Thank you for college we had

what I think is going to be
a very exciting program today.

Tonight half years ago.

We had the first attention
of the waves there was

the coalition of blogs or nothing.

Just pure curvature and
you will never more about that in a second

today you will hear about
a second event that is

equally excited it's no
more will be listening to

the scripture the implications from
that event from loud know not to.

Not shoot up while there are three or
four stars in the school physics and

their research has taken them to

meet very important people not
to eat with the king of Spain

by the way the king of Spain is it one in
their right the other one of the left.

Because they could Professor Tidewater
to a remote region so the earth is here

in the South Pole from the point of
view of professor thought Well Professor

all day it's all sort of very old
place is just across Tex where Here in

georgia tech or I will produce
results that I would like to first.

To you she will tell us first and

generally two thoughts of the topic
that will be presented today thank you.

All right I'm going to take
that line point to thank you.

So would even anybody so

I'm very excited to tell you tonight to
boats one of our most to send this cause.

It's the typo disadvantage we're going
to be talking about in one to sensory

experience of the universe so
moved on by introducing to discover me and

my comics will tell you about some of
the beings who know unsubtle up from

a little bit myself and
there was a time for questions.

All right so let's start with the view of
the universe this is one of the most I.Q.

it emerges we have of the universe it's a
deep field image from the Hubble telescope

and it's showing our well tweak and see
electromagnetically about the universe so

we see the structures we see galaxies is
whipping around a lot from electromagnetic

waves to this instead hollow inside and

sees a universe how so so the universe so
this is a two dimensional

kind of two misrepresentation of spacetime
according to the theory of general

relativity space and
time I'm not surprised but they are so

defined so they had the object like
a block all used to call our space and

so the motion of planets stars
stars being galaxies is.

Space.

Even if when I LOVE EACH OF happen out

in the universe you have to have
changed the definition of fields that's

the way just like when you take
a look you can create three poles

if from the self same space so it's three.

If you think so years before we announced

the discovery and and that's why they
are there repose in the fabric of

space time they're telling us about
events of that but far far away in

the universe a long long time ago sounds
like the entrance to Star Wars right.

And tell us what happened there you
know way that we couldn't build from

electromagnetic radiation.

So for instance if we get
to glide closer to costar

said I rotating around each other
they change the conditional field and

this is one of the space does
in the neighborhoods and so

these are the waves propagating and
if you are looking to screw.

Each to Pauline's and to give additional
weight goes by they don't get closer and

for a better way and that's in fact all
the going to dish in a wave that's what we

want to measure so
changes in the metric of spacetime so

I am part of the like a collaboration and
I go projects so I like going to

Zeus interferometry to measure how
they tell you changes in length.

Due to the passage I'm going to show wait
so this is a real picture of the law I

would attacked or in Fort Washington
these are fucking all of their arms and

the weight of what we're trying to
do is some measure relative changes

in the length of this two arms due to the
passage of the going to dish on a wave and

we do this by using the leaves and the
foam the truth so we have and this will be

and we split it at the mirror are going to
travel back and forth along the two arms

and the dishes away because the distance
between the mirrors changes.

Yes in a different way and
so we explore all its

changes in the interference pattern
between the two laser being there are.

Two major changes in the length of
the two arms so this is a schedule for

Lego works when there is not going to show
a way just to be ensconced at each other

as it would to show a ghost they don't
feel imposed on he will see a changes and

so a little bit of flights comes true and
so

that's why we moderates are to fast the
passage of it that we dish it out wave so

this little flicker stuff
like that coming through.

Is somebody that is more like Fox We're
going up the chain just in length there

are one thousand the size of a proton of
the nucleus of the nitrogen out them so

really tiny.

This if I could source concealed by
a measurable when we first got going to

it and how big of a show it can be kind of
gave up on the possibility that it's good

that everybody here it's as probably
said earlier two years ago exactly

up to these ago is that we are new versity
we discover or get additional waves

that were produced when one point three
billion years ago two black holes there

are fourteen thousand from us of the sun
light beds they produce enormous

amount of energy fifty times that I mean I
was at the if that is it will universe and

Edition will travel to reach like go on
September fourteenth two thousand and

fifteen so we talked about
this a couple of years ago.

It was an exciting moment because for
the first time we could hear the sounds

of the universe we can take the signal
from light go plug it in a speaker and

listen to it and so
we can hear the sound like this

that one point two billion years
ago the sabbaticals produced so

this is a very powerful new way to probe
the universe so this is an increase beach.

This is the fun.

Yelp of to write code that collided
with a tribune years ago OK So

this is this is a new and

you are new sense that we have you know
experience of the universe now and.

That was with the tops now do you feel

is that when I discovered
the cliche of two local stars.

Is going to tell you more about what
it was thought about deleting it and

I tell you is that the neutral stuff is.

Not there involved in the process is not
to blow himself nothing there is lots of

mother and went to a small tear you
also production of right is shown so

we had the additional weights but
also visibly for the right radio waves and

possibly that could be neutrinos as well
so for the first time we have who distant

from messengers that can come we can bring
together to understand a source much

better and so
this is the lens of the only god deal deal

was the silence movie of the universe so
what you see here is that is that

those sounds it's a need for the jungle so
you see a lot of it being fed going

on in there he told the cell phones
to your movie that you hear.

Things you find that aren't going to
anymore see the need out there are still

there there is a huge amount of.

Way that's producing that where you
couldn't felt this from what you hear and

sometimes you get surprised
this like this one's.

Self So this is really the way we have our
new son and our movie of the universe and

that's what we're going to use to the
things that are going to be telling us.

So here's a live and
this is what's our day to look like.

Seventy to seventy.

Two jurors are good actors.

And this is NOT tell
them No it's looks like.

Over the course of the ten minutes we
could see a scene building up this and.

And I guess.

It was very hard to hear it like you're
not scared type off some of the noise

later but this trace here this is what we
were expecting to see from the commission

ultimately on star it's a much older
signal the wind from the backcross enough

minutes and hours just fraction of
a second and the details of this week's

problem ten of the details are read
happens a bit too much on starts March and

so we measure our disadvantage going
to show weights in the migration from

the Lego leaving some decided to lie
detectors this is they tell you that after

a program and then we keep information to
all sort of observatory is our electronic

observatory order on the rods and we have
zero to splatter off information that is

coming from one to wavelength
observation of electromagnetic waves and

they don't dish out waves and so now we
can tell a story off the conclusion that

took place one hundred thirty five million
years ago in de He dropped consolation in

the southern hemisphere just about
the time dinosaurs were roaming off and

with the story of these two little stars
that much produce gravitational wave but

there's just some flights produced
it's what the octave explosion

rocked a reaction in that surrounding and

we could measure the UK up there
grab it and so are my colleagues and

I want to start turning about some of the
things we know aren't bringing all this

information to better entirely different
story office by night or some margin So

up next I would like hear from the from
Carter it Bart's cosmic alchemy.

Route.

All right so I will say a few words about
what we're right about this little subtle

summer tour about production off of the
elements and items in this regard means

anything that's heavier than iron because
we think that are produced mostly in

some supernova remnants or exploding stars
which is very different to what we're this

years OK with before you go down into
the nitty gritty I would like to say a few

words about what a neutron star actually
is because it's quite an extraordinary

how object that is that you
find plentiful in space so

these are objects that you are hopefully
all familiar with this is the sun and when

astronomy we use the sun as a unit now as
Sol we specify masses in terms of solar

masses you say one or so once all the mass
from sort of the mass of of the sun so

no stars have masses that range between
one point five and two result in masses

OK but the size of a neutron star is
very very different to that of our sun

down here it was a little block and
this is in comparison to the sun and

neutron stars actually
much much smaller than.

This it shows a picture which On Star
in scale would happen which is here so

it's a very compact ought to to
stay fifty miles in diameter but

there's something very fundamentally
wrong with this picture and

I would like to point that out if you put
it on Star that close to earth what's

going to happen is that you get sucked
into the neutron stars immediately.

Remember this is to a solar mass in
the crowd a taste of the force excited by

the neutron star on to earth and
everything else aren't tremendous So

what's going to have to getting sucked
into neutron star to disintegrate into

a nuclear components into a new
close protons neutrons and we're

live on a very thin crust on distant On
Star which consists of I mean you can I.

Make charms neutrons and so on it would
be able to dig deep into the trunk

star it would get even weirder and we
would only see neutrons and depending on

how the question of stages of measurement
is very extreme conditions we don't have

a very IDEA how are these equations
of the question of state looks like.

It might even be that you can
with then seek the extreme

conditions inside that star.

That doesn't equate into their.

Constituents which are Quirks and Quarks
So so much about an introduction into

what neutron star system let's go back to
the actual merger that we're seeing but

I go and merge off two neutron stars so
this is a very violent process and

so to try star switch again remember this
is fifty miles in diameter we were talking

a very complex small region away from the
facts about three to four solar masses.

Spiralling into each other so

as this process takes place you have
mass ripping off one neutron star and

the other and gets it jacked it into
the hit missing its you know off the two

objects OK this is a very quick process
happens within a fraction of a second and

op eds all over you end up with a black
hole in the center and very small

fraction we're talking about point about
five percent solar mass a source or

a point zero five so long masses in
the toys and living around that black hole

this is a really extreme environment
sure this is very dense first of all

if you were to take a job and fill it with
a matter that's surrounding that like Hold

it would have the mass of it would have
it worked away about ten billion and

million and million pounds so
it's a very heavy miniature that you have

as a very dense matter not only that
it's rotating very quickly if this is

the matter all tapes are on the plate
cold with the velocity off but

twenty percent of the speed of
light OK and thirteen create and

you need in order to produce heavy
elements we also find here he said it's

very very hot we're talking
temperatures of billions off degrees

doesn't matter what you know whether your
skull and Centigrade O'Fallon height.

It's very very hot you don't want
to put your toes in there but

I think it was exactly what he needed I do
need a big pot that's that's bubbling and

it's very hot if you
want to produce matter.

At the elements and that's what's
what's happening here in the process be

physicists call rapid neutron capture So
what is that.

So that.

I should say they're just sitting and
just toss and

it's called a sketch bother with
hundreds of neutrons per second so

some of those neutrons actually
made it into this nuclei and

Lucas GROSS OK so it has more
neutrons than usual and some of those

neutrons decay into protons remember that
elements that are the characteristics

of the elements that go by the number
of problems that you have in it so

you change the element you go from
iron to something heavier OK And

this is the process that was long believed
to take place neutrons I knew from stock

markets OK And now for the very first time
we actually have experimental evidence

that that is what's taking place and
I will now talk you through would be.

The piece of evidence that we have
that that actually takes place.

So the car takes away from sedation by
like go to the strip that last fall.

In the previous presentation tell this to
a face in here detection gives us a good

idea on how these markets take place
which is very probably if you want to

understand how important this new constant
on some markets are you producing.

The elements that we see all around
us OK the second increase we get

from the gravitational wave of savation is
the characteristics of this binary system

we've got the masses of neutron stars
we've got the lawsuit to stare spins

all these are very crucial information
that we need to feed it into

an actual simulation that sooner or later
in a computer with millions of C.P.U. Arce

the ripping apart of the neutron stars the
hitting off the crawler on that play call.

At their records.

And look at how to process
the production of heavy elements and

we are slow off of the mass going
away from from the neutron star OK

as it turns out if you walk through
that process that not only does

you had not only had a few significant
production off heavy elements in this

process OK It also turns out
that most likely neutron

star neutron star mergers are the dominant
process in the rest of us heavy elements.

As we all have a little bit
of heavy elements in us

all at one through binary you can stop
her just which is really fascinating.

As an experimentalist if someone comes
to me and tells me yes we do almost

immigration's that's what we get
out you don't believe it I do want

experimental evidence that that's actually
what's taking place how do you do that

now you have to remember that this is
a very violent and hot soup here and

everything else hot and a lot of mess
because this radiation electrode make it

a great radiation that we can pick up
with a telescope for instance on earth.

And that's actually what has happened so
I do sense I want to work very quickly

very fast almost immediately they seem
to vent and a lot of telescopes turned

their instruments on to the ops on to
the region where I was says that's where

we see something coming from OK And this
is also true pictures taken with the same

telescope or actually I think different
telescopes for the same object so

this is the host galaxy were to be
which on such a summer to happened and

this little blog here this is a mission
coming from the neutron star merger.

And this is this is a very there's a very
far distant away from from from Earth so

that does not look like produced in
the process of that which is talked about

this also not a fascinating fun fact OK so
these two images here and

in plenty of mine which is taking over
is a long long period of time you see

that that was appears brighter than it
is here and this one is more blues and

this one is more reddish OK you can
take a lie detector look at this and

this is what's shown here this shows
the spectrum that's what we call it

being tense a teen coming from this
brought up in the universe as a function

of wavelength was for one another was five
and I missed this where the sun mostly

radiates off coming from OK This shows
at one point four they stopped at the.

Right and this shows a two point four
days off of the march happened you see

this the Specter look very very different
from one day to the other OK And

this is exactly what most of us can
predict OK so they can predict what

spectra should you see with the telescope
if you point the instrument there OK and

what was actually do is they take this
observation and the two of them or

once until they couldn't match to the
observational data OK and from the two or

premise they come in for information about
what the system is and it's all conclusive

OK all the other measurements that have
been done so far have plenty of papers all

there all say tell the same story that
by trying size most likely the dog.

And.

Production regions in the U.S.

where the elements get it mate OK so
I could stop here but

this is a pretty boring one I would take
one piece out of the smuggling process

what is this production off we have
the elements and showing really really

over time how the elements are produced
in this one is shown on this light here

before before I showed the room let
me explain what what is shown here.

This here shows.

The bunkers of elements many of
the fraction of elements the redder

the more abundant and the bluest the less
abundant and you only see this brought

down here because this shows that the very
start of the simulation the myth that we

would toss around the black hole OK so
we're going to send the X.

axis to the right of the X.

axis the Y.

axis here shows a number of
programs that have a nucleus.

As twenty seven My belief is so
I look like somewhere up here and

I doubt honest and the secrets are the
most neutrons that you have in the case

OK so I'm sure you know this how this
changes as time rolls and what's

happening in this cloud around the black
hole one things they should pay attention

to which I point out appears time it goes
very very slowly at first at first and

then it goes up or this is the temperature
that you have in the Taurus and

you know you see that you've got cold
air which means billions of degrees and

this is the density of those four.

Times ten to seven crimes per cubic
centimeter this force this is for

all times ten to seven which is forty
million times heavier than we would

then start then say forty million times
and seven million Let's see all this and

it is density in the clouds around but
black hole so let's see how it's changes.

When I stop the simulation here I can
see the scope like I did stuff here and

this is because you have
a lot of light also on the.

Computing close to capture you created to
clear snow as a photo coming breaks up

the nucleus that can go into a small
one but as the clock crew is done and

this is not to pick up how in a photo this
an equation is not going to close anymore

I just need to take over until very small
low temperatures and the material is so

dense that it's not the dominant prose and
the mark and then had to.

Decay with the decay of other there's a
valley here which is called the Valley of

stability and that is that what we
see in abundance is the writing in or

around us in our solar system.

So this is a race that was
done by a postcard and.

Send an e-mail two days ago and has taken
into simulation all the preparedness that

that like you provided and the information
that we get from the people observations

so there's the end of my talk this
on the run thing I would like to.

You take away a toy at home
don't try this at home.

Thank.

You.

All right so now that I've figured
out where my net glasses coming from.

I'll tell you about some other things that
we know aren't from this binary March.

So probably correlation of the two
most on Stars and from knowing where

this object was to look at Ted's
we have gained a new way to

measure not only descale but also did it
rate of the sponsorship of the universe so

that's the one thing I want
to tell you about now so.

Well we know now is that the universe is
expanding and the speed of expansion of

the universe increases the Fosset of
the father weight of the universe is so

that a constant is this scale for
the weight of a sponge of the universe

that's that's our measure that's what's
going to tell us is that we should between

the distance and of the loss at
the end that's what's going to tell us

a universe is expanding now or
there is a problem or whatever in

measuring to sputter using what's
called the Cosmic the sun slider so.

To estimate despite that we can use
information from the nearby universe but

these interests of all
stars called the Cepheids

type of super nowhere which are known
as from the condo and looking at.

The red shift of the late changes as
a function of the distance we can

extrapolate in calculating the public
confidence I don't measurements

have been done that instead of from
the cosmic microwave background and

from the outside from measurements in the
far universe try to infer what's happening

to the rate of expansion of the universe
and that comes out with a number that's

not consistent with what we've got from
the nearby universe so there is a number.

In that cosmology and how do we really
measure the size of the universe and

goodish obliques are giving us a new way
to do that but first tell you about that

I'll talk a little bit about how are we
figured out where does object is

ready took place so what you see here
is what we call a scaling up and

this guy is basically giving guys the
indication of the objects in the universe

will not talk about a burst yet in your
She's going to tell us about it it's.

Inconsiderateness What is it
then to also I got my brother so

on that flash that you saw me in
a mission from his information.

Is that what it worse we could identify
localize the source of desire objects so

we do a region that corresponds roughly

six thousand four moons
which is you know inch.

Thing for mission from a girl and
Virgo combined spine to hit a mother tell

about is in the region but this region
here is where we could localize

the stars by using triangulation so
we had to the factors aside the signal

will go to the doctor who
did not see the singer so

we knew that it's really in the blind
spots for the unit doctor and for

that using triangulation which we're
pretty much like the G.P.S. on your phone

is telling you are Starbucks is is
the same concepts except reversed and so

that's a lot of consumer bars I
heard him fifty full moons so

that's the side that if you take.

Your or your hand and you pointed out
that that's pretty much a much of.

It is covered by this region and
this is something that's

telescopes could probably to try to
identify the optical counterparts and so.

I'm going to and I'll show you
an admission off how are we could see

now are down so rapidly we could
identify there were about fifty galaxies

in that region that the source
would come from and.

The stylist of that was scanning
that through Joan region ten hours.

Could it empty from it and
you know prepare for it's There was on

the edge of that I got consolation and
that was not there the day before and

sold This is this is the bit this is
a picture that is not shots up to go.

Off that galaxy so we could we
see the object so we did this and

then we saw it's OK the more to sensory So
now I know you and

a guy like see is we can measure
the right shifts and so the right shifts

is what our stars the the city at
which the object is moving and so now.

Now we have a new tool to measure
the size of the universe so

this is the farmer I was telling about
it's the answer to the expansion it's

proportional to the distance by the end of
a book called Suns this is the measurement

of the Hubble constants that's come
from measurements in the nearby universe

this likely is the value that's measure
from cosmic microwave background

in fences from the far away
universe this two number system for

by eight percent which is huge
in cosmology called scale.

The but
the star we could see by the object is so

we can measure the redshift of
the galaxy by up to colds or visions and

so that tells us our focus is moving and
the measure of this missile beach.

And then we are we have of probably going
to fission or wave scale that the house of

our fire does object really is because
it is a short way that we get that

is inversely proportional to the distance
and we think I could exactly

how much energy is produced at the source
and so that gives us a measurement for D.

So from just one events we actually don't
have any accurate measurements right so

this is the probability distribution for
each for

that particular event very broad of
whether this is from one measurements

we're now expecting to see many more of
these objects that I was not his first

since if he did that it would be
sensitive to twice as far as so

ten times more sources in coming years
with the upgrade that we're expecting to

this it's actors that number's going to be
going up but they are there's some money

and once again the service lots of
the new system is for each notes that

this is true future has gone up not all
down so now we have started a new field.

Ology when the dishes are waved
combined with them to find the source

is going to measurement is going up with
values through this used to be knots and

I'm five the universe is expanding so that
would be all the talk that's going to come

and if you're sitting right
next to me it's got my

breasts so.

Very interesting.

Serendipitous discovery those
dollars by actually money

touring for testing of nuclear weapons on
the surface of the earth there are some.

OK I got it now so
the source of these corporate made or.

Accidentally by money touring for
nuclear explosions and

these a treaty that was signed
to this whole United States and

the Marshall nuclear test ban treaty
was signed in one thousand nine

hundred sixty and within a week of
signing the U.S. had already launched

a satellite to begin morning turning
over this following a nuclear

explosion on the surface of the of the
planet you get these bright the mission.

End in gamma rays that can be observed
from a satellite from a satellite in orbit

and there is a bench will be up to the
pillow of these of these satellites and

in one thousand sixty seven
they found a bright gum up or

a pursed that they could
immediately tell but

it was not coming from the surface of the
planet and not only that out of the same

profile of how they come on race a ride
that was inconsistent with the nuclear

with a nuclear explosion because one of
the things they say the system could also

do was testing of nuclear weapons in space
All right away that new piece walls or

bust or physical physical origin these
things were Holcombe or be versts and

people did not have a clue what they where
he was eventually Publishing one thousand

nine hundred seventy three when the people
working in the system how up actually

the time to spend in the publication and
with calling satellites and

their work to pull of them that are able
to think I'm a great person from

from Earth orbit about
a one per day served.

What are the what are they and so

one of the first clues about what they
are came for no identification of many

they by the biopsy by
the instrument in the quantum.

Of a Tory though so I got my real
sort of Tory the flu in the ninety's

idea has been now superseded by the for me
about Tory that he snorted right now but

if you look at the sky there it
covers entire sky and you see that

they look Asian or of there are almost
three thousand there are by about see

the location of them is uniform in the sky
in any single direction we have equal

probability of finding I've got a memory
pursed occurring that a given time and

that tells you that it
got to be birds to our

extragalactic origin they don't have
to mean our own galaxy snored that

something happens in our own galaxy is
really really easy if you step outside.

Clear night not in the plant because
you have a lot of light pollution but

in the in the countryside you look up and
you see the Muki way and

the milky ways these lines that across
the sky from one side to the other

you see especially in software and
then you have a picture there or

feel that all the sky and
how the Milky Way is the part that you see

shining in the Milky Way Well that's where
the stars are that's where the guy S.

So if my burst were to happen
in our own galaxy would

also expect them to be in the same place
as the Milky Way with us what do we

see so that was the first clue and.

And and this is this is very
interesting to go see implies

that whatever is producing these scum race
is extremely powerful so that we can seat

over jag on these distances gigantic
these things this out of earth.

They are actually two
types of gamma ray burst.

There's the short one and the long one and
they're classify smooth by holy last

earth so here's a plot to me also with
that instrument Bazzi the same number of

course that you have many hundreds
of bursts there and you see

that you know you have two peaks you have
a short peak and you have a long peak so

IMO I want to be interested only in
the shorter ones but both of them

are known to be located isotropically
in the universe both of them.

Extract a lockpick origin.

One of the another clue that came form for

they already know for sure gamma ray
burst was taking up big galaxy swarthy

gamma ray burst happened so
what who would have a society like for

example the instrument on
the come tomorrow sort of Tory or

later swift observatory this whole soul
able to absorb gamma ray bursts and

then they tell the best
location that they can provide

ground instruments Ground Zero schools and
then the telescopes rapidly point in that

direction when they try to see
the fading afterglow with visible light

the one that we are sensitive to and try
to find that after glow once you find that

after glow when you say always the our
galaxy that is right next to the point or

on top of that point and then you can
measure using that these times outer

the lotto with this question you can
measure the distance without a specific

specific galaxy and then you can look at
the location of the gamma ray burst with

respect to that galaxy and these pictures
that you saw here that you see here is for

a specific short gamma ray
burst that happen in May of two

thousand and five and
the circle the location of

where the gamma ray burst happened
the short gamma ray burst happened and

this stuff in black East is that a
specific galaxy and these a galaxy that is

you know thirty billion light years away
three point six billion light years away

it's extremely far away that again
tells you about the extreme power

of these bursts and see that they got

to be forces not happening right on top
of the galaxies a little bit offset and

actually every time they did manage
to identify one of these galaxies

in that how to shore gamma ray burst You
never happened on top of the galaxy to

happen always a little bit off so
why does that happen why is that

on the east because neutron
stars are not regular stars or.

Seeing there in that image of the galaxy
the part that is block is regular stars

and gas shining that's where
the stars are on a neutron stars

are born in supernova explosions and

one star explodes that
remains from the star which

is the neutron star gets kicked in one
direction and it gets big gig hard enough

that it can escape the galaxy
you know to be relatively far so

you expect to find the short gamma ray
burst because they are originated from

neutron stars you expect to find them on
the outskirts of galaxies more often than

regular non regular stars so these was the
first clue that Sean come up ray bursts or

the things that are actually driving short
that are actually the thing driving.

A short gamma ray bursts there's
another thing I want to tell you about

that is if you look at all the gamma ray
bursts all the gamma rays that we get from

a short gamma ray burst out of earth when
you calculate how much energy that thing

should be producing to account for
the observation the most

naive calculation results and
then you need hundreds of solar masses

being converted into gamma rays and
initially we said that.

You know solar mass is
the you need all off

massive scale in astronomy and
hard to see or equal and.

Equal and C.

squared data mass can be converted
into energy into gamma rays and

hundreds of solar masses in two gamma
rays one to the north strong them or

knows how to produce there's no no
mechanism for producing that amount

of gamma rays a solution without will
still objects you have an explosion and

then you produce gamma rays only along the
jet so it's not that he's producing equal.

Of energy in all directions but it's
only producing energy along the jet and

were you looking down the jet or the short
gamma ray burst is that you see it so

that a run of big I say that
satellites observe is actually only

a tiny fraction of all this gamma ray
bursts that happen in the universe

there are only those that appear
we happen to be looking down.

Now this is science simulation or
short gamma ray burst

you get the two costars and
they spiral out around each other and

they erupt the eight gravitational waves
because the right eating gravitational

waste the loose mechanical energy and
they get closer and closer and

closer to each other they eventually
Mirch and after the merger

then you get these tornadoes that so
fast you cannot see it here and

you get the Jets to meet it alone the axis
of rotation the rotation of the star

repeated and

if you seen these jets that
are long the axis of rotation

of the of the system that you
are come passively see see gamma rays

now we now know for
certain that the gamma ray burst our

short memory bores were due to him and
the merger to return stars and

that is because of the story like what
you heard already it's sensitive to

great ational Wace for me East one of
the satellites he told you about before

is in orbit around Earth right now
you say able to observe all the sky

except whatever fraction is blocked
by the planet which is about you know

a third of the sky so out any given time
is looking out two thirds of the entire

sky and he's looking got my greatest of
two thirds of the over the sky so for

me did he need to know that was something
interesting there to be found because he's

looking almost everywhere all the time and
these are the data from like boom

from Fermi satellite of the same time and
you can going to see that.

The gravitational wave you get this
signal in gamma rays that the lady only.

I think one of the half seconds I mean
precisely the sort of delay that you

expect for a short gamma ray burst
producing initially rotational waves and

then in the jet when they gonna race or
produce that you see that bright flash

in gamma rays so

so you know this is this is a very
long story it has taken it has taken.

Several decades to identify why
then defy the origin of these

gummy bursts and
I mean it's very interesting that these

these specific one of those
observed last almost.

A little bit off axis the jet
was not pointing right at all so

it was a little bit off and

one of the things you know to bring back
the ideal malty sensory East what happens

if we actually managed to see one
straight down the barrel and because

like I was going to be more sensitive
I want to see more gamma ray bursts in

the future once you know what I will
manage to get one that is like head on.

Casey may be that along with a gamma rays
we're producing neutrinos that we will

detect with a instrument I mean both in
which are sort of truly telescope problem

mention that operate so the South Pole and
then without it will finish

thank you very much thank you.

Thank you very much for that film OK And
that's just so we have.

We have ten or fifteen minutes for

a question some good as our
panelists to sit the front table.

We're going to have the two
of all going around the room.

Michel.

Thanks very interesting you said the gamma
ray bursts directional we could look

square on to see them but maximum strikes
for the gravitational waves tropical

are they also directional Well they
are not as directional so the least.

There is some sort of reaction I do but
it's not really jets so

it is a preferred direction but
it's not at the same level so

it's more likely to catch the oxy
components in gravitational wave and

we think that that's what happened
in this case because the broker.

It's more like you know like a Peanuts
you know think about this and

this might be a stupid question to Kemah
resurveyed inverse square law like.

Yes Yes So

if we would if the stars colliding was
ten times closer we'd see undertones.

You don't want this to happen in
a neighborhood you know longest

time in the neighborhood and this is
probably as close as you want it to be.

I'm curious about the noise in
the I go to Tech there is that.

Electronic noise or is it seismic noise or
is it actually from West attempts to cast

a distribution of gravitational waves
sources like Are you sensitive to

the gravitational effect Yeah I wish you
were only the SO gothic background or

addition So there are some
things that you mentioned So

we do expect there to be is so caustic
background that every dish always it's.

To murder.

You know central stars and
supernova so we're really picturing

the universe not being this prospect in
a weakling from on this path of events

of the stochastic background that it's
all there but that's a much weaker

seeking now than the sensitivity of
the noise of the factory itself so

that no means in a detector like like go
as different components and depending on

the frequency of the source is going to
be different so the seismic No this is.

At no frequency.

Noise due to the.

Times in the suspension so
on the surface of the mirror and

that's in the middle frequency range and
then we have.

What's called the shock
noise which is the problem I

want to know it's come from a being a dual
photons heat in the fourth a diode and

that's with them anything yet
frequency so this incident itself from.

Its I mean maybe if noise sources and what
we say we want to increase the sensitivity

of Lego it means that we are targeting
this nice sources separately so.

Improving the suspensions of
the material that close in the room and

increasing the power that's into the tank
itself and that's the way we're we're

going to go where the sensitivity includes
a sense that if you don't want the nights

of the jets that are being emitted
if you've been able to determine

the divergence angles to determine
how many we're likely to see

based on distance you know I think
I think that's a very I'm sorry.

We're talking about on the scale
of maybe five degrees but

it might be smaller but that is
definitely something no one who calls it.

This might be naive question but I know
that professional waves are supposed

to you know use you which
are made of magnetic waves

is the energy just stored in the frequency
of the way for the amplitude or.

So it's really measure.

Of the wave.

So so so yeah I mean he of course you know
we look at it in frequency domain but

it's the ambience units of the signal and
that's the story in the energy

that makes sounds fascinating
talk a lot all that thank you.

You mentioned with the.

Binary star merger it's like
drawing a pebble in a pond and

you get a series of the polls.

When you if that happens with a merger and
you detected Ron wave

wooden shoes then expect to find another
one and then another one right so so

actually they're going to show the way but
it's being there.

Now what changes over time is that
the two neutron stars get closer and

as they get closer they spin faster and
they rotate faster around each other and

so the frequency.

Of this or to show is related to the
frequency of the going to show wave and.

So we only Stargate insensitive to the way
as though some were sensitive about and

so once a frequency gets
to be about ten twenty or

so then he starts seeing the signal.

The way he was there before
by that much lower frequency.

And depict this what you hear that stroke.

And so Cruz said that march and

all depending on how big those objects
are they can get closer so the Bucholtz.

Get them get this closer
than to a star still.

For them too so they get closer and so
we get more frequency more cycles and

frequency and so in fact that is all we
we can infer what one of them US is a.

Neutron stars are the bottles it's
really about the cycles that we get in

sensitivity bad for what that that which
is between ten and twenty yards and

you know it's roughly which is the idea
by and that's why we can listen to it

so with the Geordies what what exactly
are the giver is only directed in one

direction rather than in all directions or
your.

Theory on like this and
yes there are these and

failings into beast just born black hole.

And and a citizen failing most of them
if you will actually get sucked into

the block whole bunch of stuff that he's
along the axis of rotation maybe able to

spiral out and there's a little bit get
were things kind of sketchy and then he's

got the material but escapes in jets that
he's going to be producing radiation and

so you're looking down the dead and
there's that he found the gamma rays and

if I may that to that's it's not that
physics is a very very complicated series

deal with generative it is you know with
a strong magnetic field as I did and

then mix plasma physics it's a very
messy messy region and I think we

only Start know we only at the beginning
starting to understand how all judge.

Actually takes place.

Jets are very common phenomena in
the universe you can find them in

super massive black holes sometimes they
also have a body goes really really slow

super massive black hole so the center
of galaxies they also have a Taurus and

some of the most obvious Jets can we now
are those things have been matched and

there you know you can look at maybe
seven by the will telescope and

you see these beautiful theme which
is invisible light of the jet off and

maybe seven but
they have also been great for

super massive black holes and
things about for a small objects or

we believe they exist they have been much
too quickly we have to infer that they

are there are just too tiny for
us to be able to take a picture of them.

In neutron stars that they
get closer together at X.

frequency of the gravitational
waves oscillate closer together and

for their part to get closer together and
reach some point.

Where we expect is over all that
they get closer together because

what happens is that they said this
is seven is this energy that's and

they just taken away by the waves and so
as it is energy they get approach they

inspire only into each other so really if
they inspire all is the process that we

get no there can be more donations
to the seeking no which is not

the same as getting close and find their
way but the amplitude module it did and

that's if there is if
the objects are spinning so.

You have to frequency is at play there
is the frequency of the spin and

the frequency of the spiraling and that
can produce this kind of beats formation

and that wave and so that's why when
you can very carefully at a farm.

We can infer whether the objects
are spinning or not so we're looking

at those of you are a physics major
you may be familiar with the spin or

be defects in quantum mechanics
with something seemed out here so

we have the spinning of the objects
that are meant since and

the speeds can be don't know it's momentum
off of the two different spiraling and

so the spin zero defects that we can
go off to as well and constrain.

Right so so this is the subject I've been
spinning for you know just spiraling for

a long time right it could be years but

as far as we're concerned we still see it
for the way it's a black person speak but

also we saw we started seeing
to hear said Ruby it seems but

a few of them I know also those who
just see the last cell function for

a second so this thing I said you heard
before the chirping that's how long

the signal is no detector going
to say spend three seconds.

Before they march for the button to start
because they can get closer we go to air

frequencies so we can hear in minutes I'm
sitting down so you're here with him for

a while you could see his face appearing
and that was the last twenty seconds but

actually we're sensitive to the girl
to ninety seconds for this one.

Sure every bursts you're saying that
sometimes you see I'm like at all so

when I mean that it's coming
straight towards the earth and

if it is is there any
like negative effects.

Like planet so.

So the ones that are detected by
satellites the vast majority of them

are looking right down the barrel
these are specific gamma ray bursts

associated with the government should
always was seen a little bit of this and

the fact that we could see it
with gamma rays is because he was

particularly close one shot compared
to others that are typically seen by

satellites these were seen
done by race relatively weak.

So if you want the rotation away if you
want to think about the ones that we see

with satellites Yes you're almost
always looking down day down the jet.

Asteroid about poses any danger these
things are extremely far away and

we see very extremely bright but

dots because we managed to pick
them here in terms of damage to

the planet there's nothing significant
if you were to have a gamma ray

burst in the jet pointing at all within
our galaxy DOD would be another story.

That got there were sharp except where

on galaxies exceedingly rare that's
not a claim one event at all.

I mean like we will see eventually
going to make up our six I think and

that you know you see every single
one of them I mean we're not

going off in all the galaxies all the time
you'll be an extremely extremely rare

event I think the estimate for
all galaxy for

the last guy might be burst for
any possible direction.

You know I think.

So yeah.

I said to additionally that
the mere please more dangerous or

yeah I would not have a question for
you actually I'm sorry yes

you indicated that we would only see
the gamma ray burst if it were aimed so

therefore there are many many other
directions that this gamma ray burst.

Indicated I think that we see one per day

if that's the case then
how many are there.

Well.

I mentioned before if we think
of the opening nice five degrees

then you know you have an idea of what is
the correction factor that you have to get

you know from one per day to how many
per day in the entire universe with all

day without the jet effect and I'm going
to be able to do that in my head now.

So it's basically a five degree.

Area.

Fear.

Universe OK let me I can do better I did
you know whatever that I can do that in my

head so let's say that is twenty five
degrees five degrees by five degrees OK

and entire sky through
thousand scored the grease so

the ratio of that and you get to jets
was actually fifty squared to Greece so

you know the ratio fifty to forty
thousand it's it's you know how much you

have to multiply by one per day to get
their weight in the Thousand Yeah.

So it's a pretty big
messy business out there.

So I think I was going to ask the exact
same question from a different angle which

was that.

We were it seems like if you assume
that the orientation of the Jets is.

Even with respect to earth
at all directions we

were very lucky that the First why
do you trust started like a saw

had the jet aimed close enough in
our direction that we got a G.R.B.

how how like it was those things are more
like one in a hundred one thousand sounds

like it's something more like one
thousand we would expect one thousand

star vergers roughly to have a jet
point it says that I have that right.

But I don't think I will use that lucky
because you are not really dead on point

tonight also this gravitational wave this
is a specific one the true starting to

star system was very close
to Earth this is by far

the closest short comedy burst
we have ever rip served and

the fact that we managed to see it with
great there with braces because it was

a big box is not a little bit of boxes but
it is so close that we can still sort

of the gum I brace if you want to see the
very distant ones which are the typical

ones that we see with satellites that's
where you have to see them head on OK So

it's a really close it's not actually that
hard to see them with gamma rays anyway.

Well one question I have for you is not so
maybe remember that from Richard

on Discovery personally it's all nor
did I have to look in the back and

search farfel just reduced the gum a bit
so let me go back to this lie but I have.

The information from like you want
to know how sharp they were and

also have the people from
the migration want to hop in

one of the house they can
suffer the other I said for

he's the king of the sky the time when
it's own and it found that you will be.

Nobody had to tell of the look at it it
was the same time like you said we found

something of the same time for me because
I have the ultimate system that said

how would you be and you probably know
the story better of how they were mixed.

Trigger.

So they gave them much more also
much less system than we do with

newbies sending out trigger spots.

So that trigger can force but

it was actually not about security
interests intrigue since no they kind of

just that people would have
dropped everything to go after.

Twenty so
was he no room in another this is so

they buy their own stuff and
we just received lots of my take so

could that said there was a chippy
we didn't know we didn't notice

less than to say comes second enough and
still it was just being edited to get.

Everybody else but
since it took about forty minutes so

that our first ten minutes thinks
we don't know ten I was off

the story that we don't know so we could
be so bad that messing over that we saw

this piece into that ideal sorry for the
way out of what's called the kill no less.

Committed took place afterwards but we
assume the was up in the first ten hours

and so the challenge is going
to be to shrinking things and

will sort of agreements and things going
on with the chip be detectors now.

Is another satellite it's they had
notes trigger on that specific and

then went back again and they said they
can get back up to it and found we care so

you know because again they would look
even five they're under the flash so.

I was or

was wondering whether the gravitational
waves directionals actual or not.

What are they shaped
when they start expanding

the shape of the bottom
of the gravitational way.

So it's it's.

It's it's not it's so
it's not spherical it's there is some.

It's again I'm picturing more like a you
know it's up shape right there which is

actually the antenna by that as well but
never mind there is something I must be.

Really good sweep and that's because to
get additional waves is proportional to

the quadruple moments of
that's the source itself so

silly that is some preferred
direction which is.

There.

As well to the plane that's off the F.D.R.
bit but it's not it's not jets right

right if it's the time itself to be
I think the space time Right right

that's right you know actually published
probably expressed in this in C.S.

to be similar to the stats is that's
a more appropriate to answer the question.

So maybe I'm missing something here but

the gravitational waves are covering grace
a volume of space that we can detect.

The camera we think there are probably
maybe a thousand a day because we're

texting you on access ones while we're
detecting more while I go because.

Because some of the things that's too far
away for my good to see right so this one

is the first to make up our seconds Other
than twenty five million light years away.

Thousand per day so
the company detected I coming from.

Yes away.

So so they're much farther away and

to think instead it's said to give
additional weight is such a small of facts

that we normally sensitive to our
nearby regional the universe and

so for twenty two seeing is that
one distinct so we could see.

A star now we need to improve
our society to look at it and

find out it's a we expect there
are a bunch more father out it's we need

to get into so so this is the first time
we go close and we go one disclose and

that goes for twenty just because many
come I see there are so close so.

Right we have time for one more question.

Rather expansionism when

I first saw the video.

I gave that submission.

Well it's not going back to
it with gravitational waves

it's more like we don't know
it's called dark energy.

It could be it could be a particle access
school that was more logical constant but

definitely not all gravitational
waves we don't know.

All right let's take our ten list.