All right everybody we're the air
sampling forty eight o three

with me today are my compatriots.

And we like.

And I'm Jeremy Nichols we did a
transportation assessment focusing on air

quality down in the policy and we're
going to talk to you about that today.

OK so what kind of prime this research was
the fact that there are currently under

development the new sustainable
development goals years or a vase version

of the two thousand Millennium Development
Goals they were put together by a U.N.

council they kind of covered
a whole bunch of different aspects

ranging from human how to say
inability and clean energy and

what's really important about these goals
as one of last us as urban air quality.

So one of the indicators that is proposed
for these new sustainable development

goals is a monitoring network
that is present in any urban area

with a population of Greater than
two hundred fifty thousand people.

They want to monitor pms
two point five which for

those who do not know this particular
matter as a particle size smaller than two

point five microns is very small two point
five it's equally important because you

actually inhale it into the deep longs and
it is not removed by natural processes so

it can cause long term health effects.

It's estimated that over a million
people are affected by poor urban air

ambient air quality and
these health effects are seen and

emphysema lung disease and
other long term respiratory illnesses.

The problem with this monitoring
network as currently proposed

is it's cost prohibitive for many of these
municipalities especially in the lower to

middle income countries where they may not
have the resources necessary to have full

grade scientific equipment
monitoring on a long term scale.

Currently in a pause there's three
cities that make of the metro area

one of which is over this
population threshold.

There are other cities throughout
the country that are coming closer

you know surpassing the.

Two hundred fifty thousand
population benchmark and

especially in those that are not
in the urban environment or

not in the main capitals they just don't
have the people manpower or money or

other resources necessary to do
any kind of long term monitoring.

So we partnered Dr Brown with
the university dogma of the San Andreas

also known as.

So we actually had some Skype conferences
with them before we went down there so

we could talk about what problems they
currently see with transportation and

pollution in the city they informed
us that traffic is pretty rough and

there really is a huge
amount of vehicles and

commuter traffic that is the cause of most
of the pollution problems down in the US.

So with this in mind we decided to
form our research around the different

transportation modes that are available in
the city there's a huge variety of them

car ownership is I think sixty
eight per thousand people so

it's really low pretty much everybody
there takes public transport.

And all these old cars
are really poorly regulated and

belts all kinds of nasty exhaust as you'll
see in some later pictures the main by

products of combustion and particularly
in a complete combustion of particulate

matter black carbon and carbon monoxide
the health risks of particulate matter and

carbon monoxide are well known and black
carbon X. is kind of an indicator for

particulate matter it's under that same
category so with these three pollutants

in mind the three major point source
combustion pollutants we wanted to focus

on low cost monitoring equipment that
we could take down there bring with us

on all these different forms of transport
and kind of get a big picture idea of what

the circumstances are like all the all
the transportation modes in Bolivia.

So as to reach in one of the main
components of this project is using

low cost equipment and we used that three
different types of equipment while we were

in the PIs the first one being the dye
less which meant that Edgers particulate

matter and then the second is the
microwave which measures black hearted And

then lastly is the last part
you know U.S.B. which measures.

It was carbon monoxide and
I we chose to monitor these

three pollutants because they are all of
by products of combustion in cars and

since the PAS does have
such a large population and

such a small compact area this means that
there are a lot of cars on the road which

increases the concentration of pollutants
in the atmosphere and this can be really

damaging to the health of the residents
and also of the environment itself.

So while in the pas we came
across a couple of limitations

as you guys all know all of this research
was conducted over spring break so

we only had five or six days to take
the data we wanted to and since we were

primarily focused on rush hour we only
had a couple of hours in the morning and

a couple hours in the evening to take
the day to be really needed to take and

also the battery life was definitely
a limiting factor because sometimes we

had to take measurements and the equipment
we were using would actually die.

So here's a picture of Francesca and
our love the Heidi working on a low cost

air sensor that a graduate student at
Tech has actually actually developed and

it's kind of in the predator
type stage and the T.S.A.

probably was suspicious a little about it
because it looks kind of like a bomb so

we got to the cars were like super jet
lagged and we realized that the T.S.A.

had kind of rummaged through our box and
unplugged a lot of the wires so

we spent our first couple hours in
the pond trying to reconnect everything so

we could use it for the upcoming week.

And so the first day of that week we went
to go meet our partners at them sun and

they showed us around the university
which was for just and

they showed us their labs and
all the resources they had and

they took us to out of
the Department of Physics and

we actually got to watch them launch it
weather balloons which is really great.

And this is a picture of another piece of
equipment they have it's called the LIDAR

and it measures the amount of particulate
in the air five reflecting late with

lasers off the particulate and again I
just want to reiterate how great it was to

be able to use their resources and share
our resources with the university because

they really help us accomplish
all of our goals for the week.

And surprisingly enough we did actually
get to have a little bit of fun over there

when do we actually went to Lake Titicaca
and as we were leaving Emily and

Francesca came across a wedding reception
and these men actually just kind of

dragged him into this dancing circle and
started dancing with them to a traditional

Bolivian music and
it was just a really awesome sight to see.

And here's more picture of the culture
one day we came across this parade

these women are obviously dressed and
traditional living in clothes you can tell

by the highs and I think one thing that we
really enjoyed about this trip is that not

only were we passionate about the research
we were doing but we were also immersed in

a very unique culture in like
an extremely beautiful country.

OK So this is a picture of us at talk of
time which is a mountain laughter at our

partner University house and it's actually
five thousand meters above sea level which

is approximately three miles and they use
this lab to take background measurements

O.P.M. to compare that to the
concentrations of pollutants in the city

of a positive self and this picture
really has a huge impact on us because

it shows the effects of climate change
can really where it's probably hard for

you guys to believe but this actually used
to be a really high altitude ski slope and

if you glacier to the right here but it's
completely disappeared because of these

pollutants that we have been
examining in our research.

OK So that leads us to the results of our
research and this is just a quick look at.

When we were up at the mountain lab we
actually got the opportunity to mount some

of our low cost equipment alongside the
equipment that we are partners used for

their background data and
this was the results we got from

while we were up there and as you can
see we have a really low line for

the carbon monoxide pretty much
all through the middle and

there's only these big peaks here at
the beginning and also at the ends and

these pieces are actually we figured
out later strictly from the why.

One van that arrived with us to the MT
lab and our departure in that van so

it's pretty incredible to see
the difference that just one vehicle makes

in such a pristine environment let alone
considering the thousands of vehicles that

are moving about in an urban
place such as the pas.

So with that in mind our main pursuit
was comparing different modes

of transportation specifically ground
transportation as well as the really

unique and special transport the cable
car system known as the tele farrago.

Just some background on the tele ferry
Telfair Co Just because it is such a new

form of transit it's a cable car system
strictly need to live pas in a lot

of the reason they implemented the system
has to do with the geography of the PAS I

guess the best way to describe it is look
PAS is located in the bottom of a bowl and

there's another city known as El Al So
which is located along

the rim of this bowl in commute between
these two cities is very large many people

who live in El Alto which is primarily
residential work every day in the PA So

they're traveling their morning and
evening to go to work and

return home before the tele ferric
There was only one road in and

out so obviously traffic was
very bad to say the least so

luckily with the building of the tell if
Erico people are able to go into work and

return home a lot more efficient and

it's really cool to ride we have
the opportunity you can tell this

from this picture it almost goes up
vertically on some of the walls over

one hundred feet very smooth comfortable
ride between the two cities currently

there are three lines the yellow green and
red and for our purposes we focus mainly

on the yellow line which is a portion of
the commute between La Paz and I'll tell.

You so this unique form of transport
in mind we want to focus on transit and

comparing personal exposure and for

our hypothesis because the Telefonica
was such a unique opportunity to study.

Our hypothesis was that the tell us
Erico would have substantially lower

amounts of personal exposure for

a community when compared to other forms
of common ground transportation so we

wanted to compare the major transit forums
with the tell a fair go of course and

ground transport walking car a micro bus
which is a really large form of public

transit that people in the Pozzi use you
can see up here in this picture as well.

As that we're just implemented in the city
which you can see in this lovely picture

our friend Allie got to
take while monitoring some.

And for the personal exposure as we have
already mentioned we wanted to focus

on the main pollutants from combustion
particular matter carbon monoxide and

black carbon and focus mainly on
peak hours of travel morning and

evening rush hour.

So here's a first look at some of
our results this was a commute that

a couple of our members took just straight
timelike they ran this the entire time it

took a number of forms of transport
to see what the results would be and

this focused on carbon monoxide So
this first blue peak that you see is

the two of our members
traveling from La Paz So

in a car the purple line in the middle
that's pretty much a deer and

negligible values was a ride on the tele
varicose from Alto back down to La Paz and

the final peaks of gray that you see at
the end are walking from that tell a fair

go station to a downtown central area of
low pas So it's really interesting to note

the huge peaks that you see in the two
forms of ground transportation the car and

walking at either end and the really
negligible amounts of tell a ferry co.

Exposure from carbon monoxide.

So here are the results of our data for
black carbon concentrations and

it's organized by mode of transportation
so of course the of the tell a fair go

walking car microbus in diesel bus and
the concentrations were measured

in micrograms per metre skewed and
it's very obvious to see the tell affair.

By far had the lowest concentrations with
walking coming in as a close second and

the vehicular modes of transport really
across the board the ranges were pretty

similar but we saw some really huge
peaks such as in the car one hundred

forty seven micrograms per metre
skew which was pretty incredible.

And here's particulate matter again
organized by form of transport and

in micrograms per meters cubed and
we've also included some standards for

reference the W.H.O. standards for
particulate matter both the Annual and

twenty four hour standards just to
give you an idea of how bad some of

the exposure and some of these transports
are but luckily enough to tell a fair

go it again is very far on the lower end
in comparison to the other forums with

the diesel bus being very
high in forms of exposure.

And lastly here is the carbon
monoxide concentrations and

these concentrations are actually
measured in parts per million and

again we've provided some
reference lines these are actually

the national ambient air quality
standards from the E.P.A. because W.H.O.

does not have carbon monoxide standards
but the tell of Erica is pretty much

of the area which is incredible as you saw
in those graphs the previous graph showing

the telling where CO all the readings we
took for carbon dioxide were extremely

negligible if not zero for
a lot of the measuring which is great.

Current microbus very high for
carbon monoxide I know when a couple of

us were in a micro bus we experienced some
pretty severe headaches when on it so

we actually got our own experience
of personal exposure on that ride.

And here's just a comparison of all three
together black carbon in PM two point five

The two top graphs in carbon
monoxide here on the bottom and

as you can see over all this hell
if Erico is by far the lowest in

terms of personal exposure for
all three police.

So not only were we excited about this
because our hypothesis was supported but

also on.

The country itself was excited and we got
to share our results we got to meet with

the head leader for the need tell a fair
a company as well as take part in a press

conference involving national news
channels and a few of our team members

even got to be personally interviewed
which is a really cool experience.

And here's just a look at the me tell
if Erika website after we completed our

research they were just so
supportive of what we were doing and

we were really excited.

To be able to share our results and

that they were as excited for the work
we're doing as new are and we're just so

excited to be able to take part in
this unique form of transportation.

We can.

Actually impact of our book.

The believe you can experience
here we have a pretty simple tool

that shows you know personally exposure or

the forms of transportation
that you studied.

And it will allow an average commuter to
pretty easily determine their personal

exposure based on their daily commute and
what we did is we calculated

the average particulate matter and
you see.

You with in her minute while you're
writing you just forms a very

as well as the average C.E.O.
in parts per million and

I think when you like what
was shown in the results.

I found the lowest in terms of personal
exposure followed by walking and

using this you can also now.

Calculate time as well so.

We did a little.

Community that we took a few times on
believe that it is from our hotel.

Room.

And we compare it to different
forms of transportation getting.

To be everywhere first one in
the car which is the red line.

And that commute is about thirty five
minutes and we compare to the health care

code which for the telephone directory
you have to go you have to walk from

the hotel to the tail very which
is about a four minute walk and

then take that kind of character which is
a thirty four minute ride and then drive

from the last helicopter to stop
to the airport which is if you're.

In these rooms or from the comparison.

The commute using the telephone go is
across the board obviously much lower

than when using just a car and
these are really important results for

the people in the model because this isn't
just a commute that they'll be taking

once or twice this is a commute
that they need to be doing once or

twice every day so over time.

This decrease in exposure using the top
Erico can be pretty significant and

especially since so many people look
harder now using the Telfair eco this

creates of exposure can lead to
a pretty significant increase in health

in the general public.

And so we would actually have to
recommend the tell a fair go for

people who are looking to decrease
their personal exposure to pollutants

it several a a viable solution for
the people in the cars because

the cost of the telephone was
actually about the same price or

even lower than most other forms of
transportation in the area however right

now it's not always super accessible or
convenient for everyone and

you could see by the increase of time
like from the hotel to the airport

the commute was much longer using
the telephone records than with a car.

But you tell a fair go
is in the process of.

Designing and
constructing a bunch more lines than.

What is.

Currently constructed to include
all of the dotted lines that you

can see on the map so it's in the process
of becoming much more accessible and

convenient for the people.

So in conclusion our trip was
a total success we think we

had an amazing time there and also our
hypothesis that the top Erica really is

much better in terms of personally but
there was more then.

Secondly we see that
we see our project as.

Kind of proof of concept that.

Low cost sensor is can be
used to give meaningful

results and data and also that.

This may be a good method to reach
the sustainable development goals of.

Monitoring the high population cities on.

Only to be more research in this area but
we think that our project in that.

Direction.

And lastly we would like to get a huge
thank you for all the people that made

this project possible we really
couldn't have done it without you guys.

Thank you to everyone who came here today.

And my computer presentation
is anyone have any

questions.

I've written

yet.

He asked when the telco was going to see
those expansions that we talked about.

They're currently still.

Blueline we right now
they're in the process.

Right now but it's over a period here and
I think the answer I got

from a law professor was they're going
to be working and after the election so

it's probably a pretty
politically charged.

Project that they're
working on down there.

Yes

sir.

You said.

It was a longer time
Kerry have a question.

For you so I just jumped on you know so
you must conclude that.

Just because searchers were X.
ten B two B.

are used to secure their equipment.

Slot to hide out of the research.

So just kind of curious how
do you like a fine concept

that until you come here
to start to start to look

under each month so our police will
presumably people more tree research so

did you guys do any commentary so.

We actually got the chance to do
a little comparison while at the.

The labs as well as when we were up on
truck and we're we don't have the graphs

physically with us but we got to see
the live readouts while we were there and

they were very similar especially for

black carbon the dial it was a little
a little off but for black carbon

carbon monoxide was also it it's the ones
they had were more sensitive for

the lower amounts of carbon monoxide
are is kind of had a I don't know it would

it didn't pick up low amounts as
as well but yet he was right and.

Thank you.

And all.

The.

Paperback ahead of questions so you.

Should.

Help just write or

not you're going to want to hear
that thanks again no thank you.