize our future work. Okay, so one potential application about these specific, specific tubular shape coaxial it actual devices we have been thinking. The values that we can potentially use that in our water distribution systems are in the pipelines. And currently, as I mentioned in we do the water treatment primary in the treatment plant and we usually, as I mentioned, use chlorination to do that. One of the, one of the very important reason to use scoring is that we can have some residual chlorine in the water. And so they can still provide a kind of a continuous disinfection effect along the water distribution system. So usually we call this distribution the disinfection process. In the distribution systems we call a secondary disinfection. So they know in a treatment plan we call it primary treatment. So some of the current technologies, UV ozonation, they can easily replace coronation in the treatment plan, but it's very difficult to maintain the disinfection effect or wrong distribution systems. That's why one of the reason that lease cannot be easily lately evenly do in some plants, do UV or cloning ozonation, they still need to assign up the coronation into the water before the water treatment plants send me out to the water distribution system. So basically the idea is that potentially we basically we tried to scale this system from pineapple use devices and it'll be larger, 2.0 entry or even a little bit larger to the water distribution systems. And hopefully eventually they can use the in the primary water treatment, which is really require very, very large treatment capacity. But at least we feel like in the water distribution systems can be potentially one scenario for application. We don't need to replace all the pipelines, right? It's not necessary. But we can potentially replace some of the pumping stations or manholes and those places or the pipelines getting entering the buildings. Basically some part of the pipelines can be potentially replayed, replaced with our leaf two devices to provide additional disinfection capacity. We also noticed that in, for these kind of applications, the easiest way to get the power device, as you can see, we still need to consume saying elasticity, which is actually already very low complained to e.g. UV. But we still need to come see me a little bit less easy to provide lecture if your treatment, but the easiest way to get electricity just directly from the flowing water. So we have demonstrated just using this more this kind of water generator that can provide enough electricity used for the fall is treatment since that's okay. So basically this is the first demonstration of approval concept ideas we have. And I'll just show you a little bit more about the different aspects we have been working on along these technology in the next couple of slides and then the last part of today's presentation, I will just highlight our reason progress, especially the facilities we have been using AI in here. Yeah, So basically, we have worked on really different aspects of this technology. One of the very important direction is the development of the lift elections. And so you can see the sente lecture with the Nano while modification is really the core of the technology, at least stage, we really need to combine the two scales of the enhancement to realize the microglia inactivation if we just use the lift a technology alone. Okay, So if you want to achieve a very strong electric field, we need to combine these two strategies. Especially you need to use the nano men awhile, modified it actuals. If you just rely on the design of the pattern of the show's not good enough. But an NOL shows nanowire modified ratios really, one of the biggest challenges is not robust enough. It's very fragile, is not going out for a long time application. So the early gender for the early generation electrospray only last for about 10 min, 20 min. And then we have tried different methods to replace the material is from copper oxide to cover phosphate. We also were also do the PDA coding. So currently Leila shows we're demonstrating our Publication is about a few days, but still under the highly controlled things, adding water, where controlled environment, doing a lab. So this is really not good enough for, it's probably fine for some emergency uses, for Point-of-Use part of the water, part about devices for emergency uses by Stephanie nicely enough for large Skype occasion. So yeah, so that's why there's still a lot of things we want to do. We want to push, push the lifetime of the lecture, or at least to be several months or even longer that we feel more comfortable to be useful. I just get application. Yeah, so that's why for now, for a more practical applications, we actually have been thinking about whether we can combine the leaf to technology. We assign existing methods. We are sacrificing the enhancement of leadership your strands a little bit. We just use probably just one type of enhancement, especially using the actual design terms of a coaxial, your actual design just enhance the literature fuel trim a little bit. But we combine a system with existing messages, e.g. in this case, we combine leave too with ozone. And then basically the idea is that we use lift to increase the permeability of the cell membrane. So in that case, we only need to use smaller amount of and to achieve the similar performance. So in terms of these synergetic effect is a little bit more details. Basically the idea is that leaves the treatment is basically increase the cell membrane permeability. So even though he's still not live, Chairman cannot inactivate a micron instance directly, but increase the cell membrane permeability. And it also might be able to diffuse into the cells easier. And then you are increased ozone. Ozone nation will be more efficient. Another effect is basically once you generate these kinda irreversible damage on a cell membrane and you have ozone nearby so they won't be able to recover. So that also means that ozone will also improve that efficiency of the lift itself. Basically, this leads to process can be synergistic and produce better performance. Another example is that we combine these two is copper. So copper, it also has well-known antimicrobial property, but usually we don't use copper for drinking water disinfection is really because usually you need to use basically more than a few. A few grant a milligram per liter of copper in the water to have enough antimicrobial effect. So some places they use that in swimming pools for water disinfection. Also in the hot water lines for water disinfection, but usually not use F for drinking water, is it really because we cannot have too high of copper in our drinking water. Regulation from EPA, which is 11.3 ppm milligrams per liter. So that's why we usually don't do that. But basically we combine leave to his cover and we'll demonstrate that in this case, e.g. at this point, we only use 200 PV B, which is 200 microgram per liter of copper. And we combine that with these coaxial electrode design lifted device, we achieve pretty high removal efficiency. In this device specific device, we only use the centroid actual ways, the commercially available a couple of Y0. So there's no any nano, nano structure modification at the center. And then we base basically, in this case, like luxury yourself already been basically is a commercially available, even though you will, you will consume the Kotler central copper from the sunlight actual base already easily scalable. It can be, can be mushy, ready for large-scale or practical application. So a little bit more into the mechanism of this leaf to copper system. So basically in this case we listen to a lecture, we led the center exhale release copper in-situ. So basically we apply a DC voltage and then basically the copper is released from the center a lecture. And then basically you can go dark yellow dots indicating the copper ions. So you can see BOC is released from the center, so the copper concentration in the center will be stronger. And also, if you remember that the center is actually also have stronger electric field near the center. In the meantime is that most of the micron is a layer negatively charged. So that means that during this waterflow, we believe most of my clients and swell up you attract to the centroid extra as well. So basically near the center and I show you will have a stronger, you'll actually feel strands and as higher carb or concentration and also higher bacteria concentration. So that really makes the whole system works synergistically to achieve a very high performance. Okay, so just show busy with the shore a short video. We use a special device called it a PNG, which is a typo electric. Nano generator to power, lift, cops system. See. I can play live. Yeah. So basically this is a hand pump and then once you rotate it and then provide a driving force for the flowing water at the same time. At least rotation also generate electric pauses and that can be used to drive the release of the copper ions and then do this disinfection. So let's say just one type of application we have developed. We also develop it another type of power source basically use our cell phone to driverless leaved copper device. So this is just a simple device that can directly plug into your cell phone. And a way to develop this kind of interface, you can either control or voltage or control the current of the system output. So that's basically a kind of a general overview of this technology and also the different aspects we have been working on. For the rest of today's presentation. I really want to focus on some kind of reason progress we have done with the help of the facility IN so basically we have shown that we have developed different devices. And then we know that these devices work pretty well for you achieve very high performance. And we also know that a nanowires in this system really play a very important role in terms of achieving a very high performance. But the problem is that we're still not really 100% sure how these microRNAs since being activated and what's the interaction when the bacteria flows through, like I show what's the, what's the interaction between the microorganisms and then the actual material. So this is really like a black box. We know water flow in, flow out and mechanisms getting activated. But we really didn't understand clearly will happen inside. So we have been asked from the reviewers in, during our manuscript submission process, we only measure the beginning and the end. But you don't know whether you have also oxygen species generation or you also have temperature increase or any other chemical reactions inside the reactor, you will probably won't be able to measure it in the end. But basically we are trying to, where we tried to do is they're using these. We try to open this black box, which how to use it is basically upper rental resolution methods to study this process. And that's why basically we develop these kind of lab on a chip devices and then do this institute lift treatment. And then really Luke Keller mechanism, look at a detail, a little bit more detail about what we have done here. So basically Lisa, the chip devices we developed. So this is just a normal glass slide and we have to pad logic go pad, which you use for the electricity connection between the two. We have this gap and then we have this nanowire structures or nanotube structures. We have been optimizing the design for a while, but basically, we try to create very sharp tips. The same time we want it to be very stable and also on and to be visible under the microscope. So that's why we end up with this structure. We have, you can, you can see the lens is about my email icon and then the top is 200 nano and abiding is my counter mixture is standing there very stable, even though after multiple washing steps, this, the size of these nano wedges are still not ideal. Or basically when we make, when we put, use the devices, when we grow nanowires. So it can be even smaller. But this is pretty much the most stable or else, or a small feature or highest aspiration of issues. We can produce a state repeatedly on the opportunity gaps, but it's good enough for us to really demonstrate this process, to study, leave to process under the microscope. So basically what we do next is we, we treat a surface with polylines license which basically to immobilize our modal bacteria in this case, is there a calculus species run shape microorganism, one rod-shaped bacteria which is easier for us to look at. And then this is how it looks like. Once we have these micro organisms being mobilized on the surface. And then we basically put it under a microscope. We do leave to treatment. We do based on waves. Basically we do different staining methods. We to look at what's really happening on the surface. Okay, so again, so here is the chip. Before any lift achievement, we also did a console simulation to make sure the waste, this configuration that you actually have your strengths based on a simulation, based on the theory, lets you view strands near the tapes can reach the threshold of the electric field strength that can produce irreversible electroporation. Use the width my colleagues and spring loaded. And now here is a base here, a typical results were achieved. In our experiments. So again, this is another short video when the tire hits zero, when that's the time we started at electric few, chairman. And now you can see basically these places, basically the line here indicating the location of the tip structures. And then we can see that probably one more time. Bc, you can see near the tip structures, you will see the cells being light up, ways to die. And that indicates the inactivation of the microRNAs, as you will see some dots or even they already dead cells that show the red color. But most of the cells alive, they won't have the red color because the color indicates the basically the how much, how much the membrane has been able to prevent diffusion of a dye into the cell. So if the cell has been activated, the dye will be able to diffuse into the cell and indicating that we can concede where we basically consider less cell has been activated. They are not in maintaining the integrity of the structure. Okay, so and then we're, after we do some image processing, basically we remove the background or their cells are in January before the experiments. This is a final results we got. So basically, we can see that only those occasions and near the tip structures, you have achieved the various showing that she feels strands. You have the cells being activated. Okay, so this is basically the platform we developed. And then basically they will use these perform to do a more comprehensive study which the leaf structure of the leaf, of the lift treatment. One of the very recent kinda progress or achievement we demonstrate here is that we originally actually feel tremor usually apply microseconds or passes. Basically, there's also the, what people have done in the conventional electric field treatment. By basing our experiment, we will try to see is that, well we can use even shorter pauses to basically to see how fast this you'd actually Future Man can be. So I just wanted to do actually show you that this is a result away reasonably achieve is that we only need to use a single path of 20 nanosecond with a certain level of the electric field strength. And then this is just one treatment, very fast, tiny nanosecond and at time zero. And then we monitor the strengths of the basic reference intensity in individual cells. You can see now after this treatment and then these, for instance, we're increase along the tie and really indicates that the inactivate the irreversible operation has already happened after this treatment. So I'll show you some images, e.g. this one, right? So before there is no any references after achievement, and you'll see that you'll start to see the diffusion of the tie into a cell. And also wanted to point it out at a diffusion points clear to be somewhere very close to the tip. So it's now from a random direction. In most cases is just wrong the point and that's very close to the tip structures. Here's just another image showing a much faster diffusion. So basically here you can see the tiny steal a couple of seconds. But really, this is not the limit of the trauma itself, is really limited by the diffusion of the cell, diffusion of the tie into the cell. But a treatment really happen very fast. It's on day 20 ns. We also compare lists treatment process with a conventional electric field treatments. So basically that's the Lewis structures. We don't have any nanometres as you show in the previous slides. And then we can summarize the results like this. Basically. Again, we fix the password and pathways as 20 nanosecond. As you can see. What a longer effective treatment time basically means that multiple passes, right? So if this is 200 ns basically means that we apply ten of these. You'd actually passes. If he's to 20 milliseconds, means that we have applied one medians of you actually, it actually passes to try to inactivate the microorganisms. But as you can see from the summary of these results, even with much longer treatment time, even 1 million, 10 million of these short pauses, a conventional electric field treatment won't be able to achieve very high activation efficiency. The maximum still-life about 20 per cent. But if we use the treatment process, so you can see the performance generally is much better if you compare the similar electric field strengths that 55 kilo per centimeter. So let's 55 kilo per centimeter. We actually only use one path of 20 nanosecond. To achieve much higher, about 60 per cent in activation, which is already better than 1 million or 10 million of deposits, use a conventional treatment. In other case, if you have, you can, you allow much longer treatment times or multiple number of passes. Basically, that means that dv dt can use a much smaller electric field strengths or much lower voltage. So basically there's summaries that we believed the less you feel strengths can be reduced by a times. So this doesn't seem to be a very big number, but actually really indicates a much smaller energy consumption. But more significantly the treatment time can be much, much faster. So it can be 1 million times faster than a conventional electric field treatment in this specific case. Okay, So then basically we further Spence and more effort trying to see whether we can do a better job in terms of basically showing the, what's really the mechanism behind for this ultrafast electric field Shimon process. So we have designed pretty much leaves following three slides are three different experiments to demonstrate that for this ultrafast, ultrafast mycobacteria division process, really the electroporation playing, playing a major role, playing dominated role in terms of microbial adaptation. So first is least one, okay, So basically one specific or unique property of the latch operation is that with a little bit minor condition, either a shorter treatment high or smaller, a little bit smaller voltage. You will be able to realize reversible operation. This is really a very unique property complained to chemical treatment or heat or thermal treatment. You won't be able to stop the treatment at a mid over time. So he's basically, they will be treated or layer not traded like mesothelial cells. Why you did not die or die. In this case, as you can see from the results, will we be able to demonstrate that? Okay, So all these lines indicating one individual cell, will we be able to do is that. So basically the pink, pink area, we basically we turn on the treatment and then a gray area where it turns after treatment. So we can we can do is that when there's no any lift treatment, again, the fluorescence intensity doesn't change. And then we turned on the left. If you trim and you will see the intensity starts to increase. And then by you view turn it off, they will be able to stop right there. And I'm basically that means that the poor or it will be basically close pretty much instantly. So now you turn it on again and you will see the increase and a tiny off and then the diffusion of a dye will stop right away. So this is a very, as I mentioned, very unique property of reversible electroporation. So any allergies Freeman and isothermal cima, if that's a damage, the damage will be wouldn't be able to recover instantly after you remove the treatment. E.g. you can remove the heat source or something like that. Then, you know, after Lee's own Alphas for a certain time, eventually the cell membrane completely disrupted. And then there will be a significant increase of the Renaissance, which indicates that irreversible, reverse irreversible damage has been generated. So this is basically, you can see, you can see we use a much smaller voltage, smaller intensity, demonstrating that under this condition, you will definitely have this reversible electroporation. And then basically they awesome indicates that with the slide, with some kind of stronger electric field treatment, you will be able to realize the irreversible electroporation in the system. The second, the second experiment is that we, in this case, we will be able to measure our species reactive oxidative species generation using the staining methods in the system. Before that, if we just have the device, we may generate some as near the tip structures, but we won't be able to measure it, but they can be easily diluted when you are measuring the ROS generation in a bulk water. In this case, we use a staining method to show that with longer pathways and also a sudden high fever treatment, you will see these green color indicating there's an ox, oxidative species being generated, which really play a very important role in my co viewing activation as well. But if we use a 20 nanosecond pauses, you can see there's no ending for green, for instance, at least as indicating the detection limit is below, the concentration is below our detection limit. We're still not 100% sure there's no ending. But at least it will be much less ROS generation complain to their longer pauses. But under these conditions, we can still demonstrate a more than 90% of the bacteria in elevation near the tip structures. And then we believe most of these Michael, Michael odd. In this case, most of the mechanisms being debated ready due to operation rather than the oxidative species generated with the longer passwords. The last one is really also a very strong support. Evidence is that we do, we run the experiment with sun, we call it a floating nano wedges or suspending nanowire does basically it means that these nanostructures, nanotube structures, they don't have to have that direct contact with the bulky lecture, just as you mentioned. It's just as you see, we have two large Go pat on each side. And then these nano edge is just they're just sitting in-between but without direct connection. But also demonstrate that they can achieve similar by copying activation nearly steep structures. We also be able to pattern this GT, psi and then also light up these microorganisms to show this very nice GT side we're putting in our papers. So show the GT image there. But this is also a kind of a controlled experiment. In this area, we have this nanowire structures and then the other side is just basically the gap between the two shells. And then we've shown, we can see a significant difference. So basically this is a really indicating, really indication that the treatment allowing activation process you really due to the electric field tremor rather than electro-chemical reaction. If he said, electro-chemical reaction, you only happens on the two electrons as directly connect your circuit, you won't be able to have electrodes inserted in between and then achieve the same electro-chemical reactions. Okay, so with that, I really want to just summarize the presentation with these slides showing basically the kind of a demonstrated are also potential advantages of our lift process. So we really believe this technology can be a transformative, transformative water disinfection methods in the future, sunup to sundown. These advantages with this theory has been demonstrated in our experiments and I'm still waiting for us to prove that. But basically, this process can be really high efficiency, very broad spectrum for different pathogens. Specifically, we reasonably demonstrate it can be really, really fast, ultrafast in the treatment process. Hopefully, this can be also low capital cost. Really relies on how challenging we can produce the nanowire modified. It shows the one of the intrinsic or the one dish of this process is that at least supposed to be actual physical process. Because we really relies on just the movement of ions like a physical Caesar ion is Cesar to cut off the cell membrane to activate the cells. So theoretically this is the physical measure without generating any the chemical disinfection byproducts. And then some other advantages including know, overtreatment concern, right? So it doesn't like chemicals. You need to control a pretty, pretty precise doses. You don't want to add too much chlorine in water, they will cause problems well, but in this case, in our case, it doesn't matter if you even huge treat the water too long and that's no any problem. It's also easy to operate, pretty safe to operators. And then no any other secondary pollutants as well. So with that, I really want to just thank all my students, specifically to students team one who is sitting right there and then she most of the upper rental studies with doing making the chips, doing these observations. Also, my previous PE student, Jim and Joe, and he is currently a faculty at UTSA Georgia passenger Institute. He did most of the early stage development, maintenance of developing these coaxial show. Sisters. Also want to thank all my funding supports an SF and also the I-N-C gland, which also helps out a lot in our early stage development. Okay. Where's that? I would like to thank you all for listening. I'm happy to answer any questions you have. Alright. Questions. Yes. Never shy. I'm curious when you were showing the combination of the leaf with the ozone, what sort of rate flow rate reduction could you achieve? Because ozone alone is going to have some limitation in its flow rate. Did you measure what flow rate reduction you could get through by our flow rate increase you could achieve by combining them. So for the leafed ozone system, where actually we don't, we don't have a continuous flow systems, so we have the lift. Treatment is just flowing through treatment, but for automation where you actually use a batch system. So we just I think we fixed that the treatment time for I don't remember exactly. It's about 1 min or 2 min, very short treatment time, but we really adjust. I didn't show any results here, but we just adjust the dosage of ozone. But generally speaking, the base e, we can reduce the ozone dosage. They do. It depends on how much you leave. Two, we use to treat the mechanisms, but we can reduce the ozone dosage to about one-third to half the similar performance. Thank you. Very interested in tar presentation. I have a question regarding your two breads structure. How to skill, if you like, put it in one, almost to me the lung is linear. I didn't get a therefore the skill or how do you tube or is it a skill to that to mean to meet and learn? You will flow in one direction. That's my question. Well, so if the length in this case, so we still have our tail actual outlay luxury in this case is basically the copper while or a stainless steel copper tube or standard skew we can directly use as a lecture. It's actually very challenge for us to hand the Santa agalactiae going through the discard exile designed. But if you want to, we haven't gotten to this stage. 3d design. Some commercially available are large-scale products. But you can imagine that if you want to take your tongue, you probably will be very difficult to handle electoral when you take it. There's the angle. When you went to inspire. You probably want to install this at least occasions when you have linear sections in the pipeline systems, but you don't have to have your actual being connected all the time, right? So you have, you can have different sections. They can, they can be connected in series or in parallel for the treatment. So how to prevent this shorting? You said? Yeah, So let's a good idea. That's a good question. So you need to make sure, as in within the pipeline systems, you need to make sure that the ratio doesn't touch it out. A lecture. Of course, scientists out on challenging. So questions we need to solve if we want to design a commercially viable product. Yeah, I wanted to ask about the results showed where you are turning on and turning off the reversible porosity or electroporation. So it looked like the ones that didn't fail or at least didn't fail initially, we're on the negative electrode. And it was the positive electrode where you saw the irreversible happened very quickly. I was just curious, is that a result of the field being lower at the negative electrode or is there something else going on? We actually did not observe significant difference between the positive and negative lecture. Actually, I forgot to mention that. Let's also a good indication that this is the electric field treatment, rather late actual chemical treatment. You'll see the visual chemical treatment, the positive and negative. It actually will have different species being generated at different reactions. But in our case is actually just pick some of them to indicating the process. But we really want to show that both the inactivation on positive actual, both observe these similar phenomena. Actually. Ivc, email, I think our treatment process, it really depends on the duration of lipases. If it's strong enough, it will. What will be the ship your treatment being a dominate inactivation mechanism when the pauses or a longer, e.g. when a positive is two micro seconds, we do see some oxidative species generated at a pub, pretty much on the positive electrode. And then I will, let, will contribute to the microbe during activation for sure. Is that answer your question. List to 0? Yeah, team maybe you can say I did this experiment. So it's just, the fluorescence is kind of random. How they, how, how high they jump. So it's like I took a video and there are like 20 cells. So I just randomly pick for cells to on the positive and negative. And they showed similar phenomenon, which means that they jump and they stay any gentleman this day. But how far or how high they jump is quite random because it's just a very small cell and the very quick dying flow. So if I pick more cells, they may show a different level of jump. But they show the same phenomenon, which means that they jump and stay in John's day. Yes. So the final big jump, it's just that they are finally activated. So the poor cannot close anymore. So they just allow a bake inflow of the day. Thanks. I see a specific motivation for individual cells were also affected by how closely to the tapes. So they will they will affect how much damage will receive for each short treatment period. Any other questions? I have one, why Pali dopamine? So it's really because it's very easy to generate coding. As I mentioned, you just need to prepare the monomer solution. You put any kind of feature, especially we have this kind of nano tape structures. So the surface is consu, can consider is a very, very rough. Then pi dopamine coding is one of the easiest method that you can produce nanometer. We can control the thickness over pi about the mean layer in nano meter resolution. So that's the original idea. We tried to use poly dopamine, but I think we also try different coding now to see whether they can produce even better protection, also not affecting the distribution. Okay. If no more questions, let's thank our speaker one more time and we'll see you in two weeks. Thank you very much.