[00:00:05]
>> Good morning everyone welcome to fall 2020 non-offensive been a series and in this series we've been focusing on point of care technology and health care the fall when you put in an offense very nice series is sponsored by the Southeastern nanotechnology infrastructure corridor which is one arm under 16 sides under a special program called national nanotechnology quaternary infrastructure which is funded by the National Science Foundation in this program scenic we are partnering with joins call of nanoscience and an engineering which is an academic collaboration between you know a city of North Carolina Greensboro and North Carolina a and t. University the goal for scenic is to open up our infrastructure capabilities.

[00:00:56]
In the nano scale fabrication and characterization. Tool sets to the extreme and use us both for coming from academia as well as industries so these resources are not only for George attack and Jason and internal users but also this program funded by Innes of experimenters to the extra users there will be able to offer our resources to extremely was us.

[00:01:25]
So in short scenic is an Alice killer fabrication and cataclysm resources that is available for extremely users more information may be found at scenic got Gothic dot edu But that said and this is very unnerving the final one in the fall 2029 offensive in our series I'd like to take time to thank all the speakers in this series David Meyers from George attacked Leon Best from Georgia Tech as well and also want to thank a genuinely from Joins call of the signs and I'm going to you know ring and Carlos Moreno from Emory Medical School as well as story speaker laid on mile from the University of Georgia and alongside with our special speakers it's also an opportunity for me to thank our you meant article supports a tough stance from i.e.m. who's who's been promoting this event and I also want to thank Katie gentle label from Georgia Tech library has been medical as him medically moderating this event and also recording it and I'm Lee Miller posting the link at the Georgia Tech library and with that said it's a pleasure to invite as a lead on mile days where when our speaker.

[00:02:48]
Do now an offense for and lay down mouth is a professor in the school of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Georgia in a sense it is if his Ph d. in electrical engineering from Illinois was that he is interested and they're looking new like a floating technologies for biological are by medical applications such as cancer cell isolation and understanding the biology of rock let's invite for some our to speak on a stop it further hydrodynamic isolation of circulating human cells and excess of some are.

[00:03:24]
Thank you so much. For the invitation and it's really my pleasure to share some of my research. This winter for salmon a serious I'm going to share my screen. Today I'm going to share some of my recent research results a group of people using the novel technology had to kind of make isolation for the isolation of circling too much out.

[00:03:56]
Patient. So again I. Have introduced me to a professional school for Electrical and Computer Engineering. I have being a beauty for 12 years now and I really have the fortunate fortune to work with a group of. 10 The hard working graduate students me to get her to. Come very far hydrodynamic isolation technology from really basic ideas to work.

[00:04:36]
But eventually true enough most the challenging self separation of teaching which is a 2 separate thing too much. Cancer patients basement. So. I know for you know audience probably most of you know what is microfluidics what is Michael still put on that mix that still want to use the 1st slide to give people some idea what he is that and the why I and a lot of people are interested in understanding microfluidics and using it for the a position especially time and apology so if you think about flu pandemics our daily life we usually see turbulent flow we usually see the food layer trying with the charter interacting with the charter creating this convection that evacuation of vaccines that make really good for flu pad in the sense that for example when you mix cream with coffee when you watch a river flow.

[00:05:36]
That's all very exciting and appealed for but at the same time unfortunately for more than 200 years even though we have this power for you know knowledge about that mix for 200 years it's still really hard for people to precisely know that the such turbulent flow still what exactly is the solution in terms of low velocity pressure distribution at any given time we have some a good idea about average what the flow would be for turbulent flow reaches but if you go down to very precise time scales becomes very hard to predict and even wait for computation or software and package is very time consuming and the challenging to know that so you can go took it in flow at a larger scale is the really exciting it is really hard to control them because we don't know too much about them.

[00:06:32]
On these at the same time if we shrink a reduce the volume up of the bullet and I'm next to a very small amount of quantity like not only do a pickle eat off I mean clearly to scale you realize that the mass associated waste the fluid stop become tiny are trivial therefore that initially fact associate waste the fluid to flow becomes an ecological So the.

[00:06:59]
Now lean year Paul full name next OS creation which is the company creations we use to understand who that x. becomes really are simple to solve possible creation if we can get a precise knowledge about pretty exactly what's happening at a micro scale in terms of fluid dynamics in terms of going or depression gradient in terms of the.

[00:07:21]
Flow but asa tease so you know some rate what really makes Michael Foot exchange a steam train from us and it to you know about medical. Knowledge of stuff about magical scientists is that ability for us to be able to can children so you know way you can see that a microfluidics enables sort of new engineering to us and measurements to what people.

[00:07:46]
Do in this stand how they can you know study certain fundamental particle questions that are on the neighborhood and who develop new a pathological occasion was the reason for that is a very simple because look I'm excited fluids have a natural affinity with biology if you go into any of our That chemistry wrap your red eyes that sings are doing typically liquids right and if you can reduce the amount of new crease you've got.

[00:08:12]
Reduced reduction up to reaching this they can be used and you can also precisely manipulate a very small objects and the smallest objects typically we care about Impala G.'s the cell right and the microfluidics can manipulate very small amount off and hit the send up to. Next using Michael fabrication.

[00:08:36]
Technology to produce this device in the Chandos So he gives us a village to manipulate the Sallisaw single cell level to for us to understand them better fundamentally but also potentially Nabl this new occasion so 2 of the objects that are going on my left right now are all related to this Michael food company.

[00:08:59]
I would help them I'm going to spend the majority of the time to describe this to use microfluidic device in combination with the magnetic mathematics and base the platform in order to reach the very rare subset of abnormal cells that are circulating in the case of patient. To myself and that the either way is where you were able to work with a group often August and the chemistry here a huge to use to chop McMichael food except under microfluidic approach to understand how.

[00:09:37]
To keep their rhythm up Alex quickly commonly refer the clock operates on a single cell level than the standard how this emerging. Circadian rhythm can come from this brain noisy randomly. Operating single cell us public school cog that's also a range school project. So before we talk about sickle into my skull research I just want to quickly acknowledge Like I said earlier this is really not my work alone this is a group of people working together especially this to graduate students will change how.

[00:10:16]
You graduate students from matlab post-doc the largest Berkeley file start up at. The Massachusetts so he really pushed this technology into the use of the creation of a sickly. You missed so and began to leave you again a graduate student for but not recently awarded with the Ph d. become a post-op in matlab really push this technology further not only to seclude into myself but also to the secluded axis of isolation and we also will create the group of genetics as well as oncologist to validate our technology and at the same time we were supported by this funding agencies so that our work can go.

[00:11:05]
So let's going to discipline into my cell research so will people who know about this wait we know that cancer is really badly not because you know prime age tumor but the round up because of the magnets that are cancer so over 90 percent of the case it related to my daddy comes.

[00:11:29]
You know when I started to wear the cases spread from primary side to to secondary side that's where Sarah to take approach becomes really rather limited. But you feel that the patient go to that stage so it's really interesting important to to in this case this thread and the kind of model off the mat aesthetic process Let us that a test Kate.

[00:11:54]
Discuss that this particular steps where. You know. A way to give it you for a match so the cost of well Matt will somehow out this the social to themselves from the primary to America and actively Magritte from the tumor so discs made chicks into the mist initio looked like a vast so and a peanut would actually tenantry into the pot of vessels not only that they were able to survive but you know of savannah's when you claim that wiped us out so Venice and also survived the mechanical stress the sheer flow we've seen the blood flow and it being able to not only some lived out and of being able to and a secondary place in a squeeze out of this but the best of an extra by sation process and a stop to either you know hibernate you know become dormant all somehow Scotch of state the secretary to him or so if you look at the whole process home and a static process you really are sort of be amazed by how slow the group Boston the how dangerous some of these cancer cells are still cleaning in the plot stream and we called to seclude into a mess.

[00:13:05]
Else so you know way you can you really want to I mean people really want to understand what makes this sickly into a Cells are so robust and being able to you date a surveillance system by the stress and still be able to see to separate you and are so this that they are a lot of interesting about logical questions can be asked about this process at the same time people are wondering if we you know the monitoring of this simply into my cells and I don't markers such as exosomes but I would discuss later in this seminar all people can use this kind of biomarkers including the C.D.C.'s and Axis arms to full wincing you know predict talk attack case at an early stage or use them as a way to monitor the treatment a risk of the search and you know Sarah pubic approach so this all blows up in my very important when relates to the fundamental understanding off well Ken is that the other way relates to the sort of translational of creation of using the spouse and other markers to true pattern that the Moses and the treatment of can subpoena.

[00:14:18]
So but and there's a lot of things people can do is think it's their hands on the seat he sees as a nation is earlier they can't really use a lot of biological assay to understand holidays considered Selous some of the Kansas City c s I different from the why some of the cities can process this amazing ability to survive to see why others are not being able to do so so there's a lot of interesting as it can be.

[00:14:46]
And also there's also advantage of the research area where people take c.t.c. out of work as a patient and just being able to extend and and to be able to do is you know graft modern Mollusca understand how to move progress you know to the overall process so does a lot of interesting scene you can do with them so the question is Why can people do them when you know daily basis why can't we do we see this.

[00:15:13]
Critical research. You know case a clinic reason for that he has cancer cell as he sees that extremely rare as some of you will probably already know if you look at a lot Samir slide farm a case of patient the ways there are to read past Alice licensed but only leading to wipe us out of the potentially c.d.c. seeing them if you look at you know at the different magnification always the past chain of a solid just it's pretty hard to see anything City say simply because the number of the c.t.c. 16 Li rear being the secretion you're looking at maybe less than 10 on the other one in C.D.C.'s per one minute leader of the hopeful arc that is when a c.t. sees wheezing.

[00:16:01]
Several millions of public b.c. wheezing billions off the r.p.c. red blood cells so it's impossible for people to be able to see them without ending some kind of pretty rich mental separation process so that you had 100 x. you only seen the white. Selous and you can already find any city states with love ending separation on the Richmond process so our hope is no waste.

[00:16:28]
This new. Make isolation approach to the rich city state to have a significant enrichment ratio so that just all the other in the oncologist have a hiding chance to be able to get their hands on the city sees to be able to study them and to be a bit too would potentially be used them as some kind of complementary treatment you know actually.

[00:16:59]
So like I said earlier again. Extremely rare but on top of that will makes the t.c. even more challenging to isolate I can be cranky speak I consider and a lot of people in that microfluidic research community in Sidor separation obviously he's the nice probably the crime too often on a cell separation because but when seeing the extremely rare you're looking at probably on the other one per milliliter of hope like Secondly even though the every rare amazingly time varies in terms of their sort of peace and teachings brushing it consumptive aside in a programs we've seen the cells together when studying several years ago reporting that the C.D.C.'s are active regularly so this after that and there were 2 missing camel transition when they're you know and that's that a cascade but that means yes they can transform this episode and they'll skin pecks out into a missing chemical muscle type of Excel Maybe that's partly explains why they can still live this harsh environment when you know securely in but that's all being intense sort of extremely researched but wincing remains clear ideas that if you look at the surface of the gene expression you'll notice that the epithelium Ocker and the missing Kemel marker Are those the existing And somehow when used bigger than the other or more than the under But yeah a very lot of virus showing in the end to gene expression would be even a very real 66 so that that really is a problem right because if we talk of sync about trying to pocket the cells of the block the 1st thing we're coming to mind yes you want to use some kind of a marker that targets this specific a marker on the city cities and that's what people can be doing that for the last 1020 years but you realize that you're missing a lot of Odyssey b.c..

[00:18:58]
That unexpressed not expressing this idea clear markers so you're not really recovering are the possible C.D.C.'s from the pensive patient that could lead to really serious problems because you know you're missing the big picture and you're not really capturing the full set of cities cities so the research downstream I have some might have significant bias knowledge of our cities.

[00:19:24]
And so that's why over the last 1020 years a lot of people Michael who would increase its community starting to look at not the service center Jing expression but the rather the past physical features of the sixty's the consist cells what is the difference between the mythology or the tying meter of the city space between cities cities and.

[00:19:46]
Other blood cells like the b.b.c. probably get to being the most to similar to. To see P.C.'s because you know replicas out the other club subcomponent can be readily license that was a license for so if you looking from that angle your lives that you know yes there might be some slight each time either difference or you know price difference between Kansas Allison that w.b.-c. and we actually did a comprehensive survey on measurements using multiple consists of our lives from lung cancer to press because to and the compare the time me just kind of that our meters of different cells to the y. plus ours which is a major contamination in the cell separation her life that.

[00:20:37]
Almost all of the consist cells on average that time either is larger than. Meters so you no way you can use a microphone approach to use a 5 dependent separation map because I'm you know that can be counted in multiple sort of ways but that absolutely is true 15 British to block cells from the consist ousts because that because of their size difference.

[00:21:04]
But there was not the problem with this approach is your notice that even though the average Di meter are slightly different but the fellows are very apologist for example some of the consist cell lines can be as small as 6 micron meters to as large as 40 Michael the.

[00:21:24]
Cellular guy meters why the w.b.c. can go for x. marks 6 to as large as 2530 Ok so if you choose a arbitrary. You know threshold for the standard I'm eager for the secretion scheme you either will get a lot of the b.b.c. contamination because time either overlapping with the charter or you're going to miss a lot of city fees if you choose the time either to be either too large or too small so using this up biophysical futures for the c.t.c. isolation even though it has been the main sort of strain for the last 1020 years excuse me is not the perfect solution so you go away if I want to use I can summarize here separating cities these have been probably the most challenging sell separate issues and.

[00:22:15]
Problems for many years because the city fax trimly really are very few of them and in terms of from the follow g. and the fella that I mean they are very much on my liking with the w.b.c. and also their separate sentencing suppression very diverse to so it makes make it very difficult to choose a specific a mark or a combination of markers to talk at them so that's why we sort of spend many years you know we switching tile and then.

[00:22:51]
2 of my previous graduate students together to really try to talk oldest problem from a different angle if you look at you know this slide basically shoot the principles that we're trying to use. To to solve this problem or to separate the c.t.c. and you want to treat explain this approach I want to essentially use let me switch my mouse to a laser let me just to introduce briefly how people typically do self separation using manning that it's about a dog so if you have a 50 feet here and somehow you have some knowledge about the surface marker expression and you will choose a magnetic beep that has the sort of light you can that's going to attach to the mark on the 50 feet and when they are kind you created to the charter this 50 feet and the magnetic deeds Compaq's what the chancellor put away from the continuous stream by using a magnetic force and a different way call this math the need to say to call back in less than face the cell separation this has been going on for many many years.

[00:23:59]
In the very mature commercialization commercialised McCrimmon you can buy the order to do this. But this proves you wrong into the same problem that I mentioned before where we really do have too much knowledge about. The surface expressions and teaching expressions of 50 Cent even if we have to have some knowledge and that this.

[00:24:25]
50 c.s. has being shown remarked many literature that it can Panamic really change in their service and see expression so this epic failure to miss and Campbell transition so the marker that one I'll probably be universal order for you to catch the picture on the other hand we're trying to look at this problem from a different angle realize that if you want to saturate the cells you really separating 2 different group of cells we're not the music potential and the other way you're the major comes to contaminants in the blood which is a new piece that you want to get rid off so even though we don't have a lot of.

[00:25:04]
Knowledge about c.t.c. said face and to expression of the eye dynamically changing we do know a lot about the surface and did you express in the park the white of ourselves we know how many different types of them what specific a marker can we use to target them so that's why the sort of talking seriously surface and reaching way actually target a tablet p.c. So if they sent a gene using a combination of a spray different markers to pretty much cover all the c.t.c. all the w.b.c. so you no way we're doing this an attitude to preaching so the way not to you know target cityscape Iran to deplete contaminants which aren't at the e.c. and we do this using a parachute of a Stassi we call this getting them they actually you know mastered so the reason for that is very simple as.

[00:25:59]
A one hand we want to use the mag and I have beads to. Take out of the cleat other tablet p.c. which other contaminates but the same time it would also want to preserve city cities so that cities are not flowing at the same location in the same stream with the b.b.c. So you want to you want to come to peace in the cities Kokoda separate ways so if you use a traditional medium like a wider or a tree and you have increased media you could potentially.

[00:26:30]
Get the b.b.c. if needed by the city see it will still be not be affected it will be just everywhere they are initially position right so it doesn't really know the Richmond separation so over the last 102010 years also we've been working on this the Mathematica medium quota for food which in a way could generate this magnetic force a no magnetic object such as city see which is a label here could gently push us away from the magnetic Magonet by mean that gradient where the same time the w.b.c. count repeatedly still beats can be attracted to true the.

[00:27:13]
Magnetic. Gradient so. If I want to explain this in a very simple terms I can use analogy I suppose the force will not checks density is larger heavier than the water is going to shrink and the rest if it's on the other hand it's going to float in this case we're using this analogy here but rather on the magnetic mathematics contract on magnetic so if the 50 feet here is the last magnetic medium which is a surfer who made off that of particles are oxide which magnetic he will be pushed away from the magnetic.

[00:27:53]
If the p.c. culture came to ways man and easy is more mathematical and or crude The medium is going to be attracted So it's some of like at the pointy type of course but rather it's magnetic a ball is a travel force that we using here he wanted to separate this self into 2 different groups so that's the explanation how the walking principle so over the years we were able to work with witching ending in together to develop a different generation of Michael who devised the order for us to be able to continuously new reached in at a rate of high school put about time Michael meters cannot work because we want to process a significant volume of blood you want to create a rich a very rich stop supporting mission up the shelves so we call this the device I actually ask device is basically it can import integrated or high didn't mix our separation and they were able to produce this device together with a set of magnets that can be will call Michael scopes going to each slice to observe of what's a look at this separation process and this this panel shows you what the city sees with Yahoo a boat and if this is the deputy see which I label with this piece which are where micron sized magnetic could be that can be separated in this device and that the device if we zooming into the and the ultimate of the device will mean it's hard to see but the state he sees are going to be exit in the channel on the top and bottom white the.

[00:29:29]
P.c. contaminates with the exiting the channel from the center of the channel so it's really hard to see here because every fellow looks the same and right right so we label it consists else with green for residence so check rain and then we look at the exits track over the you know the air over the microbes with the vice and then we see that the green cancer cell.

[00:29:53]
Are exiting the Bernauer stream exclusive resort a top and bottom channel and that this the b.b.c. 2 issues and they vote here I'm going out in the middle channel so what's really encouraging about this technology comparing 2 and a technology that are all there is that the weight realize that this a technology can recover but when 99 percent of the c.d.c. cell cancer cells are rocking the sickly lesion and the weight spike you know a few sixty's he a millionaire of a consists ousting the minister of Cold Blood True a few 100 and every time you look at the kind of ration Carrboro lies that the slow pace over 99 percent that means 160 C.C.'s Pike a week kinds of cancer cells is spiking the blood you can recover open I mean one of them so that's really when not the highlight encouraging treats about this technology and we also look at this that I saw die meter distribution of the consist cells that we spike into the blood and we recovered bombed the off the device process and I realized that the the 5 meter so the phone size to should be able to sell before and after processing remains exactly extant meaning that we can recover.

[00:31:14]
Small city season we can also cover largest cities it's not going to be. You know having the problem of the previous under existing technology where you just choose the random scratch road but its size and lose a significant subset of the city's least because of the size rational choice.

[00:31:34]
So working a Luckily for us we walkways a local case the clinic and it we profiled. 5 to 6 breast cancer patients. Cancer blood samples and additional There they were all very sick patient either in the stage 3 of stage 4 breast cancer 2 were very lucky to walk with them and that we are very.

[00:32:04]
Sort of have a lot of gratitude towards them because they are all very thick at the time of donation and even though this research. Recently speaking does not have any chance of helping them because if you go early stage of validation you are still voluntarily and very happily donate their blood just for the purpose of research the hope that this can somehow penetrate the preachings in the near future we're very fortunate and that we're very grateful for to be able to work with this call work of cancer patients but on the melody sing side of the story for these cancer patients who theses were able to see that.

[00:32:47]
We were able to confirm using the. 100 in the mix separation technology that this. Really amazing guy resitting between the city feeds. And in terms of the city center Jukes pression if you look at some of that data. The press can see patient number one here have. He sees Curt Flood stricken nation as small as 5 Well Michael meter that's larger as city Sree city for Michael meeting these guys so it's really a very large distribution and they using harder size space they're microfluidic separation technology you're going to miss the 2nd if you can push and over the city seas which is already very rare so if you lose some of them it's going to make a total stream analysis even March homages and at same time you look at this expression of the epithelium are kind of messing Kemel muck around on this capture to see Casey you realize that there isn't really a lot of adversity between them some higher Hi I'm assuming a mockery Some have high at a center marker and then in most of the case there's a mixture of ghosts so using ending sort of specific a marker predetermine marker or even combination of marker and you're not going to be able to capture all of the city cities at the same crime so I think this technology does have the promise of giving you the almost the complete recovery of all the city cities which are extremely rare extremely tigers in the consideration that hopefully you can enable people to understand them Pagar or even develop in the possible backing off take them there probably will stick actually with that.

[00:34:35]
So another exciting things we did is we also took a technology not to a local cause the clinic but rather to Detroit Michigan working we support scientists over there clearly for the house systems to look at an early stage breast cancer patients sample and to not only we were able to separate them and spend us also amazing you know that their city in terms of and to gene expression but they were able to culture not culture but extent the C.D.C.'s from a few African to manning up games just 72 hours even though we have a limited data which is a few cases of breast cancer patients at least out of the 4 patients some posters were able to successfully experiment the state he stays in through into much mall into many mall from a few 60 seats at a very beginning in just 72 hours so that hopefully it could.

[00:35:32]
You know also give us some fighting chance to get our hands on you know mostly P.C.'s too in this tent and that are. So that's the majority part of my research talk good last thing I just want to mention that you know about the young new year he's also pushing this technology tool it's not only the c.d.c. isolation but also the secret trauma to arrive to exercise.

[00:35:57]
Isolation So it is saw as a multiple scenes in the plots to creating that are relevant to kind of a message that kiss 1st off August 6th at the d.n.a. much arrive the d.n.a. that our people have been interesting looking at but I cannot stick in a particular purpose multiple companies just have our pos that are trying to commercialize this technology and I'm missing is 6360 is being you know the crunch you off the markers because it's in tech cell he has everything that there for people to understand but it's extremely rare so there's a lot of technology Co a child in just a social way so it's high school ration the sort of ways that you were derived after some echo some ideas of small packs of you know communication packages that we sell **** which ship out less than $100.00 then a meeting size has you know you are in a proteins and he has a nice and close thing that if you buy a year and it seems to be able to at least the farm recently teachers seem to be able to educate the secondary site for the for the 60 arrives to become a 2nd ritual murder is that I seem to have a significant role in the tumour program and.

[00:37:17]
So. You know it seemed that to my program. So engineering wise it's also very challenging to separate of race objects because the diffusion use them alone and in motion we could come in to disrupt the separation process and it were able to use the affair had to make a separation Croce try again using knocks.

[00:37:40]
You know separate isolated acts some are rather deplete banal excess some objects from a block in order to leave all the possible excess omes and sent home and that we did that and we confirmed that using Pami image of actual microscope images and using that mystical to to understand that really we are capturing this axis all from consideration so that's what's happening right now we've stopped again to you and we're also working.

[00:38:09]
To understand and extend this project further So just you know briefly summarize this we'll able to develop a. Separation technology that is independent of the city sees and to gene expression independent of the size of the c.d.c. it doesn't matter how large and how small it is and we're able to achieve over 99 percent of the recovery rate meaning out of 160 there were to recover at least 99 hope then and if there are some of the contamination carried over from the white blood cells do with there in the fine no simple and of what working on approach to figure purified then and the way always the patient samples were able to got most 3 of these and these to show that there are really a lot of politics in the salad I mean there as well as a lot of particulars in unity in expression up to and to choose on the south circuits in this that rear seat he sees and that we're also looking at the same time to extend this technology into the isolation too much arrived in the hope that this can be approach that can simultaneously reach into separate both safety seize and access on phone cancer patient Glod because we know how to pressure send a hard to get the case a patient samples are and we want to maximally you to ice the sample New York's you get more information although they're still experimental just precious simple skeer So with that being sacked that's my prey for introduction this.

[00:39:52]
Really promising exciting technology and it's the. Least you and then Rick have the. Knowledge through there's any question if you have thank you. Thank you professor. Time progressed. And seasonal questions coming in and began to read up and question and I don't envy medium. As separation takes place are taking place if a medium is used large diameter of 4 size range is considered every shin for separation Yeah so that's a really good question so the medium we use it for it's basically a suspension of magnetic and then all particles the reason we use that as a mention in the early slides is so that we can provide a magnetic them a contrast between 66 and the public P.C.'s which our culture created with a very powerful astronomy magnetic beat so we're providing what using this earth with a medium to have a magnetic Beijing a magnetic property that's 6 reading between the c.d.c. and that the w.b.c. ph compact so that they can go separate ways Ok so it's a continuous flow type of separation there's really no future all you know Porson inside it is really just a continuous median ways for foods so that everything is that Demichelis separated out thank you Hannah next question is from Devon got fried Thanks for an excellent talk how much sample pre-processing is required before the separation step.

[00:41:30]
That's a that's excellent pricing So there's multiple steps of some perpetration required 1st of all we need to like to solve all the red blood cells which is a major part of contamination we use a life as a buffer for about you know less than half an hour Knesset's out of the red blood cells then there's a step where you need to incubate the magnetic piece that then that beads weighs 7 POWs which takes another half an hour or so I would say you're looking at maybe $2.00 to $3.00 steps off stump appropriation of powder when our legs I think that's absolutely fascinating because people probably know the cities these are really in addition to being a really rare being amazingly divers they're also very effects Joe if you take a lot out of a cancer patient you want to process them waiting 2 hours you cannot really leave them for too much longer otherwise the c.d.c. and I guess I would just die and there's really no point of going secretion from that point on so wait I mean yeah and I said it earlier and then I really amazing people you know so they typically get a phone call from our local kinds of clinic you know in the afternoon and they will go right to pick up that sample and stop processing right away just to have a fighting chance to be able to isolate themselves and they usually stay in the lab will sometimes even overnight the audit to not only you know isolate themselves but also be able to characterize them have a full set of images of her crazy issues on them so this sounds I really I would consider them communities that the Crones you off south appreciate the most challenging problems in the south separation Yeah excellent question I'm glad you asked that.

[00:43:21]
And that's coming from dollars excellent presentation thank you and we have another question from from Solomon Brian has that use common thing very nice presentation thank you very much from an engineering point of view what did you have to do to reach 99 percent recovery rate do you have multiple stages do you have to optimize the federal fluid excellent question you know I really appreciate the question as a quarry myself I'm an engineer you know I have to say I'm very interesting applying this to c.t.c. But you know but my passion is really about in the state of critics and engineering up to my gracious about this fire hydrant approach and applying this approach so in the city see separation which is the very challenging problem we have to consider multiple effects the Major if a prime interest in this approach involving the involves the concentration of the for which basically the recipe the engine to separate out the 2 cells but also other crime excessive flow rate as well as the magnetic field pattern that's a fact of off lower rate and the separation scheme would need to be actually all of them also of them a couple of which we need to develop a sort of competition to is an unethical to sleep in order to optimize for that and the in terms of the stages.

[00:44:48]
You know we tried to use this when stage at a very early on of the research and it turns out to be really not a wise decision. And now we use multiple stage in the 1st stage we gentleness of the get rid off the majority of the contamination in terms of that why put ourselves at great beats and then you need a 2nd stage to really focus and separate it selves so the stages are really important because when to Cannot It turns out we cannot do everything you wish to we need to do this step by step in the gentility through Kurdish city space away from the b.b.c. Thank you.

[00:45:32]
I have a quick question there are other broaches do it have air you may be able to fabricate Microprose on a paddling from him and then he have a little mechanically separate them by simply taking the filter and an actor and putting it under the sun engine then trying to run v.c. you know the patient and then all this is potentially compared to this on the success rate wise which was able to do because federal fluid.

[00:46:03]
You know I'm trying to see you know how this can have a bank impact come back to the other approach so if there are some opportunities you had a chance to walk on its loans or definitely I think you know your touch of home very important question so I said Well as I said earlier you know so City separation had been the crown jewel for many years in fact when I 1st got.

[00:46:24]
Into Saturday at u.g.a. there's paper from nature opportunities group at. Mit where they publish this survey some chimp based city separation which was pretty much open to the. Research community I researched put a whole community and as if not hang just solid as of papers published on this technology alone my personal opinion after reading.

[00:46:53]
A larger fraction of these papers and it grew out of her let's just serious on that is that the so far the majority of the research on the city separation from the Michael Foot excited has been primarily on using the size difference between the cancer cells and the white blood cells for the purpose of 7 separations including the mechanical futures you know isolation.

[00:47:17]
I think science I sat is the name that's initially from Italy so people seem to think that their use a slight size difference where the kinds of cells probably is larger than 1210 Michael meter. Why did the P.C.'s last but we have found experimental measurement of multiple cancer cell lines in the company p 6 even though the average or the mean time eater are really different like 10.

[00:47:45]
$1012.00 for the kinds of colors but a for the public be safe but they're amazingly public expects so many and that it's really hard for you to choose a copper tree special to be able to achieve it completely recover comprehensively recover c.t.c. not and not having a lot of contamination the kind of mission computer the b.b.c. has the similar sized fish that are where is the city fresh water when shoes so I think our approach on the other hand really doesn't really care about how large and how small the 66 are we're really depleting the w.b.c. thing since there are not questions for the questions and let's thank some of them more time but it's excellent presentation and I have metal detectors time to thank all the speakers and our.

[00:48:39]
You know take support staff. That's helping us in this cd so let's thank them all one thank you Professor mom thank you it's really my passion Thank You The One for participating in you know you all have a great day thank you you're here by.